Andso，again，thelord\'srightsunderthecommendationseemtoconstituteanalienableandheritableseignory。Itisthusthatwemaybestexplainthecase，verycommoninEastAnglia，inwhichamaniscommendedhalftooneandhalftoanotherlord。41*Thuswereadofacaseinwhichafreemanwascommended，astoone-thirdtoWulfsige，andastotheresiduetoWulfsige\'stwobrothers。42*Inthisinstanceitseemsclearthatthecommendationhasdescendedtothreeco-heirs。Inothercasesalordmayhavemadeoverhisrightstotworeligioushouses；thuswehearofamanwhoiscommontotheAbbotsofElyandSt。Edmund\'s。43*Insomecasesamanmay，inothershemaynot，beabletopreventhimselfbeingtransferredfromlordtolord，orfromancestortoheir。Whatpassesbyalienationorinheritancemayberegardedratherasarighttohiscommendationthanasthecommendationitself。44*Ofcoursethereisnothingtohinderonefrombeingthemanofseveraldifferentlords。
AElfricBlackheldlandsoftheAbbotofWestminsterwhichhecouldnotseparatefromthechurch，butforotherlandshewasthemanofArchbishopStigand。45*Alreadyaloftyedificeisbeingconstructed；B，towhomCiscommended，ishimselfcommendedtoA；andinthiscaseacertainrelationexistsbetweenCandA；Cis\'sub-commended\'toA。46*
Inagivencasethesomewhatvagueobligationofthecommendedmanmayberendereddefinitebyabargainwhichimposesuponhimthepaymentofrentortheperformanceofsomespecifiedservices。Whenthisisso，weshalloftenfindthatthelandismoving，ifwemaysospeak，notfromthemanbutfromthelord。
Themanistakinglandfromthelordtoholdduringgoodbehaviour，47*orforlife。48*orforlives。Aformofleaseorloanlo閚whichgivesthelandtothelesseeandtotwoorthreesuccessiveheirsofhishasfromofoldbeencommonlyusedbysomeofthegreatchurches。49*Alsoweseelandownersgivinguptheirlandtothechurchesandtakingitbackagainasmerelifetenants。Duringtheirlivesthechurchistohavesome\'service，\'oratleastsome\'recognition\'ofitslordship，whileaftertheirdeathsthechurchwillhavethelandindemesne。50*
Thisissomethingdifferentfrommerecommendation。Weseeherethefeudaoblataorbeneficiaoblatawhichforeignjuristshavecontrastedwithfeudaorbeneficiadata。Thelandisbroughtintothebargainbytheman，notbythelord。Butoftenthelandcomesfromthelord，andthetenancyisnomerelytemporarytenancy；itisheritable。Thekinghasprovidedhisthegnswithlands；theearls，thechurches，haveprovidedtheirthegnswithlands，andthesethegnshaveheritableestates，andalreadytheyareconceivedasholdingthemofdethechurches，theearls，theking。Butwemustnotasyetbeledawayintoanydiscussionaboutthearchitectureoftheveryhigheststoreysofthefeudalorvassalicedifice。Itmustatpresentsufficethatinhumblerquarterstherehasbeenmuchlettingandhiringofland。Theleases，ifwechoosetocallthemso，thegifts，ifwechoosetocallthemso，havecreatedheritablerightsandperdurablerelationships。
Thereisnokindofservicethatcannotbepurchasedbyagrantorleaseofland。Godric\'swifehadlandfromthekingbecauseshefedhisdogs。51*AElfgyfuthemaidenhadlandfromGodricthesheriffthatshemightteachhisdaughterorfreywork。52*ThemonksofPershorestipulatethattheirdominionshallberecognizedby\'aday\'sfarm\'ineveryyear，thatis，thatthelesseeshallonceayearfurnishtheconventwithaday\'svictual。53*Theking\'sthegnsbetweentheRibbleandtheMerseyhave\'likevilleins\'tomakelodgesfortheking，andfisheriesanddeer-hays，andmustsendtheirreaperstocuttheking\'scropsatharvesttime。54*Theradmenandradknightsofthewestmustrideontheirlord\'serrandsandmakethemselvesgenerallyuseful；theyploughandharrowandmow，anddowhateveriscommandedthem。55*
Butwewouldherespeakchieflyofthelowly\'freemen\'andsokemenoftheeasterncounties。Besideshavingtheircommendationandtheirsoke，thelordveryoftenhaswhatisknownastheirconsuetudoortheirconsuetudines。Oftentheyarethelord\'smendeomniconsuetudine。Inallprobabilitythewordwhenthusemployed，whencontrastedwithcommendationontheonehandandwithsokeontheother，pointstopaymentsandrenderstobemadeinmoneyandinkindandtoservicesofanagriculturalcharacter。Ofsuchservicesonlyonestandsoutprominently；itisveryfrequentlymentionedinthesurveyofEastAnglia；itisfold-soke，socafaldae。Themanmustnothaveafoldofhisown；hissheepmustlieinthelord\'sfold。Itismanurethatthelordwants；thedemandformanurehasplayedalargepartinthehistoryofthehumanrace。Oftenenoughthisistheoneconsuetudo，theonedefiniteservice，thatthelordgetsoutofhisfreemens。Andthenamanwhoisconsuetusadfaldam，tiedtohislord\'sfold，ishardlytobeconsideredasbeinginallrespectsa\'free\'man。Thosewhoarenot\'fold-worthy\'aretobeclassedwiththosewhoarenot\'moot-worthy\'or\'fyrd-worthy。\'
Wearetemptedtosaythataman\'scaputisdiminishedbyhishavingtoseekhislord\'sfold，justasitwouldbediminishedifhewereexcludedfromthecommunalcourtsorthenationalhost。56*Fromthenatureofthisoneconsuetudoandfromtheprominencethatisgiventoit，wemayguessthecharacteroftheotherconsuetudines。Suittothelord\'smillwouldbeanalogoustosuittohisfold。57*Of\'millsoke\'wereadnothing，butoftenenoughasurprisinglylargepartofthetotalvalueofamanorisascribedtoitsmill，andwemayarguethatthelordhasnotinvestedcapitalinacostlyundertakingwithoutmakingsureofareturn。Wemaywellsupposethatliketheradmenofthewestthefreemenandsokemenoftheeastgivetheirlordsomehelpinhishusbandryatharvesttime。FromadocumentwhichcomestousfromtheabbeyofEly，andwhichisslightlyolderthantheDomesdayinquest，welearnthatcertainofStEtheldreda\'ssokemeninSuffolkhadnothingtodobuttoploughandthreshwhenevertheabbotrequiredthisofthem；othershadtoploughandweedandreap，tocarrythevictualofthemonkstotheminsterandfurnishhorseswhenevercalledupontodoso。58*
Thisseemstopointratherto\'boon-days\'thantocontinuous\'week-work，\'andweobservethatthesokemenoftheeastliketheradmenofthewesthavehorses。Occasionallywelearnthatasokemanhastopayanannualsumofmoneytohislord；sometimesthislookslikeasubstantialrent，sometimeslikeamere\'recognition\'；butthewordsthatmostnearlytranslateour\'rent，\'redditus，census，gablumareseldomusedinthiscontext。
Allisconsuetudo。
Itisaninterestingword。Weperhapsareeagertourgethedilemmathatinthesecasesthelandmusthavebeenbroughtintothebargaineitherbythelordorbythetenant：——eitherthelordisconceivedashavingletlandtothetenant，orthetheoryisthatthetenanthascommendedlandtothelord。Butthedilemmaisnotperfect。Itmaywellbethatthisrelationshipisthoughtofashavingexistedfromalltime；itmaywellbethatthisrelationship，thoughunderslowlyvaryingforms，hasreallyexistedforseveralcenturies，andhashaditsbeginninginnocontract，innobargain。Inorigintherightsofthelordmaybetherightsofkingsandealdormen，rightsoversubjectsratherthanrightsovertenants。Thewordconsuetudocoverstaxesaswellasrents，and，ifthesokemanhastodoworkforhislord，veryoften，especiallyinCambridgeshireandHertfordshire，hehastodoworkforthekingorforthesheriffalso。Ifhehastodocarryingserviceforthelord，hehastodocarryingserviceaveraforthesheriffalsoorinlieuthereoftopayasmallsumofmoney。59*Andanotheraspectofthiswordconsuetudoisinterestingtous。Landthatisburdenedwithcustomsiscustomarylandterraconsuetudinaria。60*Asyetthistermdoesnotimplythatthetenure，thoughprotectedbycustom，isnotprotectedbylaw；thereisnooppositionbetweenlawandcustom；thecustomarytenantofDomesdayBookisthetenantwhorenderscustoms，andthemorecustomsherendersthemorecustomaryheis。61*
Thiswordconsuetudoisthewidestofwords。Perhapswefindthebestequivalentforconsuetudinesinourownvague。
\'dues\'。62*Itcoverswhatweshouldcallrents；itcoverswhatweshouldcallratesandtaxes；butfurtheritcoverswhatweshouldcalltheproceedsandprofitsofjustice：Letusconstrueafewentries。AtRomneythereareburgesseswhoinreturnfortheservicethattheydoontheseaarequitofallcustomsexceptthree，namely，larceny，peace-breachandambush。63*InBerkshireKingEdwardgavetooneofhisforestershalfahideoflandfreefromallcustom，excepttheking\'sforfeiture，suchaslarceny，homicide，h醡-fareandpeace-breach。64*Inwhatsensecanacrimebeacustom？Inafiscalsense。Acrimeisasourceofrevenue。Inwhatsenseshouldwewishtohaveourlandfreeofcrimes，freeeven，ifthisbepossible，oflarcenyandhomicide？
Inthissense：——weshouldwishthatnomoneywhatevershouldgooutofourland，neitherbywayofrent，norbywayoftax，rate，toll，noryetagainbywayofforisfactura，ofpaymentforcrimecommitted。Weshouldwishalsothatourlandwiththetenantsonitshouldbequitorquietquietafromtheincursionsofroyalandnationalofficers，whethertheybeinsearchoftaxesorinsearchofcriminalsandthefinesduefromcriminals，andweshouldalsoliketoputthosefinesinourownpockets。Justicethereforetakesitsplaceamongtheconsuetudines：\'larceny\'isasourceofincome。65*Alordwhohas\'hiscustoms，\'isalordwhohasamongothersourcesofrevenue，justiceortheprofitsofjustice。66*\'Justiceortheprofitsofjustice，\'wesay，forourrecorddoesnotcaretodistinguishbetweenthem。Itisthinkingofmoneywhileweareengagedinquestioningitabouttheconstitutionandcompetenceoftribunals。Itgivesusbutcrookedanswers。However，wemustmakethebestthatcanbemadeofthem，andinparticularmustformsomeopinionabouttheconsuetudinesknownassakeandsoke。
NOTES：
1。Weshallseehereafterthatsomeoftheseso-called\'manors\'
arebutsmallplotsandtheirholderssmallfolk。
2。Seeabovep。47。
3。D。B。i。128b，129，129b。
4。D。B。i。34，35b。
5。D。B。i。13。
6。D。B。ii。287。Therearefreemen，apparently120innumber，ofwhomitiswritten：\'HiiliberihominesquitemporeregisEduardipertinebantinsocadeBercolt，unusquisquegratisdabatprepositoperannum4tantumdenarios，etreddebatsocamsicutlexferebat，etquandoRogeriusBigotpruishabuitvice-comitatumstatueruntministrisuiquodredderent15librasperannum，quodnonfaciebantT。R。E。EtquandoRobertusMalethabuitvicecomitatumsuiministricreveruntillosad20libras。EtquandoRogeriusBigoteosrehabuitdederuntsimiliter20libras。
EtmodoteneteosAluricusWanztaliconsuetudinequaerantT。R。
E。\'Thisisarareinstanceofare-establishmentofthestatusquoanteconquestum。
7。CompareRound，FeudalEngland，33。
8。D。B。ii。187b：\'ExhisnonhabuitAilwinussuusantecessoretiamcommendationem。\'
9。D。B。ii。287：\'Dehishominibus……nonhabuitHaroldusetiamcommendationem。\'
10。D。B。ii。153b：\'UndeSuusantecessorhabuitcommendationemtantum。\'Ibid。154：\'AlstanliberhomoEdricicommend[atione]
tantum。\'
11。D。B。ii。161b。
12。D。B。ii。244。
13。D。B。ii。6：\'DepredictosochemanohabuitRad。Piperellusconsuetudineminunoquoqueannoper3solidos，setinT。R。E。
nonhabuiteiusantecessornisitantummodocommendationem。\'
14。D。B。ii。171b：\'CalumpniaturR。Malet18liberoshomines，3
commendationeetaliosdeomniconsuetudine。\'
15。D。B。ii。250b：\'Huicmanerioadiacentsemper4hominesdeomniconsuetudineetalii4adsochamtantum。\'
16。D。B。ii。356b。
17。D。B。ii。357。
18。D。B。ii。353b。
19。D。B。ii。362：\'setsocaremaneretsanctoetservitiumquicunqueterramemeret。\'
20。D。B。ii。358。
21。D。B。i。58：\'PaterToritenuitT。R。EetpotuitirequovoluitsedprosuadefensionesecommisitHermannoepiscopoetToriOsmundoepiscoposimiliter。\'
22。D。B。i。32b：\'setprodefensionesecumterraabbatiaesummiserunt\'
23。D。B。ii。62b：\'etT。R。W。effectusesthomoGoisfridispontesua。\'
24。D。B。i。36b：\'T。R。W。feminaquaehancterramtenebatmisitsecumeainmanureginae。\'Ibid36：\'QuidamliberhomohancterramtenensetquovelletabirevalenscommisitseindefensioneWalteriiprodefensionesua。\'
25。D。B。ii。172：\'HoscalumpniaturDrogodeBefrerereprohomagiotantum；\'Thisseemsequivalenttothecommon\'commendationetantum。\'D。B。i。225b：\'fuerunthominesBurredeticcircoG。episcopusclamathominationemeorum。\'
26。Schmid，App。x。
27。AEthelst，ii。2。
28。Alsoithaddeclaredthateverymanmusthaveapledge，andprobablytheeasiestwayoffulfillingthiscommandwastoplaceoneselfunderalordwhowouldputoneintoatithing。
29。Leg。Edw。Conf。12sect。5；butthisiscontradictedbyLeg。
Henr。87，sect。4。
30。AEthelr。i。1，sect。2；compareAEthelr。iii3，sect。4。
31。Leg。Hen。82，sect。6；85，sect。2。
32。D。B。ii。18b：\'indevocatdominumsuumadtutorem。\'Ibid。
103：\'vocavitIlbodonemadtutoremetposteanonadduxittutorem。\'Ibid。31b：\'revocateamaddefensorem。D。B。i。141b：
142：\'sedHarduinusreclamatPetrumvicecomitemadprotectorem。\'
Ibid。227b：\'etdicitregemsuumadvocatumesse。\'
33。D。B。ii。71b：\'PhengetenetidemSerlodeR[anulfoPiperello]quodtenuitliberhomo……quiT。R。W。effectusesthomoantecessorisRanulfiPiperelli，setterramsuamsibinondedit。\'Thishoweverisnotquitetothepoint。
34。D。B。i。72：\'TotiemiteamT。R。E。deaecclesiaMalmesburiensiadetatemtriumhominumetinfrahuncterminumpoteratirecumeaadquemvelletdominum。\'
35。D。B。ii。57b：\'EthaecterraquammodotenetG。fuitinabbatiadeBerchingissicutihundrettestatur；setillequitenuithancterramfuittantummodohomo[Leuild]antecessorisGoisfridietnonpotuitistamterrammittereinaliquoloconisiinabbatia。\'
36。Leg。Hen。82，sect。3。
37。D。B。ii。118b：\'Inburgo[deTetfort]autemerant943
burgensesT。R。E。DehishabuitRexomnemconsuetudinem。Deistishominibuserant36itadominiceRegisE。utnonpossentessehominesalicuiussinelicentiaRegis。AliiomnespoterantessehominescuiuslibetsetsempertamenconsuetuedoRegisremanebatpreterherigete。\'CompareD。B。i。336b。Stamford：\'Inhiscustodiissunt72mansisochemanorum，quihabentterrassuasindominio，etquipetuntdominosubivolunt，superquosRexnichilaliudhabetnisiemendationemforisfacturaeeorumetherieteettheloneum。\'Inthiscasecommendationwouldnotcarrytheheriotwithit。
38。D。B。ii。201：\'Liberhomode80acristerraeAlmariepiscopietAlwoldiabbatiscommend[atione]tantum，suamnecvendere。\'ethichomoeratmonasterioquodnonpotuitdareterramsuamnecvendere。\'Seeanotherentryofthesamekindonthesamepage。
39。D。B。i。50b：“HicAlwinustenuithancterramT。R。E。subWigotoprotuitione；modotentcamsubMilone。\'
40。Forexample，D。B。ii。353b：\'HiipoterantdareetvendereterramsuamT。R。E。setcommend[atio]etsocaetsacaremanebatS。Edmundo。\'
41。D。B。ii。182b：\'UlchetelhabuitdimidiamcommendationemdeilloT。R。E。etdeuxoreipsiustotamcommendationem。\'Ibid。249
b：\'MedietasistiushominisfuitantecessorisBaingnardicommendationetantumetaliamedietasS。Edmundicumdimidiaterra。\'Thecontrastbetweendimidiihominesandintegrihominesiscommonenough。SeeD。B。ii。309：onemanhasasixthandanotherfive-sixthsofacommendation。
42。D。B。ii。333b。
43。D。B。ii。125b。
44。D。B。i。58。Tori\'committedhimselffordefence\'toBp。
Herman；Tori\'ssonhasdonethesametoOsmund，thesuccessorofHerman。
45。D。B。i。133：\'sedproaliisterrishomoarchiepiscopiStigandifuit。\'
46。Onthewholethisseemstobethemeaningof\'subcommendation。\'Wereadagooddealofmenwhoweresub-commendedtotheantecessorofRobertMalet。Thisseemstobeexplainedbysuchanentryasthefollowingii。313b：\'EadricholdstwofreemenwhowerecommendedtoEadric，whohimselfwascommendedtoanotherEadric，theantecessorofRobertMalet。\'
47。D。B。i。45b：\'QuidamfraterEdricitenuittaliconventione，quodquamdiubenesehaberetergaeum[Edricum]tamdiuterramdeeoteneret，etsivenderevellet，nonalicuinisieidequotenebatvendereveldareliceret。\'
48。CasesoflifetenancieswillbefoundinD。B。i。47，Stantune；67b，Newetone；80，Catesclive；177b，Witune，；ii。
373，444b。
49。D。B。i。46b，66b，72，175。Weshallreturntothiswheninthenextessaywespeakofloanland。
50。D。B。i。67b：\'HancterramreddiditspontesuaaecclesiaeHardingusquiinvitasuaperconvent[ionem]debebattenere。\'Seealsothecaseini。177b。Again，ii。431：\'terramquamcepitcumuxoresua……misitinecclesiaconcedentemulieretaliconventionequodnonpotuitvenderenecdaredeaecclesia。\'Fora\'recognitio\'seei。175，Persore。
51。D。B。i。57b。
52。D。B。i。149：\'DehistenuitAluuidpuella2hidas……etdedominicafirmaRegisEdwardihabuitipsadimidiamhidamquamGodricusvicecomeseiconcessitquamdiuvicecomesesset，utilladoceretfiliamejusaurifrisiumoperari。\'
53。D。B。i。175：\'HancemitquidamGodricusteinusregisEdwardivitatriumhaeredumetdabatinannomonachisunamfirmamprorecognitione。\'
54。D。B。i。269b。
55。Seeabovep。83。TheirtenurewillbediscussedhereafterinconnexionwithSt。Oswald\'sland-loans。
56。D。B。ii。187b：\'InCarletuna27liberihominesetdimidiussubOlfocommendationetantumetsocafalde……15liberihominessubOlfosocafaldeetcommendationetantum。\'
57。D。B。ii。203b；\'Ineademvilla12homines6quorumerantinsocafaldeetalii6erantliberi。\'Ibid。361b：\'70liberi……
superhoshomineshabetetsemperhabuitsacametsocametomnemeonsuetudinemetadfaldampertinentomnespreter4。\'Ibid。ii。
207：\'17liberihominesconsuetiadfaldametcommendati。\'Theterm\'fold-worthy\'occursinawritofEdwardtheConfessor；ofthemenofacertaindistrictasaremoot-worthy，hegivestoSt。
BenetofRamseysokeoversuchofthemenofcertaindistrictasaremoot-worthy，fyrd-worthy，andfold-worthy：Earle，LandCharters，p。343：Kemble，iv。p。208。
58。InlaterextentsofEastAnglianmanorsthefold-sokeplaysanimportantpart。Cart。Rams。iii。267：\'R。tenuitunamcarucatamterraecumfaldasuaprooctosolidis。AdabatproterrasuaquadragintadenariosetoveseiuserantinfaldaAbbatis……H。trigintaacrasproquatuorsolidisetoveseiussuntinmanudomini……\'
59。SeethedocumentprintedbyHamiltonattheendoftheInquisitioCom。Cantabr。p。192。\'Istisolummodoarabuntetcontererentmesseseiusdemlociquotienscunqueabbaspreceperit……\'\'Itapropriesuntabbatiutquotienscunqueipsepreceperitinannoarabuntsuamterram，purgabuntetcolligentsegetes，portabuntvictummonachorumadmonasterium，equoseoruminsuisnecessitatibussemperhabebit。\'FormoreofthismatterseeRound，FoudalEngland，30。
60。D。B。i。141：therearefoursokemenwhoaremenofAEthelmaerandwhocannotselltheirlandwithouthisconsent；
buttheyareundertheking\'ssakeandsokeandjointlyprovidethesheriffwithoneaveraeveryyearorfourpence。
61。D。B。i。249：\'Haecterrafuitconsuetudinariasolummododetheloneoregissedaliamsocamhabebat。\'
62。D。B。ii。273b：\'Ineadem8consuetudinariiadfaldamsuiantecessoris。\'Ibid。215：\'8hominesconsuetudinariosadhocmanerium。\'
63。D。B。i。280：\'DuapartesRegisetterciacomitisdecensuettheloneoetforisfacturaetdeomniconsuetudine。\'Ibid。42：
\'Unamaecclesiamet6capellascumomniconsuetudinevivorumetmortuorum。\'
64。D。B。i。10b：\'etsuntquietiproservitiomarisabomniconsuetudinepretertribus，latrocinio，paceinfracta，etforestel。\'
65。D。B。i。61b：\'solutamabomniconsuetudinepropterforestamcustodiendamexceptaforisfacturaRegis，sicutestlatrocinium，ethomidicium，etheinfara，etfractapax。\'
66。D。B。i。52：\'HiinfrascriptihabentinHantoneconsuetud[ines]domorumsuarum。\'Ibid。249：\'HaecterrafuitconsuetudinariasolummododetheloneoRegissedsocamaliamhabebat。\'
5。SAKEANDSOKE
Wemaybestbeginourinvestigationbyrecallingthelawoflatertimes。Inthethirteenthcenturyseignorialjustice，thatis，justiceinprivatehands，hastworoots。Acertainciviljurisdictionbelongstothelordassuch；ifhehastenantsenoughtoformacourt，heisatlibertytoholdacourtofandforhistenants。Thiskindofseignorialjusticewecallspecificallyfeudaljustice。Butveryoftenalordhasotherandgreaterpowersthanthefeudalprinciplewouldgivehim；inparticularhehastheviewoffrankpledgeandthepolicejusticethattheviewoffrankpledgeimplies。Allsuchpowersmustintheoryhavetheiroriginingrantsmadebytheking；theyarefranchises。Withfeudaljusticethereforewecontrast\'franchisal\'justice。1*
NowifwegobacktotheNormanperiodweshallbegintodoubtwhetherthefeudalprinciple——theprinciplewhichasamatterofcoursegivesthelordjusticiarypowersoverhistenants——isofveryancientorigin。2*ThestateofthingsthatthenexistedshouldberevealedtousbytheLegesHenrici；
for，ifthatbookhasanyplanatall，itisatreatiseonthelawofjurisdiction，atreatiseon\'soke。\'Tothistopicthewriterconstantlyreturnsaftermanydigressions，andtheleadingthemeofhisworkisfoundinthefollowingsentence：——\'Astothesokeofpleas，thereisthatwhichbelongsproperlyandexclusivelytotheroyalfiscus；thereisthatwhichitparticipateswithothers；thereisthatwhichbelongstothesheriffsandroyalbailiffsascomprisedintheirferms；thereisthatwhichbelongstothebaronswhohavesokeandsake。3*But，whenallhasbeensaid，thepicturethatisleftonourmindsisthatofaconfusedconflictbetweeninconsistentandindefiniteprinciples，andverypossiblythecompileringivingussuchapictureisfulfillingthedutyofafaithfulportrayeroffacts，thoughhedoesnotsatisfyourdemandforarationaltheory。
Ontheonehand，itseemsplainthatthereisaseignorialjusticewhichisnot\'franchisal。\'Certainpersonshaveacertain\'soke\'apartfromanyregalitieswhichmayhavebeenexpresslyconcededtothembytheking。Butitisnotclearthatthelegalbasisofthissokeisthesimplefeudalprinciplestatedabove，namely，thatjurisdictionspringsfromthemerefactoftenure。
AnelementofwhichwehearlittleinlaterdaysisprominentintheLeges，theelementofrankorpersonalstatus。\'Thearchbishops，bishops，earlsandother\'powers\'potestateshavesakeandsoke，toll，teamandinfangenethefintheirownlands。4*Heretheprincipleseemstobethatmenofacertainrankhavecertainjurisdictionalpowers，andthevaguetermpotestatesmayincludeinthisclassalltheking\'sbarons。Butthenthefreeholdingvavassoreshaveacertainjurisdiction，theyhavethepleaswhichconcernwerandw韙ethatistosay\'emendable\'pleasovertheirownmenandtheirownproperty，andsometimesoveranotherman\'smenwhohavebeenarrestedorattachedintheactoftrespass。5*Whateverelsewemaythinkofthesevavassores，theyarenotbaronsandprobablytheyarenotimmediatetenantsoftheking。6*Itisclear，however，thattheremaybea\'lord\'with\'men\'whoyethasnosakeorsokeoverthem。7*Wearetoldindeedthateverylordmaysummonhismantostandtorightinhiscourt，andthatifthemanberesidentintheremotestmanorofthehonourofwhichheholds，hestillmustgototheplea。8*Hereforamomentweseemtohaveafairlyclearannouncementofwhatwecallthesimplefeudalprinciple，unadulteratedbyanyelementofpersonalrank；stillourtextsupposesthatthelordinquestionisagreatman，hehasnomeremanorbutanhonourorseveralhonours。Onthewhole，ourlawseemsforthetimetobetakingtheshapethatFrenchlawtook。Ifweleaveoutofsightthedefinitelygrantedfranchisalpowers，thenwemaysaythatabaronortheholderofagrandfiefhas\'highjustice，\'or，ifthattermbetootechnical，ahigherjustice，whilethevavassorhas\'lowjustice\'oralowerjustice。Butinthisprovince，asinotherprovinces，ofEnglishlawpersonalrankbecomesoflessandlessimportance。Theruleswhichwoulddetermineitanditsconsequencesareneverallowedtobecomedefinite，andintheendagreatgeneralizationsurmountsalldifficulties：——everylordhasacertainciviljusticeoverhistenants；whatsoeverpowersgobeyondthis，arefranchises。
AstothesortofjurisdictionthatalordofourLegeshas，wecanmakenostatementingeneralterms。Suchcategoriesas\'civil\'and\'criminal\'aretoomodernforuse。Wemustofcourseexceptthepleasofthecrown，ofwhichalongandungeneralizedlistissetbeforeus。9*Wemustexceptthepleasofthechurch。Wemustexceptcertainpleaswhichbelonginparttothekingandinparttothechurch。10*Thenweobservethatthejusticeofanarchbishop，bishoporearl，probablythejusticeofabaronalso，extendsashighasinfangenethef，whilethatofavavassorgoesnohigherthansuchoffencesasareemendable。Thewholematterhoweveriscomplicatedbyroyalgrants。Thekingmaygrantawayademesnemanorandretainnotonly\'theexclusivesoke\'i。e。thesokeoverthepleasofthecrownbutalso\'thecommonsoke\'inhishand，11*andagreatmanmaybypurchaseacquiresokeforexample，wemaysupposethehundredalsoke
overlandsthatarenothisown。12*Thenagain，wemaysuspectthatwhatissaidof\'soke\'ingeneraldoesnotapplytoanyjurisdictionthatalordmayexerciseoverhisserviandvillani。
Astotheservi，verypossiblythelord\'srightoverthemisstillconceivedasproprietaryratherthanjurisdictional，whileforhisvillaniserfandvilleinarenotyetconvertibleterms
thelord，whateverhisrankmaybe，willprobablyholda\'hallmoot\'13*andexercisethat\'commonsoke\'whichdoesnotinfringetheroyalpreserves。Onthewhole，thelawofthethirteenthcenturyseemstoevolveitselfsomewhateasilyoutofthelawoftheseLeges，theprocessofdevelopmentbeingthreefold：1thelord\'srankasbishop，abbot，earl，baron，becomesunimportant；2theelementoftenurebecomesall-important；themerefactthatthemanholdslandofthelordmakeshimthelord\'sjusticiable；thusageneralizationbecomespossiblewhichpermitsevensolowlyapersonasaburgessofDunstabletoholdacourtforhistenants；14*3theobsolescenceoftheoldlawofw韙eandwerthegrowthofthenewlawoffelony，theemergenceinGlanvill\'sbookofthedistinctionbetweencriminalandcivilpleasasagrandprimarydistinction，theintroductionofthespeciallyroyalprocessesofpresentmentandinquest，bringaboutanewapportionmentofthefieldofjusticeandarationaldemarcationoffeudalfromfranchisalpowers。Stillwhenweseethelords，especiallytheprelatesofthechurch，relyinguponprescriptionfortheirchoicestfranchises，15*wemaylearnifsuchalessonbeneededthatnewtheoriescouldnotmasteralltheancientfacts。
WhethertheConquerororeitherofhissonswouldhaveadmittedthatanyjusticecouldbedoneinEnglandthatwasnothisjustice，wemayfairlydoubt。Theyissuednumerouscharterswhichhadnootherobjectthanthatofgivingorconfirmingtothedonees\'theirsakeandsoke，\'and，sofaraswecansee，thereisnojurisdiction，atleastnoneoverfreemen，thatisnotaccountedtobe\'sakeandsoke。\'Occasionallyitissaidthatthedoneesaretohave\'theircourt。\'HoweverfarthefeudalizationofjusticehadgoneeitherinNormandyorinEnglandbeforetheConquest，theConquestitselfwaslikelytoconcealfromviewthequestionwhetherornoallseignorialjurisdictionisdelegatedfromabove；forthenceforwardeverylaytenantinchief，asnomerematteroftheory，butasaplainmatteroffact，heldhislandbyatitlederivednewlyandimmediatelyfromtheking。Thusitwouldbeeasyforthekingtomaintainthat，ifthelordsexercisedjurisdictionalpowers，theydidsobyvirtueofhisgrant，anexpressedgrantoranimpliedgrant。Graduallytheprocessofsubinfeudationwouldmakethetheoreticalquestionprominentandpressing，forcertainlytheNormannoblesconceivedthat，eveniftheirjusticewasdelegatedtothembytheking，noruleoflawpreventedthemfromappointingsub-delegates。Iftheyclaimedtogiveawayland，theyclaimedalsotogiveawayjustice，andnoearnesteffortcanhavebeenmadetopreventtheirdoingthis。16*
Returningfromthisbriefdigression，wemustconsidersakeandsokeastheyareinDomesdayBook。Foramomentwewillattendtothewordsthemselves。17*Ofthetwosokeisbyfarthecommoner；indeedwehardlyeverfindsakeexceptinconnexionwithsoke，andwhenwedo，itseemsjustanequivalentforsoke。
Wehavebutanalliterativejinglelike\'judgmentandjustice。\'18*Apparentlyitmatterslittleornothingwhetherwesayofalordthathehassoke，orthathehassake，Orthathehassokeandsake。Butnotonlyissokethecommoner，itisalsothewiderword；wecannotsubstitutesakeforitinallcontexts。Thus，forexample，wesaythatamanrenderssoketohislordortohislord\'smanor；alsowesaythatapieceoflandisasokeofsuchandsuchamanor；nosimilaruseismadeofsake。
Nowasamatterofetymologysakeseemstheeasierofthetwowords。ItistheAnglo-Saxonsacu，theGermanSache，athing，amatter，andhencea\'matter\'or\'cause\'inthelawyer\'ssenseoftheseterms，a\'matter\'indisputebetweenlitigants，a\'cause\'
beforethecourt。Itisstillinuseamongus，forthoughwedonotspeakofasakebetweentwopersons，wedospeakofamanactingforanother\'ssake，orforGod\'ssake，orforthesakeofmoney。19*InLatinthereforesakemayberenderedbyplacitum：——
\'Rogerhassakeoverthem\'willbecome\'Rogeriushabetplacitasupereos\'。20*Rogerhastherighttoholdpleaoverthem。Thuseasilyenoughsakebecomestherighttohaveacourtandtodojustice。
Astosoke，thishasaverysimilarsignification，buttheroutebywhichitattainsthatsignificationissomewhatdoubtful。Wemuststartwiththisthatsoke，socna，soca，istheAnglo-Saxon，socnandhasforitsprimarymeaningaseeking。Itmaybecomeconnectedwithjusticeorjurisdictionbyoneorbybothoftwoways。OneoftheseisexplainedbyapassageintheLegesHenriciwhichsaysthatthekinghascertaincausesorpleas\'insocnai。e。quaestionesua。\'Thekinghascertainpleaswithinhisinvestigation，orhisrighttoinvestigate。Alaterphrasemayhelpus：——thekingisentitledto\'inquireof，hearanddetermine\'thesematters。21*Butthewordmightjourneyalonganotherpathwhichwouldleadtomuchthesameend。Itmeansseeking，following，suing，makingsuit，sequi，sectam，facere。Thedutyknownassocafaldaeisthedutyofseekingthelord\'sfold。Thussocamaybethedutyofseekingorsuingatthelord\'scourtandthecorrelativerightofthelordtokeepacourtandexactsuit。Withoutdenyingthatthewordhastraversedthefirstofthetworoutes，theroutebywayof\'investigation\'——
inthefaceoftheLegesHenriciwecanhardlydenythis——wemayconfidentlyassertthatithastraversedthesecond，theroutebywayof\'suit\'。Thereareseveralpassageswhichassureusthatsokeisagenusofwhichfold-sokeisaspecies。Thus：——
\'OfthesemenPeter\'spredecessorhadfold-sokeandcommendationandStigandhadtheothersoke。\'22*InadocumentwhichisverycloselyconnectedwiththegreatsurveywefindwhatseemstobeaLatintranslationofourword。ThechurchesofWorcesterandEveshamwerequarrellingaboutcertainlandsatHamton。Undertheeyeoftheking\'scommissionerstheycametoacompromise，whichdeclaredthatthefifteenhidesatHamtonbelongedtothebishopofWorcester\'shundredofOswaldslawandoughttopaytheking\'sgeldandperformtheking\'sservicesalongwiththebishopandought\'toseekthesaidhundredforpleading\'：——requirereadplacitandum，thisisthemainkindof\'seeking\'thatsokeimplies。23*IfwelookbackfarenoughintheAnglo-Saxondooms，thereisindeedmuchtomakeusthinkthattheactofseekingalordandplacingoneselfunderhisprotection，andtheconsequencesofthatact，therelationbetweenmanandlord，thefealtypromisedbytheone，thewarrantyduefromtheother，havebeenknownass骳n。24*Ifso，thentheremayhavebeenatimewhencommendationandsokewereallone。Butthistimemustbealreadyancient，foralthoughwedonotknowwhatEnglishwordwasrepresentedbycommendatio，stillthereisnodistinctionmoreemphaticallydrawnbyDomesdayBookthanthatbetweencommendatioandsoca。
NowwhenwemeetwithsocaintheLegesHenriciwenaturallyconstrueitbysomesuchtermsas\'jurisdiction\'，\'justice，\'\'therighttoholdacourt。\'WehaveseenthattheauthorofthattreatiserendersitbytheLatinquaestio。Wealsomeetthefollowingphraseswhichseemclearenough：——\'Everycauseshallbedeterminedinthehundred，orinthecounty，orinthehallmootofthosewhohavesoke，orinthecourtsofthelords；25*\'……accordingtothesokeofpleas，whichsomehaveintheirownlandovertheirownmen，someovertheirownmenandstrangers，eitherinallcausesorinsomecauses\'：26*……
\'grithbriceorh醡s骳noranyofthosematterswhichexceedtheirsokeandsake\'：27*\'incapitalcausesthesokeistheking\'s。\'28*Soagainourauthorexplainsthatthoughabaronhassokethiswillnotgivehimarighttojusticeoverhimself；
noone，hesays，canhavehisownforfeiture；noonehasasokeofimpunity：\'nullusenimsocnamhabetimpunepeccandi。\'29*TheusethatDomesdayBookmakesofthewordmaynotbequitesoclear。Sometimesweareinclinedtorenderitbysuit，inparticularwhenfold-sokeiscontrastedwith\'othersoke。\'Butverygenerallywemustconstrueitbyjusticeorbyjusticiaryrights，thoughwemustbecarefulnottointroducetheseignorialcourtwhereitdoesnotexist，andtorememberthatalordmaybeentitledtoreceivethewitesorfinesincurredbyhiscriminousmenwithoutholdingacourtforthem。Thosemenmaybetriedandcondemnedinahundredcourt，butthewitewillbepaidtotheirlord。Thenthewordisappliedtotractsofland。Atractoverwhichalordhasjusticiarypower，orawite-exactingpower，ishissoke，andveryoftenhissokeiscontrastedwiththoseotherlandsoverwhichhehasrightsofamoredefinitelyproprietarykind。Butwemustturnfromwordstolaw。
AlreadybeforetheConquesttherewasplentyofseignorialjusticeinEngland。ThegreatestoftheAnglo-Saxonlordshadenjoyedwideandhighjusticiaryrights。Naturallyitisoftherightsofthechurchesthatwehearmost，fortherightsthattheyhadunderKingEdwardtheystillclaimunderKingWilliam。
ForemostamongthemwemaynoticethechurchofCanterbury。OnthegreatdayatPenendenHeath，LanfrancprovedthatthroughoutthelandsofhischurchinKentthekinghadbutthreerights；
allotherjusticewasinthehandsofthearchbishop。30*InWarwickshiretheArchbishopofYorkhassokeandsake，tollandteam，church-scotandallother\'forfeitures\'savethosefourwhichthekinghasthroughoutthewholerealm。31*ThesefourforfeituresareprobablythefourreservedpleasofthecrownthatarementionedinthelawsofCnut——mundbryce，h醡s骳n，forstealandfyrdw韙e。32*Buteventheserightsthoughusuallyreservedtothekingmayhavebeenmadeovertothelord。InYorkshireneitherkingnorearlhasany\'custom\'withinthelandsofStPeterofYork，StJohnofBeverley，StWilfridofRipon，StCuthbertofDurhamandtheHolyTrinity。Weareaskedspeciallytonotethatinthisregiontherearefourroyalhighways，threebylandandonebywaterwherethekingclaimsallforfeituresevenwhentheyrunthroughthelandofthearchbishoporoftheearl。33*WithinthisimmensemanorofTauntontheBishopofWinchesterhaspleasofthehighestclass，andthreetimesayearwithoutanysummonshismenmustmeettoholdthem。34*InWorcestershiresevenofthetwelvehundredsintowhichthecountyisdividedareintheheadsoffourgreatchurches；Worcesterhasthree，Westminstertwo，Eveshamone，Pershoreone。Westminsterholdsitslandsasfreelyasthekingheldtheminhisdemesne；
Pershoreenjoysallthepleasofthefreemen；nosheriffcanclaimanythingwithintheterritoryofStMaryofWorcester，neitherinanyplea，norinanyothermatter。35*InEastAngliawefrequentlyhearofthereservedpleasofthecrown。InthisDanishdistricttheyareaccountedtobesixinnumber；probablytheyaregr韉brice，h醡s骳n，fihtw韙eandfyrdw韙e，outlaw\'s-workandthereceiptofoutlaws。36*Oftenwereadhowoverthemenofsomelordthekingandtheearlhave\'thesixforfeitures，\'orhow\'thesokeofthesixforfeitures\'liesinsomeroyalmanor。37*ButthenthereisalargetractinwhichthesesixforfeituresbelongtoStEdmund；someotherlordmayhavesakeandsokeinagivenparcelofthattract，butthesixforfeituresbelongtoStEdmund；theyareindeed\'thesixforfeituresofStEdmund。\'38*Otherarrangementswerepossible。WehearofmenoverwhomStBenethadthreeforfeitures。39*ThelawmenofStamfordhadsakeandsokewithintheirhousesandovertheirmen，savegeld，heriot，larcenyandforfeituresexceeding40oresofsilver。40*CertainburgessesofRomneyservethekingonthesea，andthereforetheyhavetheirownforfeitures，savelarceny，peace-breachandforsteal，andthesebelong，nottotheking，buttothearchbishop。41*SometimesKingWilliamwillbecarefultolimithisconfirmationofalord\'ssakeandsoketothe\'emendableforfeitures，\'theoffenceswhichcanbepaidforwithmoney。42*
ThatintheConfessor\'sdayjusticiaryrightscouldonlybeclaimedbyvirtueofroyalgrants，thattheydidnotariseoutofthemererelationbetweenlordandman，lordandtenant，orlordandvillein，seemstousfairlycertain。Inthefirstplace，asalreadysaid，sokeisfrequentlycontrastedwithcommendation。Inthesecondplace，asweturnoverthepagesofourrecord，weshallseeitremarkedofsomeman，whoheldamanorinthedaysbeforetheConquest，thathehaditwithsakeandsoke，andtheremarkismadeinsuchacontextthattherebyheissingledoutfromamonghisfellows。43*ThusitissaidofalittlegroupofvilleinsandsokemeninEssexthat\'theirlordhadsakeandsoke。\'44*Notthatwecanarguethatalordhasnosokeunlessitisexpresslyascribedtohim。Thesurveyorshavenogreatinterestinthismatter。Sometimessuchaphraseas\'hehelditfreely\'seemstoserveasanequivalentfor\'hehelditwithsakeandsoke。\'45*ItissaidoftheCountessJudith，aladyofexaltedrank，thatshehadamanseinLincolnwithoutsakeandsoke。46*ThenwearetoldthatthroughoutthecityofCanterburythekinghadsakeandsokeexceptinthelandsoftheHolyTrinityChristChurch，StAugustin，QueenEdith，andthreeotherlords。47*WehavealistoffifteenpersonswhohadsakeandsokeinthetwolathesofSuttonandAylesford，48*alistofthirty-fivepersonswhohadsakeandsoke，tollandteaminLincolnshireitincludesthequeen，abishop，threeabbotsandtwoearls49*andalistofnineteenpersonswhohadsimilarrightsintheshiresofDerbyandNottingham。50*Suchlistswouldhavebeenpointlesshadanygeneralizationbeenpossible。
TheninEastAngliaitiscommonenoughtofindthatthemenwhoarereckonedtobetheliberihominesofsomelordareunderthesokeofanotherlordorrendertheirsoketothekingandtheearl，thatistosay，tothehundredcourt。Oftenenoughitissaidsomewhatpointedlythatthemenoverwhomthekingandtheearlhavesokeareliberihomines，andthismayforamomentsuggestthatthelordasamatterofcoursehassokeoversuchofhismenasarenotrankedas\'freemen\'；possiblyitmaysuggestthatfreedominthiscontextimpliessubjectiontoanationalasopposedtoaseignorialtribunal。51*Butontheonehandalordoftenenoughhassokeoverthosewhoaredistinctively\'freemen，\'52*whileontheotherhand，aswillbeexplainedbelow，hehasnotthesokeoverhissokeman。53*
Butwemustgofurtherandsaythatthelordhasnotalwaysthesokeoverhisvilleins。Thisisamatterofmuchimportance。
AnentryrelatingtoamanorinSuffolkseemstoputitbeyonddoubt：——InthehundredandahalfofSanfordAutiathegnheldWenhaminKingEdward\'stimeforamanorandthreecarucatesofland；therewerethenninevillani，fourbordariiandoneservusandthereweretwoteamsonthedemesne；AutihadthesokeoverhisdemesneandthesokeofthevilleinswasinBercolt。54*NowBercolt，themodernBergholt，wasaroyalmanor，theseatofagreatcourt，whichhadsokeovermanymenintheneighbouringvillages。Toallseemingitwasthecourtforthehundred，or\'hundred-and-a-half，\'ofSanford。55*Herethenweseemtohavevilleinswhoarenotunderthesokeoftheirlordbutarethejusticiablesofthehundredcourt。Inanothercase，alsofromSuffolk，itissaidofthelordofamanorthathehadsoke\'onlyoverthedemesneofhishall，\'andthisseemstoexcludefromthescopeofhisjusticiaryrightsthelandheldbythirty-twovilleinsandeightbordiers。56*Wemayfindthelinedrawnatvariousplaces。NotveryunfrequentlyinEastAngliaalordhasthesokeoverthosemenwhoareboundtohissheep-fold，whilethosewhoare\'foldworthy\'attendthehundredcourt。57*Inonecaseacuriousandinstructivedistinctionistaken：——\'InFarwelllayinKingEdward\'sdaythesakeandsokeofallwhohadlessthanthirtyacres，butofallwhohadthirtyacresthesokeandsakelayinthehundred。\'58*Inthiscasethelineseemstobedrawnjustbelowthevirgater，nomatterthelegalclasstowhichthevirgaterbelongs。ToourthinkingitisplainenoughthatmanyamaneriumoftheConfessor\'sdayhadnocourtofitsown。Asweshallseehereafter，themanorsareoftenfartoosmalltoallowofourendowingeachofthemwithacourt。WhenofaCheshiremanorwehearthat\'thismanorhasitspleasinitslord\'shall\'wearebeingtoldofsomethingthatisexceptional。59*Inthethirteenthcenturynoonewouldhavemadesucharemark。Intheelevenththehalimoteorhall-mootlookslikeanovelty。
Seignorialjusticeisasyetverycloselyconnectedwiththegeneralschemeofnationaljustice。Frequentlythelordwhohasjusticehasahundred。WerememberhowsevenofthetwelvehundredsofWorcestershireareinthehandsoffourgreatchurches。60*StEtheldredaofElyhasthesokeoffiveandahalfhundredsinSuffolk。61*InEssexSwainhadthehalf-hundredofClavering，andthepleasthereofbroughthimin25s。ayear。62*InNottinghamshiretheBishopofLincolnhadallthecustomsofthekingandtheearlthroughoutthewapentakeofNewark。63*ThemonksofBattleAbbeyclaimedthatthesakeandsokeoftwenty-twohundredsandahalfandallroyal\'forfeitures\'wereannexedtotheirmanorofWye。64*Butfurther——andthisdeservesattention——whenthehundredaljurisdictionwasnotinthehandsofsomeotherlord，itwasconceivedasbelongingtotheking。Thesakeandsokeofahundredorofseveralhundredsisdescribedas\'lyingin，\'orbeingannexedto，someroyalmanoranditisfarmedbythefarmerofthatmanor。Oxfordshiregivesusthebestexampleofthis。ThesokeoffourandahalfhundredsbelongstotheroyalmanorofBensington，thatoftwohundredstoHeadington，thatoftwoandahalftoKirtlington，thatofthreetoUpton，thatofthreetoShipton，thatoftwotoBampton，thatoftwotoBloxhamandAdderbury。65*Whatweseeherewemayseeelsewherealso。66*
IfthenKingWilliamgivestheroyalmanorofWyetohisnewlyfoundedchurchofStMartininthePlaceofBattle，themonkswillcontendthattheyhaveobtainedasanappurtenancethehundredalsokeoveralargepartofthecountyofKent。67*
Thelawseemsasyet，ifwemaysospeak，unconsciousofthefactthatunderneathorbesidethehundredalsokeanewsokeisgrowingup。Itseemstotreatthesokeoveramanoroverapieceoflandasanindivisiblethingthatmust\'lie\'somewhereandcannotbeintwoplacesatonce。Ithasindeedtoadmitthatwhileonelordhasthesoke，thekingoranotherlordmayhavecertainreservedandexalted\'forfeitures，\'thethreeforfeituresorthefourorthesix，asthecasemaybe；68*butithasnoclassificationofcourts。Thelord\'scourt，ifitbenotthecourtofanancienthundred，isconceivedasthecourtofahalf-hundred，orofaquarterofahundred，69*orasthecourtofadistrictthathasbeencarvedoutfromahundred。70*ThusStigandhadthesokeofthehalf-hundredofHersham，saveThorpewhichbelongedtoStEdmund，andPulhamwhichbelongedtoStEtheldreda；71*thusalsothekinghadthesokeofthehalf-hundredofDiss，exceptthelandofSt。Edmund，wherehesharedthesokewiththesaint，andexceptthelandsofWulfgaetandofStigand。72*Butitisimpossibletomaintainthistheory。Thehundredisbecomingfullofmanors，withineachofwhichalordisexercisingorendeavouringtoexerciseasokeoverall，orcertainclasses，ofhismen。ItispossiblethatinLincolnshireweseethebeginningsofadifferentiatingprocess；
wemeetwiththewordfrisoca，frigsoca，frigesoca。Whetherthisstandsfor\'freesoken，\'or，asseemsmorelikely，for\'fridsoken，\'sokeinmatterrelatingtothepeace，itseemstomarkoffonekindofsokefromotherkinds。73*Wehavetorememberthatinlaterdaystherelationofthemanorialtothehundredalcourtsiscurious。Innoaccuratesensecanwesaythatthecourtofthemanorisbelowthecourtofthehundred。Noappeal，nocomplaintoffalsejudgment，liesfromtheonetotheother；andyet，unlessthemanorenjoyssomeexceptionalprivilege，itisnotextra-hundredalanditsjurisdictioninpersonalcausesisover-lappedbythejurisdictionofthehundredcourt：thetwocourtsarisefromdifferentprinciples。74*InDomesdayBookthefeudalortenurialprincipleseemsstillstrugglingforrecognition。AlreadytheNormanlordsareassumingasokewhichtheirantecessoresdidnotenjoy。75*Aswillbeseenbelow，theyareenlargingandconsolidatingtheirmanorsandtherebyrenderingamanorialjusticepossibleandprofitable。Whetherweoughttoholdthatthemereshockandjarofconquestanddispossessionwassufficienttosetuptheprocesswhichcoveredourlandwithsmallcourts，orwhetherweoughttoholdthatanelementofforeignlawworkedthechange，isaquestionthatwillneverbeansweredunlesstheNormanarchiveshaveyetmanysecretstotell。Thegreat\'honorial\'courtsoflaterdaysmaybeFrench；stillitishardlyinthisregionthatweshouldlookformuchforeignlaw。ItisinEnglishwordsthattheFrenchbaronoftheConqueror\'sdaymustspeakwhenheclaimsjusticiaryrights。
Butthattheprocesswasfarfrombeingcompletein1086seemsevident。
Manyquestionsaboutthedistributionandtheconstitutionofthecourtswemustleaveunsolved。Notonlydoesourrecordtellusnothingofcourtsinunambiguouswords，butithardlyhasawordthatwillanswertoour\'court。\'Thetermcuriaisinuse，butitseemsalwaystosignifyaphysicalobject，thelord\'shouseorthecourt-yardaroundit，neveraninstitution，atribunal。76*Almostallthatwearetoldisconveyedtousunderthecoverofsuchwordsassake，soke，placita，forisfacturae。WeknowthattheBishopofWinchesterhasacourtatTaunton，forhistenantsareboundtocometogetherthriceayeartoholdhispleaswithoutbeingsummoned。77*Thisphrase——\'toholdhispleas\'——seemstotellusdistinctlyenoughthatthesuitorsarethedoomsmenofthecourt。Then，again，wehavethewell-knownstoryofwhathappenedatOrwellinCambridgeshire。InthatvillageCountRogerhadasmallestate；
hehadlandforateamandahalf。Thislandhadbelongedtosixsokemen。HehadborrowedthreeofthemfromPicotthesheriffinorderthattheymightholdhispleas，andhavinggotthemherefusedtoreturnthem。78*ThatthecourtthathewishedtoholdwasacourtmerelyforhislandatOrwellishighlyimprobable，buthehadotherlandsscatteredaboutinthevariousvillagesoftheWetherlyhundred，thoughallhistenantsamountedtobut14villeins，42bordiers，15cottiers，and4serfs。Wecannotdrawtheinferencethatmenoftheclassknownassokemenwerenecessaryfortheconstitutionofacourt，foratthedateofthesurveytherewasnosokemanleftinallRoger\'slandinCambridgeshire；thethreethatheborrowedfromPicothaddisappearedorwerereckonedasvilleinsorworse。Stillheheldacourtandthatcourthaddoomsmen。Butwecannotarguethateverylordwhohadsoke，orsakeandsoke，hadacourtofhisown。Itmaybethatinsomecaseshewassatisfiedwithclaimingthe\'forfeitures\'whichhismenincurredinthehundredcourts。
Thisissuggestedtousbywhatwereadoftheearl\'sthirdpenny。
Inthecountycourtandineveryhundredcourtthathasnotpassedintoprivatehands，thekingisentitledtobuttwo-thirdsoftheproceedsofjusticeandtheearlgetstheotherthird，exceptperhapsincertainexceptionalcasesinwhichthekinghasthewholeprofitofsomespeciallyroyalplea。Thesokeinthehundredcourtsbelongstothekingandtheearl。Andjustastheking\'srightsasthelordofahundredalcourtbecomeboundupwith，andarelettofarmwith，someroyalmanor，sotheearl\'sthirdpennywillbeannexedtosomecomitalmanor。ThusthethirdpennyofDorsetshirewasannexedtoEarlHarold\'smanorofPireton，79*andthethirdpennyofWarwickshiretoEarlEdwin\'smanorofCote。80*HaroldhadamanorinHerefordshiretowhichbelongedthethirdpennyofthreehundreds；81*GodwinhadamanorinHampshiretowhichbelongedthethirdpennyofsixhundreds；82*thethirdpennyofthreeDevonianhundredsbelongedtothemanorofBlackpool。83*Now，atleastinsomecases，thekingcouldnotbyhisgrantsdeprivetheearlofhisright；thegranteeofsokehadtotakeitsubjecttotheearl\'sthirdpenny。ThusfortheshiresofDerbyandNottinghamwehavealistofnineteenpersonswhowereentitledtotheking\'stwo-pence，butonlythreeofthemwereentitledtotheearl\'spenny。84*ThemonksofBattledeclaredthatthroughoutmanyhundredsinKenttheywereentitledto\'theking\'stwo-pence\'；
theearl\'sthirdpennybelongedtoOdoofBayeux。85*Andsoofcertain\'freemen\'inNorfolkitissaidthat\'theirsokeisinthehundredforthethirdpenny。\'86*Amancommitsanoffence；
heincursaw韙e；two-thirdsofitshouldgotohislord；
one-thirdtotheearl：inwhatcourtshouldhebetried？TheanswerthatDomesdayBooksuggestsbyitssilenceisthatthisisamatterofindifference；itdoesnotcaretodistinguishbetweentherighttoholdacourtandtherighttotaketheprofitsofjustice。Justoncetheveilisraisedforamoment。InSuffolkliesthehundredofBlything；itsheadisthevilofBlythburghwherethereisaroyalmanor。87*WithinthathundredliestheconsiderabletownofDunwich，whichEdricholdsasamanor。NowinDunwichthekinghasthiscustomthattwoorthreemenshallgotothehundredcourtiftheybedulysummoned，andiftheymakedefaulttheyshallpayafineoftwoores，andifathiefbecaughtthereheshallbejudgedthereandcorporealjusticeshallbedoneinBlythburghandthelordofDunwichshallhavethethief\'schattels。ApparentlyinthiscasethelordofDunwichwillseetothetryingbutnottothehangingofthethief；but，atanyrate，arareeffortisheremadetodefinehowjusticeshallbedone。88*Therarityofsucheffortsisverysignificant。OfcourseDomesdayBookisnotatreatiseonjurisdiction；stilliftherewereothertermsinuse，weshouldnotbeforeverputoffwiththevague，undifferentiatedsoke。Onthewhole，wetakeitthatthelordwhoenjoyedsokehadarighttokeepacourtifhechosetodoso，andthatgenerallyhedidthis，thoughhewouldbefarfromkeepingaseparatecourtforeachofhislittlemanors；butifhispossessionsweresmallhemayhavecontentedhimselfwithattendingthehundredcourtandclaimingthefinesincurredbyhismen。Sometimesalordseemstohavesokeonlyoverhisowndemesnelands；89*inthiscasethewitesthatwillcometohimwillbefew。Wemayinlatertimesseesomecuriouscompromises。IfathiefiscaughtonthelandofthePriorofCanterburyatBrookinKent，theborhs-elderandfrank-pledgesofBrookaretotakehimtothecourtofthehundredofWye，whichbelongstotheAbbotofBattle。Then，ifheisnotoneofthePrior\'smen，hewillbejudgedbythehundred。
ButifheisthePrior\'sman，thenthebailiffofBrookwill\'cravethePrior\'scourt。\'ThePrior\'sfolkwillthengoapartandjudgetheaccused，afewofthehundredorsgoingwiththemtoactasassessors。Ifthetribunalthusconstitutedcannotagree，thenoncemoretheaccusedwillbebroughtbackintothehundredandwilltherebejudgedbythehundredorsincommon。InthisinstanceweseethateveninHenryII\'sdaythePriorhasnotthoroughlyextricatedhiscourtfromthehundredmoot。90*
Itseemspossiblethatafurtherhintastothehistoryofsokeisgivenusbycertainentriesrelatingtotheboroughs。Itwillalreadyhavebecomeapparentthatifthereissokeovermen，thereisalsosokeoverland：ifmen\'rendersoke\'soalsoacres\'rendersoke。\'Wecanseethataveryelaboratewebofrulesisthuswoven。Onemanstrikesanother。Beforewecantellwhatthestrikeroughttopayandtowhomheoughttopayit，weoughttoknowwhohadsokeoverthestriker，overthestricken，overthespotwheretheblowwasgiven，overthespotwheretheoffenderwasattachedorarrestedoraccused。\'ThemenofSouthwarktestifythatinKingEdward\'stimenoonetooktollonthestrandorinthewater-streetsavetheking，andifanyoneintheactofcommittinganoffencewastherechallenged，hepaidtheamendstotheking，butifwithoutbeingchallengedheescapedunderamanwhohadsakeandsoke，thatmanhadthe。amends。\'91*ThenwereadhowatWallingfordcertainownersofhousesenjoyed\'thegafoloftheirhouses，andblood，ifbloodwasshedthereandthemanwasreceivedinsidebeforehewaschallengedbytheking\'sreeve，exceptonSaturday，forthenthekinghadtheforfeitureonaccountofthemarket；andforadulteryandlarcenytheyhadtheforfeitureintheirhouses，buttheotherforfeituresweretheking\'s。\'92*Wecannothopetorecovertheintricateruleswhichgovernedtheseaffairs，ruleswhichmusthavebeenasintricateasthoseofour\'privateinternationallaw。\'ButthedescriptionofWallingfordtellsusofhouseholderswhoenjoythe\'forfeitures\'whicharisefromcrimescommittedintheirownhouses，andasuspicionmaycrossourmindsthattherighttotheseforfeituresisnotinitsoriginapurelyjurisdictionalorjusticiaryright。However，thesehouseholdersaregreatpeopletheBishopofSalisbury，theAbbotofSt。Albansareamongthem，theirtownhousesareconsideredasappurtenanttotheirruralmanorsandthesokeoverthemanorcomprehendsthetownhouse。AndsowhenwereadhowthetwelvelawmenofStamfordhadsakeandsokewithintheirhousesandovertheirownmen\'savegeld，andheriot，andcorporealforfeiturestotheamountof40
oresofsilverandlarceny\'wemaybereadingofrightswhichcanproperlybedescribedasjusticiary。93*
ButamuchmoredifficultcasecomesbeforeusatWarwick。94*Wefirsthearofthetownhousesthatareheldbygreatmenaspartsoftheirmanors，andthenwehearthat\'besidesthesehousesthereareintheboroughnineteenburgesseswhohavenineteenhouseswithsakeandsokeandallcustoms。\'Nowwecannoteasilybelievethattheburgess\'shouseisajurisdictionalarea，orthatinexactingamulctfromonewhocommitsacrimeinthathousetheburgesswillbeplayingthemagistrateorexercisingarighttodojusticeortaketheprofitsofjusticebyvirtueofagrantmadetohimbytheking。
Ratherwearelikelytoseeherearelicoftheancient\'house-peace。\'95*Ifyoucommitanactofviolenceinaman\'shouse，whateveryoumayhavetopaytothepersonwhomyoustrikeandtotheking，youwillalsohavetomakeamendstotheownerofthehouse，eventhoughhebebutaceorloraboor，foryouhavebrokenhispeace。96*Therightoftheburgesstoexactamulctfromonewhohasshedbloodorcommittedadulterywithinhiswallsmayintruthbearightofthiskind，andyet，likeotherrightstoothermulcts，itisnowconceivedasanemanationofsakeandsoke。Ifintheeleventhcenturywehearbutlittleofthishouseholder\'sright，maythisnotbebecausethehouseholderhassurrenderedittohislord，orthelordhasusurpeditfromthehouseholder，andthusithasgonetoswellthemassofthelord\'sjurisdictionalrights？AtBroughtoninHuntingdonshiretheAbbotofRamseyhasamanorwithsomesokemenuponit\'andthesesokemensaythattheyusedtohavelegerwitefornication-fine，bloodwiteandlarcenyuptofourpence，andabovefourpencetheAbbothadtheforfeitureoflarceny。\'97*
Variousinterpretationsmaybesetuponthisdifficultpassage。
Wemayfashionforourselvesavillagecourtthoughtherearebuttensokemenandsupposethatthecommuneofsokemenenjoyedthesmallerfinesincurredbyanyofitsmembers。ButweareinclinedtoconnectthisentrywiththoserelatingtoWallingfordandtoWarwickandtobelievethateachsokemanhasenjoyedarighttoexactasumofmoneyforthebreachofhispeace。Thelawdoesnotclearlymarkofftherightoftheinjuredhousefatherfromtherightoftheoffendedmagistrate。Howcoulditdoso？Ifyoucommitanactofviolenceyoumustpayawitetotheking。Whyso？Becauseyouhavewrongedthekingbybreakinghispeaceandherequires\'amends\'fromyou。Withthisthoughtinourmindswemaynowapproachanobscureproblem。
Wehavesaidthatseignorialjusticeisregardedashavingitsorigininroyalgrants，andinthemainthisseemstrue。Wehardlystateanexceptiontothisruleifwesaythatgranteesofjusticebecomeintheirturngrantors。Notmerelycouldtheearlwhohadsokegrantthistooneofhisthegns，butthatthegnwouldbesaidtoholdthesoke\'under\'or\'of\'theearl。Justice，wemaysay，wasalreadybeingsub-infeudated。98*Butnowandagainwemeetwithmuchmorestartlingstatements。Usuallyifamanoverwhomhislordhassoke\'withdrawshimselfwithhisland，\'or\'goeselsewherewithhisland，\'thelord\'ssokeoverthatland\'remains\'：hestillhasjurisdictionalrightsoverthatlandthoughitiscommendedtoanewlord。Wemaybesurprisedatbeingveryfrequentlytoldthatthisisthecase，forwecanhardlyimagineamanhavingpowertotakehislandoutofonesphereofjusticeandtoputitintoanother。Butthatsomemen，andtheynotmenofhighrank，enjoyedthispowerseemsprobable。
OfaHertfordshiremanorweread：\'Inthismanorthereweresixsokemen，menofArchbishopStigand，andeachhadonehide，andtheycouldsell，savingthesoke，andoneofthemcouldevensellhissokewiththeland。\'99*Thiscasemaybeexceptional；theremayhavebeenaveryunusualcompactbetweenthearchbishopandthisegregiouslyfreesokeman；butthefrequencywithwhichwearetoldthatonasalethesoke\'remains\'doesnotfavourthissupposition。
Weseemdriventotheconclusionthatinsomepartsofthecountrythepracticeofcommendationhadbeenallowedtointerferewithjurisdictionalrelationships：thatthereweremenwhocould\'gowiththeirlandtowhatlordtheychose\'andcarrywiththemnotmerelytheirhomage，butalsotheirsuitofcourtandtheir\'forfeitures。\'Thismayseemtousintolerable。Ifitbetrue，ittellsusthatthestatehasbeenveryweak；ittellsusthatthenationalschemeofjusticehasbeentorntoshredsbyfreecontract，thatmenhavehadtheutmostdifficultyindistinguishingbetweenpropertyandpoliticalpower，betweenpersonalrelationshipsandthemagistracytowhichlandissubject。Butunlesswearemistaken，thehousepeaceinitsdecayhashelpedtoproducethisconfusion。Inacertainsenseamereceorlhashadwhatisnowcalledasoke——itusedtobecalledamundorgrid——overhishouseandoverhisloaf-eaters：thatistosay，hehasbeenentitledtohavemoneypaidtohimifhishouse-peacewerebrokenorhisloafeatersbeaten。Thisrighthehasbeenabletotransfertoalord。Inonewayoranotherithasnowcomeintothelord\'shandandbecomemixedupwithotherrights。InHenryI\'sdayalawyerwillbeexplainingthatifavilleinreceivesmoneywhenbloodisshedorfornicationiscommittedinhishouse，thisisbecausehehaspurchasedtheseforfeituresfromhislord。100*Thisreversestheorderofhistory。
Suchisthebestexplanationthatwecangiveofthemenwhoselltheirsokewiththeirland。NodoubtweareaccusingDomesdayBookofbeingveryobscure，ofusingasinglewordtoexpresssomethreeorfourdifferentideas。InsomedegreetheobscuritymaybeduetothefactthatFrenchjusticiarsandFrenchclerkshavebecometheexponentsofEnglishlaw。ButwemaygravelydoubtwhetherEnglishmenwouldhaveproducedaresultmoreintelligibletous。Onecauseofdifficultywemayperhapsremove。Inaccordancewithcommonwontwehavefromtimetotimespokenofseignorialjurisdiction。Butifthewordjurisdictionbestrictlyconstrued，theninalllikelihoodthereneverhasbeeninthiscountryanyseignorialjurisdiction。Itisnotthepartofthelordtodeclarethelawiusdicere；\'curiadominidebetfacereiudiciaetnondominus。101*Fromfirsttolastthisseemstobeso，unlesswetakeaccountoftheoriesthatcometousfromatimewhenthelord\'scourtwasfastbecominganobsoleteinstitution。102*SoitisinDomesdayBook。Inthehundredcourtthesheriffpresides；itishethatappointsadayforthelitigation，butthemenofthehundred，themenwhocometogether\'togiveandreceiveright，\'makethejudgments。103*
ThetenantsoftheBishopofWinchester\'holdthebishops\'pleas\'
atTaunton；EarlRogerborrowssokemen\'toholdhispleas。\'104*
Thustheerectionofanewcourtisnoveryrevolutionaryproceeding；itpassesunnoticed。Ifonceitbegrantedthatallthejusticiaryprofitsarisingfromacertaingroupofmenortractoflandaretogotoacertainlord，itisverymuchamatterofindifferencetokingsandsheriffswhetherthelordholdsacourtofhisownorexactsthismoneyinthehundredcourt。Indeed，asheriffmaybeinclinedtosay\'Iamnotgoingtodoyourjusticefornothing；doityourself。\'Solongaseverylordwillcometothehundredcourthimselforsendhissteward，thesheriffwillhavenolackofcapabledoomsmen。Thenthemenofthelord\'sprecinctmaywellwishforacourtattheirdoors；
theywillbesparedthelongjourneytothehundredcourt；theywillsettletheirownaffairsandbealawuntothemselves。Thusweoughtnottosaythatthelaxuseofthewordsokecoversaconfusionbetween\'jurisdiction\'andtheprofitsof\'jurisdiction，\'andifwesaythattheconfusionisbetweenjusticeandtheprofitsofjustice，wearepointingtoadistinctionwhichthemenoftheConfessor\'stimemightregardassomewhatshadowy。inanycasetheirlordistohavetheirwites；
inanycasetheywillgetthejudgmentoftheirpeers；whatislefttodisputeaboutismeregeography，thenumberofthecourts，thedemarcationofjusticiaryareas。Wemaysay，ifwewill，thatfar-sightedmenwouldnothavearguedinthismanner，forseignorialjusticewasaforcemightyforgoodandforill；
butithasnotbeenprovedtooursatisfactionthatthemenwhoruledEnglandintheagebeforetheConquestwerefar-sighted。
Theirworkendedinastupendousfailure。
TothesakeandsokeoftheoldEnglishlawweshallhavetoreturnoncemoreinournextessay。OurdiscussionofthesakeandsokeofDomesdayBookwasinducedbyaconsiderationofthevariousbondswhichmaybindamantoalord。Andnowweoughttounderstandthatintheeasterncountiesitisextremelycommonforamantobeboundtoonelordbycommendationandtoanotherlordbysoke。Veryoftenindeedamaniscommendedtoonelord，whilethesokeoverhimandoverhisland\'liesin\'somehundredcourtwhichbelongstoanotherlordorisstillinthehandsofthekingandtheearl。Howtodrawwithanyexactnessthelinebetweentherightsgiventotheonelordbythecommendationandtotheotherlordbythesokewecannottell。Forinstance，wefindmanymenwhocannotselltheirlandwithouttheconsentofalord。Thiswemayusuallyregardastheresultofsometerminthebargainofcommendation；butinsomecasesitmaywellbetheoutcomeofsoke。ThusatSturstoninNorfolkweseeafreemanofStEtheldredaofEly；hissakeandsokebelongtoArchbishopStigand\'smanorofEarshamSturstonandEarshamliesomefivemilesapart；nowthismanifhewishestogiveorsellhislandmustobtainthelicencebothofStEtheldredaandofStigand。105*Andsoasregardstheforfeitureofland。Weareperhapsaccustomedtothinkoftheescheatpropterdelictumtenentisashavingitsoriginintheideasofhomageandtenureratherthaninthejusticiaryrightsofthelord。Howbeitthereismuchtomakeusthinkthattherighttotakethelandofonewhohasforfeitedthatlandbycrimewascloselyconnectedwiththerighttootherwitesorforisfacturae。\'OfallthethegnswhoholdlandintheWellwapentakeofLincolnshire，StMaryofLincolnhadtwo-thirdsofeveryforisfacturaandtheearltheotherthird；andsooftheirheriots；andsoiftheyforfeitedtheirland，two-thirdswenttoStMaryandtheremaindertotheearl。106*\'StMaryhasnotenfeoffedthesethegns；butbysomeroyalgrantshehastwo-thirdsofthesokeoverthem。InSuffolkoneBrungarheldasmallmanorwithsoke。Hewasa\'freeman\'
commendedtoRobertWimarc\'sson；butthesakeandsokeoverhimbelongedtoStEdmund。UnfortunatelyforBrungar，stolenhorseswerefoundinhishouse，andwefearthathecametoabadend。
Atanyratehedropsoutofthestory。ThenStEdmund\'sAbbot，whohadthesakeandsoke，andRobert，whohadthecommendation，wenttolaw，andrightgladlywouldwehaveheardtheplea；buttheycametosomecompromiseandtoallseemingRobertgottheland。107*Ifwearepuzzledbythislabyrinthineweboflegalrelationships，wemayconsoleourselveswiththereflectionthattheNormanswerealsopuzzledbyit。Theyseemtohavefeltthenecessityofattributingthelordshipoflandtoonelordandoneonlythoughofcoursethatlordmighthaveanotherlordabovehim，ofconsolidatingsokewithcommendation，homagewithjustice，andintheendtheybroughtoutasimpleandsymmetricalresult，albeittothelasttherelationofseignorialtohundredaljusticeisnottobeexplainedbyanyeleganttheoryoffeudalism。
Yetanotherproblemshallbestated，thoughwehavelittlehopeofsolvingit。Thewrit，orratheroneofthewrits，whichdefinedthescopeofthesurveyseemstohavespokenofliberihominesandsochemanniasoftwoclassesofmenthatweretobedistinguishedfromeachother。InEssex，SuffolkandNorfolkthisdistinctionisoftendrawn。Inoneandthesamemanorweshallfindboth\'freemen\'andsokemen；108*wemayevenhearofsokemenwhoformerlywere\'freemen。\'109*Buttheimportofthisdistinctionevadesus。Sometimesitissaidofsokementhatthey\'holdfreely。\'110*Wereadthatfoursokemenheldthislandofwhomthreewerefree，whilethefourthhadonehidebutcouldnotgiveorsellit。111*Thismaysuggestthattheprincipleofthedivisionistobefoundinthepowertoalienatetheland，to\'withdraw\'withthelandtoanotherlord。112*
Theremaybetruthinthesuggestion，butwecannotsquareitwithallourcases。113*Oftenenoughthe\'freeman\'cannotsellwithouttheconsentofhislord。114*Wehavejustmetwitha\'freeman\'whohadtoobtaintheconsentbothofthelordofhiscommendationandofthelordofhissoke。115*Ontheotherhand，thesokemanwhocansellwithouthislord\'sleaveisnorarebeing，116*anditwasofasokemanthatwereadhowhecouldsell，notonlyhisland，butalsohissoke。117*
Again，wedarenotsaythatwhilethe\'freeman\'isthejusticiableofanationalcourt，thesokeoventhesokemanbelongstohislond。Neithersideofthispropositionistrue。
Veryoftenthesokeoverthe\'freeman\'belongstoachurchortosomeotherlord，118*whomayormaynotbehislordbycommendation。119*Veryoftenthelordhasnotthesokeoverhissokemen。Thismayseemaparadox，butitistrue。Wemakeitcleanerbysayingthatyoumayhaveamanwhoisyourmanandwhoisasokeman，butyetyouhavenosokeoverhim；hissoke\'lies\'
or\'isrendered\'elsewhere。Thisisacommonenoughphenomenon，butitisapttoescapeattention。WhenwearetoldthatacertainEnglishlordhadasokemanatacertainplace，wemustnotjumptotheconclusionthathehadsokeoverthatmanofhis。