butter,andalittleteawithmilkandsugar。Itateanddrankandsoonbegantopurr。Thegoodwomanofthehousewashorrifiedwhenoncomingintoremovethethingsshesawthechurchcatonhercarpet。\"Whatimpudence!\"sheexclaimed,andmadetowardsit,butonourtellingherthatwedidnotexpectthatitshouldbedisturbed,sheletitalone。Averyremarkablecircumstancewas,thatthoughthecathadhithertobeeninthehabitofflying,notonlyfromherface,buttheveryechoofhervoice,itnowlookedherinthefacewithperfectcomposure,asmuchastosay,\"Idon’tfearyou,forIknowthatIamnowsafeandwithmyownpeople。\"
Itstayedwithustwohoursandthenwentaway。Thenextmorningitreturned。Tobeshort,thoughitwentawayeverynight,itbecameourowncat,andoneofourfamily。Igaveitsomethingwhichcureditofitseruption,andthroughgoodtreatmentitsoonlostitsotherailmentsandbegantolooksleekandbonny。
CHAPTERVIII
TheMowers—DeepWelsh—ExtensiveView—OldCelticHatred—FishPreserving—Smollet’sMorgan。
NEXTmorningIsetouttoascendDinasBran,anumberofchildren,almostentirelygirls,followedme。Iaskedthemwhytheycameafterme。\"Inthehopethatyouwillgiveussomething,\"saidoneinverygoodEnglish。ItoldthemthatIshouldgivethemnothing,buttheystillfollowedme。AlittlewayupthehillIsawsomemencuttinghay。Imadeanobservationtooneofthemrespectingthefinenessoftheweather;heansweredcivilly,andrestedonhisscythe,whilsttheotherspursuedtheirwork。Iaskedhimwhetherhewasafarmingman;hetoldmethathewasnot;thathegenerallyworkedattheflannelmanufactory,butthatforsomedayspasthehadnotbeenemployedthere,workbeingslack,andhadonthataccountjoinedthemowersinordertoearnafewshillings。I
askedhimhowitwasheknewhowtohandleascythe,notbeingbredupafarmingman;hesmiled,andsaidthat,somehoworother,hehadlearnttodoso。
\"YouspeakverygoodEnglish,\"saidI,\"haveyoumuchWelsh?\"
\"Plenty,\"saidhe;\"IamarealWelshman。\"
\"CanyoureadWelsh?\"saidI。
\"Oh,yes!\"hereplied。
\"Whatbookshaveyouread?\"saidI。
\"IhavereadtheBible,sir,andoneortwootherbooks。\"
\"DidyoueverreadtheBarddCwsg?\"saidI。
Helookedatmewithsomesurprise。\"No,\"saidhe,afteramomentortwo,\"Ihaveneverreadit。Ihaveseenit,butitwasfartoodeepWelshforme。\"
\"Ihavereadit,\"saidI。
\"AreyouaWelshman?\"saidhe。
\"No,\"saidI;\"IamanEnglishman。\"
\"Andhowisit,\"saidhe,\"thatyoucanreadWelshwithoutbeingaWelshman?\"
\"Ilearnedtodoso,\"saidI,\"evenasyoulearnedtomow,withoutbeingbreduptofarmingwork。\"
\"Ah!\"saidhe,\"butitiseasiertolearntomowthantoreadtheBarddCwsg。\"
\"Idon’tthinkthat,\"saidI;\"IhavetakenupascytheahundredtimesbutIcannotmow。\"
\"Willyourhonourtakeminenow,andtryagain?\"saidhe。
\"No,\"saidI,\"forifItakeyourscytheinhandImustgiveyouashilling,youknow,bymowers’law。\"
Hegaveabroadgrin,andIproceededupthehill。WhenherejoinedhiscompanionshesaidsomethingtotheminWelsh,atwhichtheyalllaughed。Ireachedthetopofthehill,thechildrenstillattendingme。
Theviewoverthevaleisverybeautiful;butonnoside,exceptinthedirectionofthewest,isitveryextensive;DinasBranbeingonallothersidesovertoppedbyotherhills:inthatdirection,indeed,theviewisextensiveenough,reachingonafinedayeventotheWyddfaorpeakofSnowdon,adistanceofsixtymiles,atleastassomesay,whoperhapsoughttoaddtoverygoodeyes,whichminearenot。ThedaythatImademyfirstascentofDinasBranwasveryclear,butIdonotthinkIsawtheWyddfathenfromthetopofDinasBran。ItistrueImightseeitwithoutknowingit,beingutterlyunacquaintedwithit,exceptbyname;butI
repeatIdonotthinkIsawit,andIamquitesurethatIdidnotseeitfromthetopofDinasBranonasubsequentascent,onadayequallyclear,whenifIhadseentheWyddfaImusthaverecognisedit,havingbeenatitstop。AsIstoodgazingaround,thechildrendancedaboutuponthegrass,andsangasong。ThesongwasEnglish。Idescendedthehill;theyfollowedmetoitsfoot,andthenleftme。ThechildrenofthelowerclassofLlangollenaregreatpeststovisitors。Thebestwaytogetridofthemistogivethemnothing:Ifollowedthatplan,andwasnotlongtroubledwiththem。
Arrivedatthefootofthehill,Iwalkedalongthebankofthecanaltothewest。PresentlyIcametoabargelyingbythebank;
theboatmanwasinit。Ienteredintoconversationwithhim。HetoldmethatthecanalanditsbranchesextendedoveragreatpartofEngland。Thattheboatscarriedslates—thathehadfrequentlygoneasfarasPaddingtonbythecanal—thathewasgenerallythreeweeksonthejourney—thattheboatmenandtheirfamilieslivedinthelittlecabinsaft—thattheboatmenwereallWelsh—
thattheycouldreadEnglish,butlittleornoWelsh—thatEnglishwasamuchmoreeasylanguagetoreadthanWelsh—thattheypassedbymanytowns,amongothersNorthampton,andthathelikednoplacesomuchasLlangollen。IproceededtillIcametoaplacewheresomepeoplewereputtinghugeslatesintoacanalboat。ItwasnearabridgewhichcrossedtheDee,whichwasontheleft。I
stoppedandenteredintoconversationwithone,whoappearedtobetheprincipalman。HetoldmeamongstotherthingsthathewasablacksmithfromtheneighbourhoodofRhiwabon,andthattheflagswereintendedfortheflooringofhispremises。Intheboatwasanoldbareheaded,bare—armedfellow,whopresentlyjoinedintheconversationinverybrokenEnglish。HetoldmethathisnamewasJosephHughes,andthathewasarealWelshmanandwasproudofbeingso;heexpressedagreatdislikefortheEnglish,whohesaidwereinthehabitofmakingfunofhimandridiculinghislanguage;
hesaidthatallthefoolsthathehadknownwereEnglishmen。I
toldhimthatallEnglishmenwerenotfools;\"butthegreaterpartare,\"saidhe。\"Lookhowtheywork,\"saidI。\"Yes,\"saidhe,\"someofthemaregoodatbreakingstonesfortheroad,butnotmorethanoneinahundred。\"\"ThereseemstobesomethingoftheoldCeltichatredtotheSaxoninthisoldfellow,\"saidItomyself,asIwalkedaway。
IproceededtillIcametotheheadofthecanal,wherethenavigationfirstcommences。ItisclosetoaweiroverwhichtheDeefalls。Herethereisalittlefloodgate,throughwhichwaterrushesfromanoblongpondorreservoir,fedbywaterfromacorneroftheupperpartoftheweir。Ontheleft,orsouth—westside,isamoundofearthfencedwithstoneswhichisthecommencementofthebankofthecanal。Thepondorreservoirabovethefloodgateisseparatedfromtheweirbyastonewallontheleft,orsouth—
westside。Thispondhastwofloodgates,theonealreadymentioned,whichopensintothecanal,andanother,ontheothersideofthestonemound,openingtothelowerpartoftheweir。
Whenever,asamantoldmewhowasstandingnear,itisnecessarytolaythebedofthecanaldry,intheimmediateneighbourhoodforthepurposeofmakingrepairs,thefloodgatetothecanalisclosed,andtheonetothelowerpartoftheweirisopened,andthenthewaterfromthepondflowsintotheDee,whilstasluice,nearthefirstlock,letsoutthewaterofthecanalintotheriver。Theheadofthecanalissituatedinaverybeautifulspot。
Totheleftorsouthisaloftyhillcoveredwithwood。Totherightisabeautifulslopeorlawnonthetopofwhichisaprettyvilla,towhichyoucangetbyalittlewoodenbridgeoverthefloodgateofthecanal,andindeedformingpartofit。Fewthingsaresobeautifulintheiroriginasthiscanal,which,beitknown,withitslocksanditsaqueducts,thegrandestofwhichlastisthestupendouserectionnearStockport,whichby—the—byefilledmymindwhenaboywithwonder,constitutesthegrandworkofEngland,andyieldstonothingintheworldofthekind,withtheexceptionofthegreatcanalofChina。
RetracingmystepssomewayIgotupontheriver’sbankandthenagainproceededinthedirectionofthewest。Isooncametoacottagenearlyoppositeabridge,whichledovertheriver,notthebridgewhichIhavealreadymentioned,butonemuchsmaller,andconsiderablyhigherupthevalley。Thecottagehadseveralduskyoutbuildingsattachedtoit,andapalingbeforeit。Leaningoverthepalinginhisshirt—sleeveswasadark—faced,short,thicksetman,whosalutedmeinEnglish。Ireturnedhissalutation,stopped,andwassooninconversationwithhim。Ipraisedthebeautyoftheriveranditsbanks:hesaidthatbothwerebeautifulanddelightfulinsummer,butnotatallinwinter,forthenthetreesandbushesonthebankswerestrippedoftheirleaves,andtheriverwasafrightfultorrent。HeaskedmeifI
hadbeentoseetheplacecalledtheRobber’sLeap,asstrangersgenerallywenttoseeit。Iinquiredwhereitwas。
\"Yonder,\"saidhe,pointingtosomedistancedowntheriver。
\"WhyisitcalledtheRobber’sLeap?\"saidI。
\"ItiscalledtheRobber’sLeap,orLlamyLleidyr,\"saidhe,\"becauseathiefpursuedbyjusticeonceleapedacrosstheriverthereandescaped。Itwasanawfulleap,andhewelldeservedtoescapeaftertakingit。\"ItoldhimthatIshouldgoandlookatitonsomefutureopportunity,andthenaskedifthereweremanyfishintheriver。Hesaidtherewereplentyofsalmonandtrout,andthatowingtotheriverbeingtolerablyhigh,agoodmanyhadbeencaughtduringthelastfewdays。Iaskedhimwhoenjoyedtherightoffishingintheriver。Hesaidthatinthesepartsthefishingbelongedtotwoorthreeproprietors,whoeitherpreservedthefishingforthemselves,astheybestcouldbymeansofkeepers,orletitouttootherpeople;andthatmanyindividualscamenotonlyfromEngland,butfromFranceandGermanyandevenRussiaforthepurposeoffishing,andthatthekeepersoftheproprietorsfromwhomtheypurchasedpermissiontofish,wentwiththem,toshowthemthebestplaces,andtoteachthemhowtofish。Headdedthattherewasareportthattheriverwouldshortlyberhyddorfreeandopentoanyone。Isaidthatitwouldbeabadthingtoflingtheriveropen,asinthateventthefishwouldbekilledatalltimesandseasons,andeventuallyalldestroyed。Herepliedthathequestionedwhethermorefishwouldbetakenthenthannow,andthatImustnotimaginethatthefishweremuchprotectedbywhatwascalledpreserving;thatthepeopletowhomthelandsintheneighbourhoodbelonged,andthosewhopaidforfishingdidnotcatchahundredthpartofthefishwhichwerecaughtintheriver:
thattheproprietorswentwiththeirkeepers,andperhapscaughttwoorthreestoneoffish,orthatstrangerswentwiththekeepers,whomtheypaidforteachingthemhowtofish,andperhapscaughthalf—a—dozenfish,andthatshortlyafterthekeeperswouldreturnandcatchontheirownaccountsixtystoneoffishfromtheveryspotwheretheproprietorsorstrangershadgreatdifficultyincatchingtwoorthreestoneorthehalf—dozenfish,orthepoacherswouldgoandcatchayetgreaterquantity。Headdedthatgentrydidnotunderstandhowtocatchfish,andthattoattempttopreservewasnonsense。Itoldhimthatiftheriverwasflungopeneverybodywouldfish;hesaidthatIwasmuchmistaken,thathundredswhowerenowpoachers,wouldthenkeepathome,mindtheirpropertrades,andneveruselineorspear;thatfolksalwayslongedtodowhattheywereforbidden,andthatShimeiwouldneverhavecrossedthebrookprovidedhehadnotbeentoldheshouldbehangedifhedid。Thathehimselfhadpermissiontofishintheriverwheneverhepleased,butneveravailedhimselfofit,thoughinhisyoungtime,whenhehadnoleave,hehadbeenanarrantpoacher。
ThemannersandwayofspeakingofthisoldpersonageputmeverymuchinmindofthoseofMorgan,describedbySmollettinhisimmortalnovelof\"RoderickRandom。\"Ihadmorediscoursewithhim:Iaskedhiminwhatlineofbusinesshewas,hetoldmethathesoldcoals。Fromhiscomplexion,andthehueofhisshirt,I
hadalreadyconcludedthathewasinsomegrimytrade。Itheninquiredofwhatreligionhewas,andreceivedforanswerthathewasaBaptist。Ithoughtthatbothhimselfandpartofhisapparelwouldlookallthebetterforagoodimmersion。Wetalkedofthewarthenraging—hesaiditwasbetweenthefalseprophetandtheDragon。IaskedhimwhotheDragonwas—hesaidtheTurk。ItoldhimthatthePopewasfarworsethaneithertheTurkortheRussian,thathisreligionwasthevilestidolatry,andthathewouldletnoonealone。ThatitwasthePopewhodrovehisfellowreligioniststheAnabaptistsoutoftheNetherlands。Heaskedmehowlongagothatwas。BetweentwoandthreehundredyearsI
replied。HeaskedmethemeaningofthewordAnabaptist;Itoldhim;whereuponheexpressedgreatadmirationformyunderstanding,andsaidthathehopedheshouldseemeagain。
Iinquiredofhimtowhatplacethebridgeled;hetoldmethatifIpassedoverit,andascendedahighbankbeyond,IshouldfindmyselfontheroadfromLlangollentoCorwenandthatifIwantedtogotoLlangollenImustturntotheleft。Ithankedhim,andpassingoverthebridge,andascendingthebank,foundmyselfuponabroadroad。Iturnedtotheleft,andwalkingbrisklyinabouthalfanhourreachedourcottageinthenorthernsuburb,whereI
foundmyfamilyanddinnerawaitingme。
CHAPTERIX
TheDinner—EnglishFoibles—Pengwern—TheYew—Tree—Carn—
Lleidyr—ApplicationsofaTerm。
FORdinnerwehadsalmonandlegofmutton;thesalmonfromtheDee,thelegfromtheneighbouringBerwyn。Thesalmonwasgoodenough,butIhadeatenbetter;andhereitwillnotbeamisstosay,thatthebestsalmonintheworldiscaughtintheSuir,ariverthatflowspastthebeautifultownofClonmelinIreland。Asforthelegofmuttonitwastrulywonderful;nothingsogoodhadI
evertastedintheshapeofalegofmutton。ThelegofmuttonofWalesbeatsthelegofmuttonofanyothercountry,andIhadnevertastedaWelshlegofmuttonbefore。CertainlyIshallneverforgetthatfirstWelshlegofmuttonwhichItasted,richbutdelicate,repletewithjuicesderivedfromthearomaticherbsofthenobleBerwyn,cookedtoaturn,andweighingjustfourpounds。
\"Oitssavourysmellwasgreat,Suchaswellmighttempt,Itrow,Onethat’sdeadtolifthisbrow。\"
LetanyonewhowishestoeatlegofmuttoninperfectiongotoWales,butmindyoutoeatlegofmuttononly。Welshlegofmuttonissuperlative;butwiththeexceptionoftheleg,themuttonofWalesisdecidedlyinferiortothatofmanyotherpartsofBritain。
Here,perhaps,asIhavetoldthereaderwhatweatefordinner,itwillbeaswelltotellhimwhatwedrankatdinner。Lethimknowthen,thatwithoursalmonwedrankwater,andwithourmuttonale,evenaleofLlangollen;butnotthebestaleofLlangollen;itwasveryfair;butIsubsequentlydrankfarbetterLlangollenalethanthatwhichIdrankatourfirstdinnerinourcottageatLlangollen。
IntheeveningIwentacrossthebridgeandstrolledalonginasouth—eastdirection。JustasIhadclearedthesuburbamanjoinedmefromacottage,onthetopofahighbank,whomI
recognisedasthemowerwithwhomIhadhelddiscourseinthemorning。HesalutedmeandaskedmeifIweretakingawalk,I
toldhimIwas,whereuponhesaidthatifIwerenottooproudtowishtobeseenwalkingwithapoormanlikehimself,heshouldwishtojoinme。ItoldhimIshouldbegladofhiscompany,andthatIwasnotashamedtobeseenwalkingwithanyperson,howeverpoor,whoconductedhimselfwithpropriety。HerepliedthatImustbeverydifferentfrommycountrymeningeneral,whowereashamedtobeseenwalkingwithanypeople,whowerenot,atleast,aswell—dressedasthemselves。Isaidthatmycountry—folkingeneralhadagreatmanyadmirablequalities,butatthesametimeagreatmanyfoibles,foremostamongstwhichlastwasacrazyadmirationforwhattheycalledgentility,whichmadethemsycophantictotheirsuperiorsinstation,andextremelyinsolenttothosewhomtheyconsideredbelowthem。HesaidthatIhadspokenhisverythoughts,andthenaskedmewhetherIwishedtobetakenthemostagreeablewalknearLlangollen。
Onmyreplyingbyallmeans,heledmealongtheroadtothesouth—
east。Apleasantroaditproved:onourrightatsomedistancewasthemightyBerwyn;closeonourleftthehillcalledPenyCoed。IaskedhimwhatwasbeyondtheBerwyn?
\"Averywildcountry,indeed,\"hereplied,\"consistingofwood,rock,andriver;infact,ananialwch。\"
HethenaskedifIknewthemeaningofanialwch。
\"Awilderness,\"Ireplied,\"youwillfindthewordintheWelshBible。\"
\"Verytrue,sir,\"saidhe,\"itwasthereImetit,butIdidnotknowthemeaningofit,tillitwasexplainedtomebyoneofourteachers。\"
Onmyinquiringofwhatreligionhewas,hetoldmehewasaCalvinistic—Methodist。
Wepassedanancientbuildingwhichstoodonourright。Iturnedroundtolookatit。Itsbackwastotheroad:atitseasternendwasafinearchedwindowliketheorielwindowofachurch\"Thatbuilding,\"saidmycompanion,\"iscalledPengwernHall。Itwasonceaconventofnuns;alittletimeagoafarm—house,butisnowusedasabarn,andaplaceofstowage。TilllatelyitbelongedtotheMostynfamily,buttheydisposedofit,withthefarmonwhichitstood,togetherwithseveralotherfarms,tocertainpeoplefromLiverpool,whonowliveyonder,\"pointingtoahousealittlewayfartheron。Istilllookedattheedifice。
\"Youseemtoadmiretheoldbuilding,\"saidmycompanion。
\"Iwasnotadmiringit,\"saidI;\"Iwasthinkingofthedifferencebetweenitspresentandformerstate。Formerlyitwasaplacedevotedtogorgeousidolatryandobscenelust;nowitisaquietoldbarninwhichhayandstrawareplaced,andbrokentumbrelsstowedaway:surelythehandofGodisvisiblehere?\"
\"Itisso,sir,\"saidthemaninarespectfultone,\"andsoitisinanotherplaceinthisneighbourhood。Aboutthreemilesfromhere,inthenorth—westpartofthevalley,isanoldedifice。Itisnowafarm—house,butwasonceasplendidabbey,andwascalled—\"
\"Theabbeyofthevaleofthecross,\"saidI,\"Ihavereadadealaboutit。IoloGoch,thebardofyourcelebratedhero,OwenGlendower,wasburiedsomewhereinitsprecincts。\"
Wewenton:mycompaniontookmeoverastilebehindthehousewhichhehadpointedout,andalongapaththroughhazelcoppices。
AfteralittletimeIinquiredwhethertherewereanyPapistsinLlangollen。
\"No,\"saidhe,\"thereisnotoneofthatfamilyatLlangollen,butIbelievetherearesomeinFlintshire,ataplacecalledHolywell,wherethereisapoolorfountain,thewatersofwhichitissaidtheyworship。\"
\"Andsotheydo,\"saidI,\"truetotheoldIndiansuperstition,ofwhichtheirreligionisnothingbutamodification。TheIndiansandsepoysworshipstocksandstones,andtheriverGanges,andourPapistsworshipstocksandstones,holywellsandfountains。\"
Heputsomequestionstomeabouttheoriginofnunsandfriars。I
toldhimtheyoriginatedinIndia,andmadehimlaughheartilybyshowinghimtheoriginalidentityofnunsandnautch—girls,beggingpriestsandbeggingBrahmins。Wepassedbyasmallhousewithanenormousyew—treebeforeit;Iaskedhimwholivedthere。
\"Noone,\"hereplied,\"itistolet。Itwasoriginallyacottage,buttheproprietorshavefurbisheditupalittle,andcallitYew—
treeVilla。\"
\"Isupposetheywouldletitcheap,\"saidI。
\"Bynomeans,\"hereplied,\"theyaskeightypoundsayearforit。\"
\"Whatcouldhaveinducedthemtosetsucharentuponit?\"I
demanded。
\"Theyew—tree,sir,whichissaidtobethelargestinWales。Theyhopethatsomeofthegrandgentrywilltakethehousefortheromanceoftheyew—tree,butsomehoworothernobodyhastakenit,thoughithasbeentoletforthreeseasons。\"
Wesooncametoaroadleadingeastandwest。
\"Thisway,\"saidhe,pointinginthedirectionofthewest,\"leadsbacktoLlangollen,theothertoOffa’sDykeandEngland。\"
Weturnedtothewest。HeinquiredifIhadeverheardbeforeofOffa’sDyke。
\"Ohyes,\"saidI,\"itwasbuiltbyanoldSaxonkingcalledOffa,againsttheincursionsoftheWelsh。\"
\"Therewasatime,\"saidmycompanion,\"whenitwascustomaryfortheEnglishtocutofftheearsofeveryWelshmanwhowasfoundtotheeastofthedyke,andfortheWelshtohangeveryEnglishmanwhomtheyfoundtothewestofit。Letusbethankfulthatwearenowmorehumanetoeachother。WearenowonthenorthsideofPenyCoed。DoyouknowthemeaningofPenyCoed,sir?\"
\"PenyCoed,\"saidI,\"meanstheheadofthewood。Isupposethatintheoldtimethemountainlookedoversomeextensiveforest,evenasthenunneryofPengwernlookedoriginallyoveranalder—
swamp,forPengwernmeanstheheadofthealder—swamp。\"
\"Soitdoes,sir,Ishouldn’twonderifyoucouldtellmetherealmeaningofaword,aboutwhichIhavethoughtagooddeal,andaboutwhichIwaspuzzlingmyheadlastnightasIlayinbed。\"
\"Whatmayitbe?\"saidI。
\"Carn—lleidyr,\"hereplied:\"now,sir,doyouknowthemeaningofthatword?\"
\"IthinkIdo,\"saidI。
\"Whatmayitbe,sir?\"
\"Firstletmehearwhatyouconceiveitsmeaningtobe,\"saidI。
\"Why,sir,IshouldsaythatCarn—lleidyrisanout—and—outthief—
oneworsethanathiefofthecommonsort。Now,ifIstealamatrassIamalleidyr,thatisathiefofthecommonsort;butifIcarryittoaperson,andhebuysit,knowingittobestolen,I
conceiveheisafarworsethiefthanI;infact,acarn—lleidyr。\"
\"Thewordisadoubleword,\"saidI,\"compoundedofcarnandlleidyr。Theoriginalmeaningofcarnisaheapofstones,andcarn—lleidyrmeansproperlyathiefwithouthouseorhome,andwithnoplaceonwhichtoresthishead,savethecarnorheapofstonesonthebleaktopofthemountain。Foralongtimethewordwasonlyappliedtoathiefofthatdescription,who,beingwithouthouseandhome,wasmoredesperatethanotherthieves,andassavageandbrutishasthewolvesandfoxeswithwhomheoccasionallysharedhispillow,thecarn。Incourseoftime,however,theoriginalmeaningwaslostordisregarded,andthetermcarn—lleidyrwasappliedtoanyparticularlydishonestperson。Atpresenttherecanbenoimproprietyincallingapersonwhoreceivesamatrass,knowingittobestolen,acarn—lleidyr,seeingthatheisworsethanthethiefwhostoleit,orincallingaknavishattorneyacarn—lleidyr,seeingthathedoesfarmoreharmthanacommonpick—pocket;orincallingthePopeso,seeingthathegetshugesumsofmoneyoutofpeoplebypretendingtobeabletoadmittheirsoulstoheaven,ortohurlthemtotheotherplace,knowingallthetimethathehasnosuchpower;perhaps,indeed,atthepresentdaythetermcarn—lleidyrismoreapplicabletothePopethantoanyoneelse,forheiscertainlythearchthiefoftheworld。SomuchforCarn—lleidyr。ButImustheretellyouthatthetermcarnmaybeappliedtoanywhoisparticularlybadordisagreeableinanyrespect,andnowIremember,hasbeenappliedforcenturiesbothinproseandpoetry。OneLewisGlynCothi,apoet,wholivedmorethanthreehundredyearsago,usesthewordcarninthesenseofarrantorexceedinglybad,forinhisabusiveodetothetownofChester,hesaysthatthewomenofLondonitselfwerenevermorecarnstrumpetsthanthoseofChester,bywhichhemeansthattherewerenevermorearrantharlotsintheworldthanthoseofthecheesecapital。Andthelastofyourgreatpoets,GronwyOwen,whoflourishedaboutthemiddleofthelastcentury,complainsinalettertoafriend,whilstlivinginavillageofLancashire,thathewasamongstCarnSaeson。HefoundallEnglishdisagreeableenough,butthoseofLancashireparticularlyso—