第46章
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  32。Ibid。,i206。

  33。Works,i,205;andDumont’sTraités1820,i,xxv,xxvi。Theword’springsofaction’perhapscomefromthemarginalnotetotheabove-mentionedpassageofLockebk。ii,chap。xxvi,section41,42。

  34。MoralsandLegislation,chaps。iv,v,vi。

  35。See’CodificationProposal’Works,iv,540,whereBenthamtakesmoneyasrepresentingpleasure,andshowshowthepresentvaluemaybecalculatedlikethatofasumputouttointerest。ThesameassumptionisoftenmadebyPoliticalEconomistsinregardto’utilities’。

  36。Works’MoralsandLegislation’,i,17n。

  37。Itisnotworthwhiletoconsiderthisatlength;butIgivethefollowingconjecturalaccountofthelistasitappearsintheMoralsandLegislationabove。Inclassifyingpainorpleasure,Benthamis,Ithink,followingthecluesuggestedbyhis’sanctions’。Heisrealyclassifyingaccordingtotheircausesorthewayinwhichtheyare’annexed’。Thuspleasuremayormaynotbedependentuponotherpersons,orifuponotherpersons,maybeindirectlyordirectlycausedbytheirpleasuresorpains。Pleasuresnotcausedbypersonscorrespondtothe’physicalsanction’,andarethose1ofthe’senses’,2ofwealth,i。e。,causedbythepossessionofthings,and3of’skill’,i。e。,causedbyourabilitytousethings。Pleasurescausedbypersonsindirectlycorrespondfirsttothe’popularormoralsanction,’andarepleasures4

  of’amity’,causedbythegoodwillofindividuals,and5ofa’goodname’,causedbythegoodwillofpeopleingeneral;secondly,to’politicalsanction,’

  namely6pleasuresof’power’;andthirdly,tothe’religioussanction,’

  or7pleasuresof’piety’。Alltheseare’self-regardingpleasures。’Thepleasurescauseddirectlybythepleasuresofothersarethose8of’benevolence’,and9ofmalevolence。Wethenhavewhatisreallyacrossdivisionofclassesof’deriviative’pleasures;thesebeingdueto10memory,11imagination,12expectation,13association。Toeachclassofpleasurescorrespondsaclassofpains,exceptthattherearenopainscorrespondingtothepleasuresofwealthorpower。Wehave,however,ageneralclassofpainsof’privation’,whichmightincludepairsofpovertyorweakness:andtotheseareopposed14pleasuresof’relief’,i。e。,oftheprivationofpains。IntheTable,asseparatelypublished,Benthammodifiedthisbydividingpleasuresof’curiosity’

  forpleasuresof’skill’,bysuppressingpleasuresofreliefandpainsofprivation;andbyadding,asaclassof’pains’withoutcorrespondingpleasures,pains1oflabour,2of’death,andbodilypainsingeneral。’ThesechangesseemtohavebeenintroducedinthecourseofwritinghisIntroduction,wheretheyarepartlyassumed。Anotherclassisaddedtoincludeallclassesof’self-regardingpleasuresorpains。’Heistryingtogivealistofall’synomyms’

  forvariouspainsandpleasures,andhasthereforetoadmitclassescorrespondingtogeneralnameswhichincludeotherclasses。

  38。Works,i,210,wherehespeaksofpleasuresofthe’ball-rooms’,the’theatre’,andthe’finearts’asderivablefromthe’simpleandelementary’

  pleasures。

  39。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,22etc。

  40。Ibid。,i,33。

  41。MoralsandLegislation,ch。vii,toxi。

  42。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,46。

  43。Ibid。,48。

  44。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,56。

  45。Ibid。,56。

  46。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,60。

  47。Ibid。,i,62。

  48。Ibid。,i,65。

  49。Thesearethetwoclassesof’springsofaction’omittedintheTable。

  50。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,68。

  51。HereBenthamlaysdowntherulethatpunishmentshouldrisewiththestrengthofthetemptation,atheorywhichleadstosomecuriouscasuisticalproblems。Hedoesnotfullydiscuss,andIcannothereconsider,them。I

  willonlynotethatitmayconceivablybenecessarytoincreasetheseverityofpunishment,insteadofremovingthetemptationorstrengtheningthepreventiveaction。Ifso,thelawbecomesimmoralinthesenseofpunishingmoreseverlyasthecrimehasmoremoralexcuse。Thiswasoftentrueoftheoldcriminallaw,whichpunishedoffencescruellybecauseithadnoeffectivesystemofpolice。Benthamwouldofcoursehaveagreedthattheprincipleinthiscasewasabadone。

  52。MoralsandLegislation,ch。xii。

  53。MoralsandLegislation,ch。xivachapterinsertedfromDumont’sTraités。

  54。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,p。86。

  55。Ibid。,i,144。

  56。Ibid。,i,145。

  57。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,143。

  58。Ibid。,i,147-48。

  59。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,406n。

  60。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,96n。

  61。Works,iii。267。

  62。Ibid。,x,569。

  63。Autobiography,p。116。

  64。ThesubjectisagaintreatedinBookvon’CircumstantialEvidence。’

  65。Works,vi,204。

  66。Works,vii,391。

  67。Works,vii,321-25。Court-martialsarehardlyahappyexamplenow。

  68。’Truthv。Ashhurst’1792,Works,v,235。

  69。Works’CodificationPetition’,v,442。

  70。Ibid。,vi,11。

  71。Ibid。,v,92。

  72。Works,vii,204,331;ix,143。

  73。Ibid。,vii,214。

  74。Ibid。,v,349。

  75。Ibid。,v,364。

  76。Works,v,371。

  77。Ibid。,v,375。

  78。Ibid。,vii,188。

  79。Ibid。,v,370。

  80。Works,v,97,etc。

  81。SeeprefacetoConstitutionalCodeinvol。ix。

  82。Bentham’snephew,George,whodiedwhenapproachinghiseighty-fourthbirthday,devotedthelasttwenty-fiveyearsofhislifewithequalassiduitytohisGeneraPlantarum。SeeacuriousanecdoteofhispersistenceintheDictionaryofNationalBiography。

  83。Works,iii,573。

  84。Works,ix,5,8。

  85。Thetheory,asMillremindsus,hadbeenverypointedanticipatedbyHelvétius。Bentham’spracticalexperience,however,hadforcedituponhisattention。

  86。Works,ix,141。Thegeneralprinciple,however,isconfirmedbythecaseofGeorgeIII。

  87。Ibid。,ix,45。

  88。Ibid。,ix,98。

  89。Works,ix,98。

  90。e。g。Ibid。ix,38,50,63,99,etc。

  91。Ibid。’PlanofParliamentaryReform’iii,463。

  92。Works,ix,594。

  93。Ibid。,ix,62。

  94。Ibid。,ix,24。

  95。Ibid。,ix,48。

  96。Dissertations,i,377。

  97。Works,ii,497。

  98。Ibid。,ii,501。

  99。Ibid。,ii,503。

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