FN674MarytoWilliam，July3。10。1690；ShrewsburytoCaermarthen，July15。
FN675MarytotheStatesGeneral，July12。；Burchett’sMemoirs；
AnimportantAccountofsomeremarkablePassagesintheLifeofArthur，EarlofTorrington，1691。
FN676LondonGazette，June191690；HistoryoftheWarsinIrelandbyanOfficerintheRoyalArmy，1690，；VillareHibernicum，1690；。Story’sImpartialHistory，1691；HistoricalCollectionsrelatingtothetownofBelfast，1817。ThisworkcontainscuriousextractsfromMSS。oftheseventeenthcentury。
IntheBritishMuseumisamapofBelfastmadein1685soexactthatthehousesmaybecounted。
FN677LauzuntoLouvois，June16/26。ThemessengerwhobroughtthenewstoLauzunhadheardthegunsandseenthebonfires。
HistoryoftheWarsinIrelandbyanOfficeroftheRoyalArmy，1690；LireofJames，ii。392。，Orig。Mem。；Burnet，ii。47。BurnetisstrangelymistakenwhenhesaysthatWilliamhadbeensixdaysinIrelandbeforehisarrivalwasknowntoJames。
FN678ATrueandPerfectJournaloftheAffairsofIrelandbyaPersonofQuality，1690；King，iii。18。Luttrell’sproclamationwillbefoundinKing’sAppendix。
FN679VillareHibernicum，1690。
FN680TheorderaddressedtotheCollectorofCustomswillbefoundinDr。Reid’sHistoryofthePresbyterianChurchinIreland。
FN681\"Lagayetepeintesursonvisage，\"saysDumont，whosawhimatBelfast，\"nousfittoutespererpourlesheureuxsuccesdelacampagne。\"
FN682Story’sImpartialAccount；MS。JournalofColonelBellingham；TheRoyalDiary。
FN683Story’sImpartialAccount。
FN684LauzuntoLouvois，June23/July31690；LifeofJames，ii。
393，Orig。Mem。
FN685Story’sImpartialAccount；DumontMS。
FN686MuchinterestinginformationrespectingthefieldofbattleandthesurroundingcountrywillbefoundinMr。Wilde’spleasingvolumeentitled\"TheBeautiesoftheBoyneandBlackwater。\"
FN687MemoranduminthehandwritingofAlexander，EarlofMarchmont。HederivedhisinformationfromLordSelkirk，whowasinWilliam’sarmy。
FN688Jamessays（Life，ii393。Orig。Mem。）thatthecountryaffordednobetterposition。King，inathanksgivingsermonwhichhepreachedatDublinafterthecloseofthecampaign，toldhishearersthat\"theadvantageofthepostoftheIrishwas，byallintelligentmen，reckonedabovethreetoone。\"SeeKing’sThanksgivingSermon，preachedonNov16。1690，beforeLordsJustices。Thisis，nodoubt，anabsurdexaggeration。ButM。delaHoguette，oneoftheprincipalFrenchofficerswhowaspresentatthebattleoftheBoyne，informedLouvoisthattheIrisharmyoccupiedagooddefensiveposition，LetterofLaHoguettefromLimerick，July31/Aug1690。
FN689NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary，March，1690。
FN690SeetheHistoricalrecordsoftheRegimentsoftheBritisharmy，andStory’slistofthearmyofWilliamasitpassedinreviewatFinglass，aweekafterthebattle。
FN691SeehisFuneralSermonpreachedatthechurchofSaintMaryAldermaryonthe24thofJune1690。
FN692Story’sImpartialHistory；HistoryoftheWarsinIrelandbyanOfficeroftheRoyalArmy；HoptotheStatesGeneral，June30/July10。1690。
FN693LondonGazette，July7。1690；Story’sImpartialHistory；
HistoryoftheWarsinIrelandbyanOfficeroftheRoyalArmy；
NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary；LordMarchmont’sMemorandum；Burnet，ii。50。andThanksgivingSermon；DumontMS。
FN694LaHoguettetoLouvois，July31/Aug101690。
FN695ThatIhavedonenoinjusticetotheIrishinfantrywillappearfromtheaccountswhichtheFrenchofficerswhowereattheBoynesenttotheirgovernmentandtheirfamilies。LaHoguette，writinghastilytoLouvoisonthe4/14thofJuly，says:
\"jevousdirayseulement，Monseigneur，quenousn’avonspasestebattus，maisquelesennemysontchassesdevanteuxlestrouppesIrlandoisescommedesmoutons，sansavoiressayeunseulcoupdemousquet。\"
WritingsomeweekslatermorefullyfromLimerick，hesays，\"J’enmeursdehonte。\"Headmitsthatitwouldhavebeennoeasymattertowinthebattle，atbest。\"Maisilestvrayaussi，\"headds，\"quelesIrlandoisnefirentpaslamoindreresistance，etplierentsanstirerunseulcoup。\"Zurlauben，ColonelofoneofthefinestregimentsintheFrenchservice，wrotetothesameeffect，butdidjusticetothecourageoftheIrishhorse，whomLaHoguettedoesnotmention。
ThereisattheFrenchWarOfficealetterhastilyscrawledbyBoisseleau，Lauzun’ssecondincommand，tohiswifeafterthebattle。Hewrotethus:\"Jemeportebien，macherefeme。Net’inquiestepasdemoy。NosIrlandoisn’ontrienfaitquivaille。
Ilsonttouslachelepie。\"
Desgrignywritingonthe10/20thofJuly，assignsseveralreasonsforthedefeat。\"LapremièreetlaplusforteestlafuitedesIrlandoisquisontenveritedesgenssurlesquelsilnefautpascompterdutout。\"Inthesameletterhesays:\"Iln’estpasnatureldecroirequ’unearmeedevingtcinqmillehommesquiparoissoitdelameilleurevolontedumonde，etquialaveuedesennemisfaisoitdescrisdejoye，dutetreentierementdefaitesansavoirtirel’epeeetunseulcoupdemousquet。Ilyaentelregimenttoutentierquialaisseseshabits，sesarmes，etsesdrapeauxsurlechampdebataille，etagagnelesmontagnesavecsesofficiers。\"
IlookedinvainforthedespatchinwhichLauzunmusthavegivenLouvoisadetailedaccountofthebattle。
FN696LauzunwrotetoSeignelay，July16/261690，\"RichardAmiltonaetefaitprisonnier，faisantfortbiensondevoir。\"
FN697MychiefmaterialsforthehistoryofthisbattleareStory’sImpartialAccountandContinuation；theHistoryoftheWarinIrelandbyanOfficeroftheRoyalArmy；thedespatchesintheFrenchWarOffice；TheLifeofJames，Orig。Mem。Burnet，ii。
50。60；NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary；theLondonGazetteofJuly10。1690；theDespatchesofHopandBaden；anarrativeprobablydrawnupbyPortland，whichWilliamsenttotheStatesGeneral；
Portland’sprivatelettertoMelville；CaptainRichardson’sNarrativeandmapofthebattle；theDumontMS。，andtheBellinghamMS。IhavealsoseenanaccountofthebattleinaDiarykeptinbadLatinandinanalmostundecipherablehandbyoneofthebeatenarmywhoseemstohavebeenahedgeschoolmasterturnedCaptain。ThisDiarywaskindlylenttomebyMr。Walker，towhomitbelongs。Thewriterrelatesthemisfortunesofhiscountryinastyleofwhichashortspecimenmaysuffice:\"1July，1690。Odiemilluminfandum，cuminimicipotitisuntpassapudOldbridgeetnoscircumdederuntetfregeruntpropePlottin。HincomnesfugimusDublinversus。EgomecumtuliCapMooreetGeorgiumOgle，etvenimushacnocteDub。\"
FN698SeePepys’sDiary，June4。1664。\"HetellsmeabovealloftheDukeofYork，thatheismorehimself，andmoreofjudgmentisathandinhim，inthemiddleofadesperateservicethanatothertimes。\"Clarendonrepeatedlysaysthesame。SwiftwroteonthemarginofhiscopyofClarendon，inoneplace，\"Howoldwashe（James）whenheturnedPapistandacoward？\"——inanother，\"HeprovedacowardlyPopishking。\"
FN699PereOrleansmentionsthatSarsfieldaccompaniedJames。
ThebattleoftheBoynehadscarcelybeenfoughtwhenitwasmadethesubjectofadrama，theRoyalFlight，ortheConquestofIreland，aFarce，1690。Nothingmoreexecrablewaseverwritten。
Butitdeservestoberemarkedthat，inthiswretchedpiece，thoughtheIrishgenerallyarerepresentedaspoltroons，anexceptionismadeinfavourofSarsfield。\"Thisfellow，\"saysJames，aside，\"Iwillmakemevaliant，Ithink，inspiteofmyteeth。\"\"Curseofmystars！\"saysSarsfield，afterthebattle。
\"ThatImustbedetached！IwouldhavewrestedvictoryoutofhereticFortune’shands。\"
FN700BothLaHoguetteandZurlaubeninformedtheirgovernmentthatithadbeennecessarytofireontheIrishfugitives，whowouldotherwisehavethrowntheFrenchranksintoconfusion。
FN701BadentoVanCitters，July8。1690。
FN702NewandPerfectJournal，1690；NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary。
FN703Story；LondonGazette，July10。1690。
FN704TrueandPerfectjournal；VillareHibernicum；Story’sImpartialHistory。
FN705Story；TrueandPerfectjournal；LondonGazette，July10
1690Burnet，ii。51。；Leslie’sAnswertoKing。
FN706LifeofJames，ii。404。，Orig。Mem。；MonthlyMercuryforAugust，1690。
FN707TrueandPerfectjournal。LondonGazette，July10and14。
1690；NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary。IntheLifeofJamesBonnell，AccountantGeneralofIreland，（1703）isaremarkablereligiousmeditation，fromwhichIwillquoteashortpassage。\"HowdidweseetheProtestantsonthegreatdayofourRevolution，ThursdaythethirdofJuly，adayevertoberememberedbyuswiththegreatestthankfulness，congratulateandembraceoneanotherastheymet，likepersonsalivefromthedead，likebrothersandsistersmeetingafteralongabsence，andgoingaboutfromhousetohousetogiveeachotherjoyofGod’sgreatmercy，enquiringofoneanotherhowtheypastthelatedaysofdistressandterror，whatapprehensionstheyhad，whatfearsordangerstheywereunder；thosethatwereprisoners，howtheygottheirliberty，howtheyweretreated，andwhat，fromtimetotime，theythoughtofthings。\"
FN708LondonGazette，July14。1690；Story；TrueandPerfectJournal；DumontMS。Dumontistheonlypersonwhomentionsthecrown。Ashewaspresent，hecouldnotbemistaken。ItwasprobablythecrownwhichJameshadbeeninthehabitofwearingwhenheappearedonthethroneattheKing’sInns。
FN709MonthlyMercuryforAugust1690；Burnet，ii。50；Dangeau，Aug。2。1690，andSaintSimon’snote；TheFolliesofFrance，oratrueRelationoftheextravagantRejoicings，&c。，datedParis，Aug。8。1690。
FN710\"Metiene，\"theMarquisofCogolludo，SpanishministeratRome，saysofthisreport，\"ensumocuidadoydesconsuelo，puesestaserialaultimaruinadelacausacomun。\"——CogolludotoRonquillo，Rome，Aug。2。1690，FN711OriginalLetters，publishedbySirHenryEllis。
FN712\"DelsucessodeIrlandadoyav。Excalaenorabuena，yleaseguronohabastadocasilagentequetengoenlaSecretariapararepartircopiasdello，puesleheenbiadoatodoellugar，ylaprimeraalPapa。\"——CogolludotoRonquillo，postscripttotheletterofAug。2。Cogolludo，ofcourse，usesthenewstyle。Thetidingsofthebattle，therefore，hadbeenthreeweeksingettingtoRome。
FN713Evelyn（Feb。25。1689/90）callsit\"asweetvilla。\"
FN714MarytoWilliam，July5。1690。
FN715MarytoWilliam，July6。and7。1690；Burnet，ii。55。
FN716BadentoVanCitters，July8/181690。
FN717SeetwolettersannexedtotheMemoirsoftheIntendantFoucault，andprintedintheworkofM。deSirtemadesGrovestinsinthearchivesoftheWarOfficeatParisisaletterwrittenfromBrestbytheCountofBouridalonJuly11/211690。TheCountsays:\"Parlarelationducombatquej’ayentendufaireauRoyd’Angleterreetaplusieursdesasuiteenparticulier，ilnemeparoitpasqu’ilsoitbieninformedetoutcequis’estpassedanscetteaction，etqu’ilnescaitqueladeroutedesestroupes。\"
FN718ItwasnotonlyonthisoccasionthatJamesheldthislanguage。FromoneofthelettersquotedinthelastnoteitappearsthatonhisroadfrontBresttoParishetoldeverybodythattheEnglishwereimpatientlyexpectinghim。\"Cepauvreprincecroitquesessujetsl’aimentencore。\"
FN719LifeofJames，ii。411，412。；Burnet，ii。57；andDartmouth’snote。
FN720SeethearticlesGalereandGalerien，intheEncyclopedie，withtheplates；ATrueRelationoftheCrueltiesandBarbaritiesoftheFrenchupontheEnglishPrisonersofWar，byR。Hutton，licensedJune27。1690。
FN721SeetheCollectionofMedalsofLewistheFourteenth。
FN722Thisanecdote，trueorfalse，wascurrentatthetime，orsoonafter。In1745itwasmentionedasastorywhicholdpeoplehadheardintheiryouth。ItisquotedintheGentleman’sMagazineofthatyearfromanotherperiodicalwork。
FN723LondonGazette，July7。1690。
FN724NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary。
FN725IgivethisinterestingpassageinVanCitters’sownwords。\"Doorgeheelhetrykallestevoetentepaardeindewapenenopwas；en’tgeneeenseergrootegerustheytgafwasdatalleeneenyderevenseertegendeFransedoordelaatstevoorgevallenbatailleverbittertengeanimeertwaren。Gelykdoordetroupes，dewelkeikopdewegalommegepasseertben，nietandershebkonnenhoorenalseeneenpaarigengeneralgeluydtvanGodblessKingWilliamenQueenMary。\"July25/Aug41690。
FN726AstothisexpeditionIhaveconsultedtheLondonGazettesofJuly24。28。31。Aug。4。1690NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary；
Welwood’sMercuriusReformatus，Sept。5。theGazettedeParis；aletterfromMy。Duke，aDeputyLieutenantofDevonshire，toHampden，datedJuly25。aletterfromMr。FulfordofFulfordtoLordNottingham，datedJuly26。aletterofthesamedatefromtheDeputyLieutenantsofDevonshiretotheEarlofBath；aletterofthesamedatefromLordLansdownetotheEarlofBath。
ThesefourlettersareamongtheMSS。oftheRoyalIrishAcademy。
ExtractsfromthebriefaregiveninLyson’sBritannia。Dangeauinsertedinhisjournal，August16。，aseriesofextravagantlies。Tourvillehadroutedthemilitia，takentheircannonandcoloursburnedmenofwar，capturedrichlyladenmerchantships，andwasgoingtodestroyPlymouth。ThisisafairspecimenofDangeau’sEnglishnews。IndeedhecomplainsthatitwashardlypossibletogetattrueinformationaboutEngland。
FN727DedicationofArthur。
FN728SeetheaccountsofAnderton’sTrial，1693；thePostmanofMarch12。1695/6；theFlyingPostofMarch7。1700；SomeDiscoursesuponDr。BurnetandDr。Tillotson，byHickes，1695。
TheappendixtotheseDiscoursescontainsacuriousaccountoftheinquisitionintoprintingofficestindertheLicensingAct。
FN729ThiswastheordinarycantoftheJacobites。AWhigwriterhadjustlysaidintheprecedingyear，\"TheyscurrilouslycallourDavidamanofblood，though，tothisday，hehasnotsufferedadroptobespilt。\"——AlephiboshethandZiba，licensedAug。30。1689。
FN730\"Restoreuntousagainthepublickworshipofthyname，thereverentadministrationofthysacraments。Raiseuptheformergovernmentbothinchurchandstate，thatwemaybenolongerwithoutKing，withoutpriest，withoutGodintheworld。\"
FN731AFormofPrayerandHumiliationforGod’sBlessinguponHisMajestyandhisDominions，andforRemovingandAvertingofGod’sjudgmentsfromthisChurchandState，1690。
FN732LetterofLloyd，BishopofNorwich，toSancroft，intheTannerMSS。
FN733NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary。
FN734AModestInquiryintotheCausesofthepresentDisastersinEngland，andwhotheyarethatbroughttheFrenchintotheEnglishChanneldescribed，1690；ReflectionsuponaFormofPrayerlatelysetoutfortheJacobites，1690；AMidnightTouchatanUnlicensedPamphlet，1690。ThepapersignedbythenonjuringBishopshasoftenbeenreprinted。
FN735WilliamtoHeinsius，July4/14。1690。
FN736Story；LondonGazette，Aug4。1690；DumontMS。
FN737Story；WilliamtoHeinsius，July31/Aug101690；Lond。
Gaz。，Aug，11。
FN738MarytoWilliam，Aug。7/15Aug22/Sept，Aug。26/Sept5
1690
FN739MacariaeExcidium；MacGeoghegan；LifeofJames，ii。420。；
LondonGazette，Aug。14。1690。
FN740TheimpatienceofLauzunandhiscountrymentogetawayfromIrelandismentionedinaletterofOct。21。1690，quotedintheMemoirsofJames，ii。421。\"Asimo，\"saysColonelKelly，theauthoroftheMacariaeExcidium，\"diuturnamabsentiamtamaegremolestequeferebatutbelluminCyproprotrahicontinuariqueipsoeiaudituacerbissimumesset。Necincredibileestducuminilliusexercitunonnullos，potissimumquipatriicoelidulcedinemimpatientiussuspirabant，sibipersuasissedesperatasCypriresnullahumanaopedefendisustentariqueposse。\"AsimoisLauzun，andCyprusIreland。
FN741\"PauciilliexCilicibusaulicis，quicumreginainSyriacommoranteremanserant，……noncessabantuniversamnationemfoedetraducere，etingestisinsuperconvitiislacerare，pavidosetmalefidosproditoresacOrtaliumconsceleratissimospubliceappellando。\"——MacariaeExcidium。TheCiliciansaretheEnglish。
SyriaisFrance。
FN742\"Tantainfamiatamoperosoartificioetsubtilicommentoinvulgussparsa，tamconstantibusdeCypriorumperfidiaatqueopprobriorumoribus，totam，qualataest，Syriamitapervasit，utmercatoresCyprii，……propterinustumgentidedecus，intradomorumseptaclausinunquamprodireauderent；tantoeorumodiopopulusinuniversumexarserat。\"——MacariaeExcidium。
FN743IhaveseenthisassertioninacontemporarypamphletofwhichIcannotrecollectthetitle。
FN744Story；DumontMS，FN745MacariaeExcidium。BoisseleauremarkedtheebbandflowofcourageamongtheIrish。Ihavequotedoneofhisletterstohiswife。Itisbutjusttoquoteanother。\"NosIrlandoisn’avoientjamaisvulefeu；etcelalesasurpris。Presentement，ilssontsifachesden’avoirpasfaitleurdevoirquejesuisbienpersuadéqu’ilsferontmieuxpourl’avenir。\"
FN746LaHoguette，writingtoLouvoisfromLimerick，July31/Aug101690，saysofTyrconnel:\"Ilad’ailleurstroppeudeconnoissanceedeschosesdenotremetier。Ilaperduabsolumentlaconfiancedesofficiersdupays，surtoutdepuislejourdenotrederoute；et，eneffet，Monseigneur，jemecroisobligedevousdirequedeslemomentoulesennemisparurentsurleborddelarivierelepremierjour，etdanstoutelajourneedulendemain，ilparutatoutlemondedansunesigrandelethargiequ’iletoitincapabledeprendreaucunparti，quelquechosequ’onluiproposat。\"
FN747DesgrignysaysoftheIrish:\"Ilssonttoujourspretsdenousegorgerparl’antipathiequ’ilsontpournous。C’estlanationdumondelaplusbrutale，etquialemoinsd’humanite。\"
Aug。1690。
FN748Story；AccountoftheCitiesinIrelandthatarestillpossessedbytheForcesofKingJames，1690。TherearesomecuriousoldmapsofLimerickintheBritishMuseum。
FN749Story；DumontMS。
FN750Story；James，ii。416。；Burnet，ii。58。；DumontMS。
FN751Story；DumontMS。
FN752SeetheaccountoftheO’DonnelsinSirWilliamBetham’sIrishAntiquarianResearches。ItisstrangethathemakesnomentionofBaldearg，whoseappearanceinIrelandisthemostextraordinaryeventinthewholehistoryoftherace。SeealsoStory’simpartialHistory；MacariaeExcidium，andMr。
O’Callaghan’snote；LifeofJames，ii。434。；theLetterofO’DonneltoAvaux，andtheMemorialentitled，\"MemoiredonneeparunhommeduComteO’DonnelaM。D’Avaux。\"
FN753ThereaderwillrememberCorporalTrim’sexplanationofradicalheatandradicalmoisture。Sterneisanauthoritynottobedespisedonthesesubjects。Hisboyhoodwaspassedinbarracks；hewasconstantlylisteningtothetalkofoldsoldierswhohadservedunderKingWilliamusedtheirstorieslikeamanoftruegenius。
FN754Story；WilliamtoWaldeck，Sept。22。1690；LondonGazette，Sept。4，Berwickassertsthatwhenthesiegewasraisednotadropofrainhadfallenduringamonth，thatnonefellduringthefollowingthreeweeks，andthatWilliampretendedthattheweatherwaswetmerelytohidetheshameofhisdefeat。Story，whowasonthespotsay，\"Itwascloudyallabout，andrainedveryfast，sothateverybodybegantodreadtheconsequencesofit；\"andagain\"Therainwhichhadalreadyfalledhadsoftentheways……Thiswasonereasonforraisingthesiege；for，ifwehadnot，grantingtheweathertocontinuebad，wemusteitherhavetakenthetown，orofnecessityhavelostourcannon。\"Dumont，anothereyewitness，saysthatbeforethesiegewasraisedtherainshadbeenmostviolent；thattheShannonwasswollen；thattheearthwassoaked；thatthehorsescouldnotkeeptheirfeet。
FN755LondonGazette，September111690；NarcissusLuttrell’sDiary。IhaveseenacontemporaryengravingofCoventGardenasitappearedonthisnight。
FN756VanCitterstotheStatesGeneral，March19/29。1689。
FN757AstoMarlborough’sexpedition，seeStory’sImpartialHistory；theLifeofJames，ii。419，420。；LondonGazette，Oct。
6。13。16。27。30。1690；MonthlyMercuryforNov。1690；HistoryofKing，William，1702；Burnet，ii。60。；theLifeofJosephPike，aQuakerofCorkFN758Balcarras；Annandale’sConfessionintheLevenandMelvillePapers；Burnet，ii。35。AstoPayne，seetheSecondModestInquiryintotheCauseofthepresentDisasters，1690。
FN759Balcarras；Mackay’sMemoirs；HistoryofthelateRevolutioninScotland，1690；Livingstone’sReport，datedMay1；
LondonGazette，May12。1690。
FN760HistoryofthelateRevolutioninScotland，1690。
FN761Mackay’sMemoirsandLetterstoHamiltonofJune20。and24。1690ColonelHilltoMelville，July1026。；LondonGazette，July17。21。AstoInverlochy，seeamongtheCullodenpapers，aplanforpreservingthepeaceoftheHighlands，drawnup，atthistime，bythefatherofPresidentForbes。
FN762Balcarras。
FN763SeetheinstructionstotheLordHighCommissionerintheLevenandMelvillePapers。
FN764Balcarras。
FN765Act。Parl。June7。1690。
FN766Balcarras。
FN767FaithfulContendingsDisplayed；CaseofthepresentAfflictedEpiscopalClergyinScotland，1690。
FN768Act。Parl。April25。1690。
FN769SeetheHumbleAddressofthePresbyterianMinistersandProfessorsoftheChurchofScotlandtoHisGraceHisMajesty’sHighCommissionerandtotheRightHonourabletheEstatesofParliament。
FN770SeetheAccountofthelateEstablishmentofPresbyterianGovernmentbytheParliamentofScotland，Anno1690。ThisisanEpiscopaliannarrative。Act。Parl。May26。1690。
FN771Act。Parl。June7。1690。
FN772AnHistoricalRelationofthelatePresbyterianGeneralAssemblyinaLetterfromaPersoninEdinburghtohisFriendinLondonlicensedApril20。1691。
FN773AccountofthelateEstablishmentofthePresbyterianGovernmentbytheParliamentofScotland，1690。
FN774Act。Parl。July4。1690。
FN775Act。Parl。July191690；LockharttoMelville，April29。
1690。
FN776Balcarras；ConfessionofAnnandaleintheLevenandMelvillePapers。
FN777Balcarras；NotesofRoss’sConfessionintheLevenandMelvillePapers。
FN778Balcarras；Mary’saccountofherinterviewwithMontgomery，printedamongtheLevenandMelvillePapers。
FN779CompareBalcarraswithBurnett，ii。62。ThepamphletentitledGreatBritain’sJustComplaintisagoodspecimenofMontgomery’smanner。
FN780Balcarras；Annandale’sConfession。
FN781Burnett，ii。62，LockharttoMelville，Aug。30。1690andCrawfordtoMelville，Dec。11。1690intheLevenandMelvillePapers；NevillePayne’sletterofDec31692，printedin1693。
FN782HistoricalRelationofthelatePresbyterianGeneralAssembly，1691；ThePresbyterianInquisitionasitwaslatelypractisedagainsttheProfessorsoftheCollegeofEdinburgh，1691。
FN783OneofthemostcuriousofthemanycuriouspaperswrittenbytheCovenantersofthatgenerationisentitled，\"Nathaniel，ortheDyingTestimonyofJohnMatthiesoninCloseburn。\"Matthiesondidnotdietill1709，buthisTestimonywaswrittensomeyearsearlier，whenhewasinexpectationofdeath。\"Andnow，\"hesays，\"Iasadyingman，wouldinafewwordstellyouthataretolivebehindmythoughtsastothetimes。WhenIsaw，orratherheard，thePrinceandPrincessofOrangebeingsetupastheywere，andhispardoningallthemurderersofthesaintsandreceivingallthebloodybeasts，soldiers，andothers，alltheseofficersoftheirstateandarmy，andallthebloodycounsellors，civilandecclesiastic；andhislettingslipthatsonofBelial，hisfatherinlaw，who，bothbyallthelawsofGodandman，oughttohavedied，IknewhewoulddonogoodtothecauseandworkofGod。\"
FN784SeetheDyingTestimonyofMr。RobertSmith，StudentofDivinity，wholivedinDouglasTown，intheShireofClydesdale，whodiedabouttwoo’clockintheSabbathmorning，Dec。13。1724，aged58years；andtheDyingTestimonyofWilliamWilson，sometimeSchoolmasterofParkintheParishofDouglas，aged68，whodiedMay7。1757。
FN785SeetheDyingTestimonyofWilliamWilson，mentionedinthelastnote。Itoughttoberemarkedthat，onthesubjectofwitchcraft，theDivinesoftheAssociatePresbyterywereasabsurdasthispoorcrazyDominie。SeetheirAct，Declaration，andTestimony，publishedin1773byAdamGib。
FN786Intheyear1791，ThomasHendersonofPaisleywrote，indefenceofsomeseparatistswhocalledthemselvestheReformedPresbytery，againstawriterwhohadchargedthemwith\"disowningthepresentexcellentsovereignasthelawfulKingofGreatBritain。\"\"TheReformedPresbyteryandtheirconnections，\"saysMr。Henderson，\"havenotbeenmuchaccustomedtogiveflatteringtitlestoprinces。\"……\"However，theyentertainnoresentmentagainstthepersonofthepresentoccupant，noranyofthegoodqualitieswhichhepossesses。Theysincerelywishthatheweremoreexcellentthanexternalroyaltycanmakehim，thathewereadornedwiththeimageofChrist，\"&c。，&c。，&c。\"Buttheycanbynomeansacknowledgehim，noranyoftheepiscopalpersuasion，tobealawfulkingoverthesecovenantedlands。\"
FN787Anenthusiast，namedGeorgeCalderwood，inhisprefacetoaCollectionofDyingTestimonies，publishedin1806，accuseseventheReformedPresbyteryofscandalouscompliances。\"AsfortheReformedPresbytery，\"hesays，\"thoughtheyprofesstoownthemartyr’stestimonyinhairsandhoofs，yettheyhavenowadoptedsomanynewdistinctions，andgivenuptheiroldones，thattheyhavemadeitsoevidentthatitisneitherthemartyr’stestimonynoryettheonethatthatPresbyteryadoptedatfirstthattheyarenowmaintaining。WhentheReformedPresbyterywasinitsinfancy，andhadsomeappearanceofhonestyandfaithfulnessamongthem，theywereblamedbyalltheotherpartiesforusingofdistinctionsthatnomancouldjustify，i。e。
theywouldnotadmitintotheircommunionthosethatpaidthelandtaxorsubscribedtackstodoso；butnowtheycanadmitintotheircommunionsbothrulersandmemberswhovoluntarilypayalltaxesandsubscribetacks。\"……\"Itshallbeonlyreferredtogovernment’sbooks，sincethecommencementoftheFrenchwar，howmanyoftheirownmembershaveacceptedofplacesoftrust，tobeatgovernment’scall，suchasbearersofarms，drivingofcattle，stoppingofways，&c。；andwhatisalltheirlicensefortradingbyseaorlandbutaservingundergovernment？\"
FN788TheKingtoMelville，May22。1690，intheLevenandMelvillePapers。
FN789AccountoftheEstablishmentofPresbyterianGovernment。
FN790Carmichael’sgoodqualitiesarefullyadmittedbytheEpiscopalians。SeetheHistoricalRelationofthelatePresbyterianGeneralAssemblyandthePresbyterianInquisition。
FN791See，intheLevenandMelvillePapers，Melville’sLetterswrittenfromLondonatthistimetoCrawford，Rule，Williamson，andothervehementPresbyterians。Hesays:\"Theclergythatwereputout，andcomeup，makeagreatclamour:manyhereencourageandrejoyceatit……Thereisnothingnowbutthegreatestsobrietieandmoderationimaginabletobeused，unlesswewillhazardtheoverturningofall；andtakethisasearnest，andnotasimaginationsandfearsonly。\"
FN792PrincipalActsoftheGeneralAssemblyoftheChurchofScotlandheldinandbegunatEdinburghthe16thdayofOctober，1690；Edinburgh，1691。
FN793MonthlyMercuries；LondonGazettesofNovember3。and6。
1690。
FN794VanCitterstotheStatesGeneral，Oct。3/131690。
FN795Lords’Journals，Oct。6。1690；Commons’Journals，Oct。8。
FN796Iamnotawarethatthislampoonhaseverbeenprinted。I
haveseenitonlyintwocontemporarymanuscripts。ItisentitledTheOpeningoftheSession，1690。
FN797Commons’Journals，Oct。9，1013，14。1690。
FN798Commons’JournalsofDecember，1690，particularlyofDec。
26。Stat。2W。&M。sess2。C。11。
FN799Stat。2W。andM。sess。2。c。I。3，4。
FN800Burnet，ii。67。SeethejournalsofbothHouses，particularlytheCommons’Journalsofthe10thofDecemberandtheLords’Journalsofthe30thofDecemberandthe1stofJanuary。ThebillitselfwillbefoundinthearchivesoftheHouseofLords。
FN801Lords’Journals，Oct。30。1690。ThenumbersarenevergivenintheLords’Journals。ThatthemajoritywasonlytwoisassertedbyRalph，whohad，Isuppose，someauthoritywhichI
havenotbeenabletofind。
FN802VanCitterstotheStatesGeneral，Nov。14/241690。TheEarlofTorrington’sspeechtotheHouseofCommons，1710。
FN803Burnet，ii。67，68。；VanCitterstotheStatesGeneral，Nov。22/Dec11690；AnimpartialAccountofsomeremarkablePassagesintheLifeofArthur，EarlofTorrington，togetherwithsomemodestRemarksontheTrialandAcquitment，1691；ReasonsfortheTrialoftheEarlofTorringtonbyImpeachment，1690；TheParableoftheBearbaiting，1690；TheEarlofTorrington’sSpeechtotheHouseofCommons，1710。ThatTorringtonwascoldlyreceivedbythepeersIlearnedfromanarticleintheNoticiasOrdinariasofFebruary61691，Madrid。
FN804InoneWhiglampoonofthisyeararetheselines\"David，wethought，succeededSaul，WhenWilliamroseonJames’sfall；
ButnowKingThomasgovernsall。\"
Inanotheraretheselines:
\"WhenCharlesdidseemtofillthethrone，ThistyrantTommadeEnglandgroan。\"
Athirdsays:
\"YorkshireTomwasrais’dtohonour，Forwhatcausenocreatureknew；
HewasfalsetotheroyaldonorAndwillbethesametoyou。\"
FN805AWhigpoetcomparesthetwoMarquesses，astheywereoftencalled，andgivesGeorgethepreferenceoverThomas。
\"IfaMarquessneedsmuststeerus，Takeabetterinhisstead，Whowillinyourabsencecheerus，Andhasfarawiserhead。\"
FN806\"Athin，illnaturedghostthathauntstheKing。\"
FN807\"LethimwithhisblueribandbeTiedcloseuptothegallowstreeFormyladyacart；andI’dcontriveit，Herdancingsonandheirshoulddriveit。\"
FN808AstothedesignsoftheWhigsagainstCaermarthen，seeBurnet，ii。68，69，andaverysignificantprotestintheLords’
journals，October30。1690。AstotherelationsbetweenCaermarthenandGodolphin，seeGodolphin’slettertoWilliam，datedMarch20。1691，inDalrymple。
FN809Myaccountofthisconspiracyischieflytakenfromtheevidence，oralanddocumentary，whichwasproducedonthetrialoftheconspirators。SeealsoBurnet，ii。69，70。，andtheLifeofJames，ii。441。NarcissusLuttrellremarksthatnoRomanCatholicappearedtohavebeenadmittedtotheconsultationsoftheconspirators。
FN810Thegenuinenessoftheseletterswasoncecontestedonveryfrivolousgrounds。ButtheletterofTurnertoSancroft，whichisamongtheTannerpapersintheBodleianLibrary，andwhichwillbefoundintheLifeofKenbyaLayman，mustconvincethemostincredulous。
FN811Thewordsarethese:\"TheModestinquiry——TheBishops’
Answer——Notthechillingofthem——Butthesatisfyingoffriends。\"
TheModestInquirywasthepamphletwhichhintedatDewitting。
FN812Lords’andCommons’JournalsJan51690/1；LondonGazette，Jan8
EndofTheHistoryofEnglandfromtheAccessionofJamesII，Vol。3
TheHistoryofEnglandfromtheAccessionofJamestheSecondVolumeIV
（ChaptersXVIII—XXII）
byThomasBabingtonMacaulayCHAPTERXVII
William’sVoyagetoHolland——William’sEntranceintotheHague——
CongressattheHague——WilliamhisownMinisterforForeignAffairs——WilliamobtainsaTolerationfortheWaldenses；VicesinherentintheNatureofCoalitions——SiegeandFallofMons——
WilliamreturnstoEngland；TrialsofPrestonandAshton——
ExecutionofAshton——Preston’sIrresolutionandConfessions——
LenityshowntotheConspirators——Dartmouth——Turner；Penn——DeathofGeorgeFox；hisCharacter——InterviewbetweenPennandSidney——
Prestonpardoned——JoyoftheJacobitesattheFallofMons——ThevacantSeesfilled——TillotsonArchbishopofCanterbury——ConductofSancroft——DifferencebetweenSancroftandKen——HatredofSancrofttotheEstablishedChurch；heprovidesfortheepiscopalSuccessionamongtheNonjurors——ThenewBishops——SherlockDeanofSaintPaul’s——TreacheryofsomeofWilliam’sServants——Russell——
Godolphin——Marlborough——WilliamreturnstotheContinent——TheCampaignof1691inFlanders——TheWarinIreland；StateoftheEnglishPartofIreland——StateofthePartofIrelandwhichwassubjecttoJames——DissensionsamongtheIrishatLimerick——ReturnofTyrconneltoIreland——ArrivalofaFrenchFleetatLimerick；
SaintRuth——TheEnglishtaketheField——FallofBallymore；SiegeandFallofAthlone——RetreatoftheIrishArmy——SaintRuthdeterminestofight——BattleofAghrim——FallofGalway——DeathofTyrconnel——SecondSiegeofLimerick——TheIrishdesiroustocapitulate——NegotiationsbetweentheIrishChiefsandtheBesiegers——TheCapitulationofLimerick——TheIrishTroopsrequiredtomaketheirElectionbetweentheirCountryandFrance—
—MostoftheIrishTroopsvolunteerforFrance——ManyoftheIrishwhohadvolunteeredforFrancedesert——ThelastDivisionoftheIrishArmysailsfromCorkforFrance——StateofIrelandaftertheWarONtheeighteenthofJanuary1691，theKing，havingbeendetainedsomedaysbyadversewinds，wentonboardatGravesend。Fouryachtshadbeenfittedupforhimandforhisretinue。AmonghisattendantswereNorfolk，Ormond，Devonshire，Dorset，Portland，Monmouth，Zulestein，andtheBishopofLondon。Twodistinguishedadmirals，CloudesleyShovelandGeorgeRooke，commandedthemenofwarwhichformedtheconvoy。Thepassagewastediousanddisagreeable。DuringmanyhoursthefleetwasbecalmedofftheGodwinSands；anditwasnottillthefifthdaythatthesoundingsprovedthecoastofHollandtobenear。Theseafogwassothickthatnolandcouldbeseen；anditwasnotthoughtsafefortheshipstoproceedfurtherinthedarkness。William，tiredoutbythevoyage，andimpatienttobeoncemoreinhisbelovedcountry，determinedtolandinanopenboat。Thenoblemenwhowereinhistraintriedtodissuadehimfromriskingsovaluablealife；but，whentheyfoundthathismindwasmadeup，theyinsistedonsharingthedanger。Thatdangerprovedmoreseriousthantheyhadexpected。Ithadbeensupposedthatinanhourthepartywouldbeonshore。Butgreatmassesoffloatingiceimpededtheprogressoftheskiff；thenightcameon；thefoggrewthicker；thewavesbrokeovertheKingandthecourtiers。Oncethekeelstruckonasandbank，andwaswithgreatdifficultygotoff。Thehardiestmarinersshowedsomesignsofuneasiness。ButWilliam，throughthewholenight，wasascomposedasifhehadbeeninthedrawingroomatKensington。\"Forshame，\"hesaidtooneofthedismayedsailors\"areyouafraidtodieinmycompany？\"AboldDutchseamanventuredtospringout，and，withgreatdifficulty，swamandscrambledthroughbreakers，iceandmud，tofirmground。Herehedischargedamusketandlightedafireasasignalthathewassafe。Noneofhisfellowpassengers，however，thoughtitprudenttofollowhisexample。Theylaytossinginsightoftheflamewhichhehadkindled，tillthefirstpalelightofaJanuarymorningshowedthemthattheywereclosetotheislandofGoree。TheKingandhisLords，stiffwithcoldandcoveredwithicicles，gladlylandedtowarmandrestthemselves。1
Afterreposingsomehoursinthehutofapeasant，WilliamproceededtotheHague。Hewasimpatientlyexpectedtherefor，thoughthefleetwhichbroughthimwasnotvisiblefromtheshore，theroyalsaluteshadbeenheardthroughthemist，andhadapprisedthewholecoastofhisarrival。ThousandshadassembledatHonslaerdyktowelcomehimwithapplausewhichcamefromtheirheartsandwhichwenttohisheart。Thatwasoneofthefewwhitedaysofalife，beneficentindeedandglorious，butfarfromhappy。Aftermorethantwoyearspassedinastrangeland，theexilehadagainsetfootonhisnativesoil。Heheardagainthelanguageofhisnursery。Hesawagainthesceneryandthearchitecturewhichwereinseparablyassociatedinhismindwiththerecollectionsofchildhoodandthesacredfeelingofhome；
thedrearymoundsofsand，shellsandweeds，onwhichthewavesoftheGermanOceanbroke；theinterminablemeadowsintersectedbytrenches；thestraightcanals；thevillasbrightwithpaintandadornedwithquaintimagesandinscriptions。Hehadlivedduringmanywearymonthsamongapeoplewhodidnotlovehim，whodidnotunderstandhim，whocouldneverforgetthathewasaforeigner。ThoseEnglishmenwhoservedhimmostfaithfullyservedhimwithoutenthusiasm，withoutpersonalattachment，andmerelyfromasenseofpublicduty。IntheirheartstheyweresorrythattheyhadnochoicebutbetweenanEnglishtyrantandaDutchdeliverer。Allwasnowchanged。Williamwasamongapopulationbywhichhewasadored，asElizabethhadbeenadoredwhensherodethroughherarmyatTilbury，asCharlestheSecondhadbeenadoredwhenhelandedatDover。ItistruethattheoldenemiesoftheHouseofOrangehadnotbeeninactiveduringtheabsenceoftheStadtholder。Therehadbeen，notindeedclamours，butmutteringsagainsthim。Hehad，itwassaid，neglectedhisnativelandforhisnewkingdom。WheneverthedignityoftheEnglishflag，whenevertheprosperityoftheEnglishtradewasconcerned，heforgotthathewasaHollander。But，assoonashiswellrememberedfacewasagainseen，alljealousy，allcoldness，wasatanend。Therewasnotaboor，notafisherman，notanartisan，inthecrowdswhichlinedtheroadfromHonslaerdyktotheHague，whoseheartdidnotswellwithprideatthethoughtthatthefirstministerofHollandhadbecomeagreatKing，hadfreedtheEnglish，andhadconqueredtheIrish。ItwouldhavebeenmadnessinWilliamtotravelfromHamptonCourttoWestminsterwithoutaguard；butinhisownlandheneedednoswordsorcarbinestodefendhim。\"Donotkeepthepeopleoff；\"hecried:\"letthemcomeclosetome；theyareallmygoodfriends。\"HesoonlearnedthatsumptuouspreparationsweremakingforhisentranceintotheHague。Atfirsthemurmuredandobjected。Hedetested，hesaid，noiseanddisplay。Thenecessarycostofthewarwasquiteheavyenough。Hehopedthathiskindfellowtownsmenwouldconsiderhimasaneighbour，bornandbredamongthem，andwouldnotpayhimsobadacomplimentastotreathimceremoniously。Butallhisexpostulationswerevain。TheHollanders，simpleandparsimoniousastheirordinaryhabitswere，hadsettheirheartsongivingtheirillustriouscountrymanareceptionsuitedtohisdignityandtohismerit；andhefounditnecessarytoyield。Onthedayofhistriumphtheconcoursewasimmense。Allthewheeledcarriagesandhorsesoftheprovinceweretoofewforthemultitudeofthosewhoflockedtotheshow。ManythousandscameslidingorskatingalongthefrozencanalsfromAmsterdam，Rotterdam，Leyden，Haarlem，Delft。Atteninthemorningofthetwenty—sixthofJanuary，thegreatbelloftheTownHousegavethesignal。Sixteenhundredsubstantialburghers，wellarmed，andcladinthefinestdresseswhichweretobefoundintherecessesoftheirwardrobes，keptorderinthecrowdedstreets。Balconiesandscaffolds，emboweredinevergreensandhungwithtapestry，hidthewindows。Theroyalcoach，escortedbyanarmyofhalberdiersandrunningfootmen，andfollowedbyalongtrainofsplendidequipages，passedundernumerousarchesrichwithcarvingandpainting，amidstincessantshoutsof\"LonglivetheKingourStadtholder。\"ThefrontoftheTownHouseandthewholecircuitofthemarketplacewereinablazewithbrilliantcolours。Civiccrowns，trophies，emblemsofarts，ofsciences，ofcommerceandofagriculture，appearedeverywhere。InoneplaceWilliamsawportrayedthegloriousactionsofhisancestors。
Therewasthesilentprince，thefounderoftheBataviancommonwealth，passingtheMeusewithhiswarriors。TherewasthemoreimpetuousMauriceleadingthechargeatNieuport。Alittlefurtheron，theheromightretracetheeventfulstoryofhisownlife。Hewasachildathiswidowedmother’sknee。HewasatthealtarwithDiary’shandinhis。HewaslandingatTorbay。HewasswimmingthroughtheBoyne。There，too，wasaboatamidsttheiceandthebreakers；andaboveitwasmostappropriatelyinscribed，inthemajesticlanguageofRome，thesayingofthegreatRoman，\"Whatdostthoufear？ThouhastCaesaronboard。\"ThetaskoffurnishingtheLatinmottoeshadbeenintrustedtotwomen，who，tillBentleyappeared，heldthehighestplaceamongtheclassicalscholarsofthatage。Spanheim，whoseknowledgeoftheRomanmedalswasunrivalled，imitated，notunsuccessfully，thenobleconcisenessofthoseancientlegendswhichhehadassiduouslystudied；andhewasassistedbyGraevius，whothenfilledachairatUtrecht，andwhosejustreputationhaddrawntothatUniversitymultitudesofstudentsfromeverypartofProtestantEurope。2Whenthenightcame，fireworkswereexhibitedonthegreattankwhichwashesthewallsofthePalaceoftheFederation。Thattankwasnowashardasmarble；andtheDutchboastedthatnothinghadeverbeenseen，evenontheterraceofVersailles，morebrilliantthantheeffectproducedbytheinnumerablecascadesofflamewhichwerereflectedinthesmoothmirrorofice。3TheEnglishLordscongratulatedtheirmasteronhisimmensepopularity。\"Yes，\"saidhe；\"butIamnotthefavourite。TheshoutingwasnothingtowhatitwouldhavebeenifMaryhadbeenwithme。\"
Afewhoursafterthetriumphalentry，theKingattendedasittingoftheStatesGeneral。HislastappearanceamongthemhadbeenonthedayonwhichheembarkedforEngland。Hehadthen，amidstthebrokenwordsandloudweepingofthosegraveSenators，thankedthemforthekindnesswithwhichtheyhadwatchedoverhischildhood，trainedhisyoungmind，andsupportedhisauthorityinhisriperyears；andhehadsolemnlycommendedhisbelovedwifetotheircare。HenowcamebackamongthemtheKingofthreekingdoms，theheadofthegreatestcoalitionthatEuropehadseenduringahundredandeightyyears；andnothingwasheardinthehallbutapplauseandcongratulations。4
ButthistimethestreetsoftheHaguewereoverflowingwiththeequipagesandretinuesofprincesandambassadorswhocameflockingtothegreatCongress。FirstappearedtheambitiousandostentatiousFrederic，ElectorofBrandenburg，who，afewyearslater，tookthetitleofKingofPrussia。ThenarrivedtheyoungElectorofBavaria，theRegentofWirtemberg，theLandgravesofHesseCasselandHesseDarmstadt，andalongtrainofsovereignprinces，sprungfromtheillustrioushousesofBrunswick，ofSaxony，ofHolstein，andofNassau。TheMarquessofGastanaga，GovernoroftheSpanishNetherlands，repairedtotheassemblyfromtheviceregalCourtofBrussels。ExtraordinaryministershadbeensentbytheEmperor，bytheKingsofSpain，Poland，Denmark，andSweden，andbytheDukeofSavoy。TherewasscarcelyroominthetownandtheneighbourhoodfortheEnglishLordsandgentlemenandtheGermanCountsandBaronswhomcuriosityorofficialdutyhadbroughttotheplaceofmeeting。ThegravecapitalofthemostthriftyandindustriousofnationswasasgayasVeniceintheCarnival。ThewalkscutamongthosenoblelimesandelmsinwhichthevillaofthePrincesofOrangeisembosomedweregaywiththeplumes，thestars，theflowingwigs，theembroideredcoatsandthegoldhiltedswordsofgallantsfromLondon，BerlinandVienna。Withthenoblesweremingledsharpersnotlessgorgeouslyattiredthanthey。Atnightthehazardtableswerethronged；andthetheatrewasfilledtotheroof。Princelybanquetsfollowedoneanotherinrapidsuccession。Themeatswereservedingold；and，accordingtothatoldTeutonicfashionwithwhichShakspearehadmadehiscountrymenfamiliar，asoftenasanyofthegreatprincesproposedahealth，thekettledrumsandtrumpetssounded。SomeEnglishlords，particularlyDevonshire，gaveentertainmentswhichviedwiththoseofSovereigns。ItwasremarkedthattheGermanpotentates，thoughgenerallydisposedtobelitigiousandpunctiliousaboutetiquette，associated，onthisoccasion，inanunceremoniousmanner，andseemedtohaveforgottentheirpassionforgenealogicalandheraldiccontroversy。Thetasteforwine，whichwasthencharacteristicoftheirnation，theyhadnotforgotten。AtthetableoftheElectorofBrandenburgmuchmirthwascausedbythegravityofthestatesmenofHolland，who，soberthemselves，confutedoutofGrotiusandPuffendorfthenonsensestutteredbythetipsynoblesoftheEmpire。Oneofthosenoblesswallowedsomanybumpersthathetumbledintotheturffire，andwasnotpulledouttillhisfinevelvetsuithadbeenburned。5
Inthemidstofallthisrevelry，businesswasnotneglected。A
formalmeetingoftheCongresswasheldatwhichWilliampresided。Inashortanddignifiedspeech，whichwasspeedilycirculatedthroughoutEurope，hesetforththenecessityoffirmunionandstrenuousexertion。TheprofoundrespectwithwhichhewasheardbythatsplendidassemblycausedbittermortificationtohisenemiesbothinEnglandandinFrance。TheGermanpotentateswerebitterlyreviledforyieldingprecedencetoanupstart。IndeedthemostillustriousamongthempaidtohimsuchmarksofdeferenceastheywouldscarcelyhavedeignedtopaytotheImperialMajesty，mingledwiththecrowdinhisantechamber，andathistablebehavedasrespectfullyasanyEnglishlordinwaiting。Inonecaricaturethealliedprinceswererepresentedasmuzzledbears，somewithcrowns，somewithcapsofstate。Williamhadthemallinachain，andwasteachingthemtodance。Inanothercaricature，heappearedtakinghiseaseinanarmchair，withhisfeetonacushion，andhishatonhishead，whiletheElectorsofBrandenburgandBavaria，uncovered，occupiedsmallstoolsontherightandleft；thecrowdofLandgravesandSovereigndukesstoodathumbledistance；andGastanaga，theunworthysuccessorofAlva，awaitedtheordersoftheheretictyrantonbendedknee。6
Itwassoonannouncedbyauthoritythat，beforethebeginningofsummer，twohundredandtwentythousandmenwouldbeinthefieldagainstFrance。7Thecontingentwhicheachofthealliedpowerswastofurnishwasmadeknown。MattersaboutwhichitwouldhavebeeninexpedienttoputforthanydeclarationwereprivatelydiscussedbytheKingofEnglandwithhisallies。Onthisoccasion，asoneveryotherimportantoccasionduringhisreign，hewashisownministerforforeignaffairs。ItwasnecessaryforthesakeofformthatheshouldbeattendedbyaSecretaryofState；andNottinghamhadthereforefollowedhimtoHolland。ButNottingham，though，inmattersconcerningtheinternalgovernmentofEngland，heenjoyedalargeshareofhismaster’sconfidence，knewlittlemoreaboutthebusinessoftheCongressthanwhathesawintheGazettes。
Thismodeoftransactingbusinesswouldnowbethoughtmostunconstitutional；andmanywriters，applyingthestandardoftheirownagetothetransactionsofaformerage，haveseverelyblamedWilliamforactingwithouttheadviceofhisministers，andhisministersforsubmittingtobekeptinignoranceoftransactionswhichdeeplyconcernedthehonouroftheCrownandthewelfareofthenation。Yetsurelythepresumptionisthatwhatthemosthonestandhonourablemenofbothparties，Nottingham，forexample，amongtheTories，andSomersamongtheWhigs，notonlydid，butavowed，cannothavebeenaltogetherinexcusable；andaverysufficientexcusewillwithoutdifficultybefound。
ThedoctrinethattheSovereignisnotresponsibleisdoubtlessasoldasanypartofourconstitution。Thedoctrinethathisministersareresponsibleisalsoofimmemorialantiquity。Thatwherethereisnoresponsibilitytherecanbenotrustworthysecurityagainstmaladministration，isadoctrinewhich，inourageandcountry，fewpeoplewillbeinclinedtodispute。FromthesethreepropositionsitplainlyfollowsthattheadministrationislikelytobebestconductedwhentheSovereignperformsnopublicactwithouttheconcurrenceandinstrumentalityofaminister。Thisargumentisperfectlysound。
Butwemustrememberthatargumentsareconstructedinoneway，andgovernmentsinanother。Inlogic，nonebutanidiotadmitsthepremisesanddeniesthelegitimateconclusion。Butinpractice，weseethatgreatandenlightenedcommunitiesoftenpersist，generationaftergeneration，inassertingprinciples，andrefusingtoactuponthoseprinciples。Itmaybedoubtedwhetheranyrealpolitythateverexistedhasexactlycorrespondedtothepureideaofthatpolity。Accordingtothepureideaofconstitutionalroyalty，theprincereignsanddoesnotgovern；andconstitutionalroyalty，asitnowexistsinEngland，comesnearerthaninanyothercountrytothepureidea。
Yetitwouldbeagreaterrortoimaginethatourprincesmerelyreignandnevergovern。Intheseventeenthcentury，bothWhigsandToriesthoughtit，notonlytheright，buttheduty，ofthefirstmagistratetogovern。AllpartiesagreedinblamingCharlestheSecondfornotbeinghisownPrimeMinister；allpartiesagreedinpraisingJamesforbeinghisownLordHighAdmiral；andallpartiesthoughtitnaturalandreasonablethatWilliamshouldbehisownForeignSecretary。
Itmaybeobservedthattheablestandbestinformedofthosewhohavecensuredthemannerinwhichthenegotiationsofthattimewereconductedarescarcelyconsistentwiththemselves。For，whiletheyblameWilliamforbeinghisownAmbassadorPlenipotentiaryattheHague，theypraisehimforbeinghisownCommanderinChiefinIreland。Yetwhereisthedistinctioninprinciplebetweenthetwocases？Surelyeveryreasonwhichcanbebroughttoprovethatheviolatedtheconstitution，when，byhisownsoleauthority，hemadecompactswiththeEmperorandtheElectorofBrandenburg，willequallyprovethatheviolatedtheconstitution，when，byhisownsoleauthority，heorderedonecolumntoplungeintothewateratOldbridgeandanothertocrossthebridgeofSlane。IftheconstitutiongavehimthecommandoftheforcesoftheState，theconstitutiongavehimalsothedirectionoftheforeignrelationsoftheState。Onwhatprinciplethencanitbemaintainedthathewasatlibertytoexercisetheformerpowerwithoutconsultinganybody，butthathewasboundtoexercisethelatterpowerinconformitywiththeadviceofaminister？Willitbesaidthatanerrorindiplomacyislikelytobemoreinjurioustothecountrythananerrorinstrategy？Surelynot。ItishardlyconceivablethatanyblunderwhichWilliammighthavemadeattheHaguecouldhavebeenmoreinjurioustothepublicintereststhanadefeatattheBoyne。Orwillitbesaidthattherewasgreaterreasonforplacingconfidenceinhismilitarythaninhisdiplomaticskill？Surelynot。Inwarheshowedsomegreatmoralandintellectualqualities；but，asatactician，hedidnotrankhigh；andofhismanycampaignsonlytwoweredecidedlysuccessful。Inthetalentsofanegotiator，ontheotherhand，hehasneverbeensurpassed。
OftheinterestsandthetempersofthecontinentalcourtsheknewmorethanallhisPrivyCounciltogether。Someofhisministersweredoubtlessmenofgreatability，excellentoratorsintheHouseofLords，andversedinourinsularpolitics。But，inthedeliberationsoftheCongress，CaermarthenandNottinghamwouldhavebeenfoundasfarinferiortohimashewouldhavebeenfoundinferiortotheminaparliamentarydebateonaquestionpurelyEnglish。ThecoalitionagainstFrancewashiswork。Healonehadjoinedtogetherthepartsofthatgreatwhole；andhealonecouldkeepthemtogether。
Ifhehadtrustedthatvastandcomplicatedmachineinthehandsofanyofhissubjects，itwouldinstantlyhavefallentopieces。
Somethingsindeedweretobedonewhichnoneofhissubjectswouldhaveventuredtodo。PopeAlexanderwasreally，thoughnotinname，oneoftheallies；itwasofthehighestimportancetohavehimforafriend；andyetsuchwasthetemperoftheEnglishnationthatanEnglishministermightwellshrinkfromhavinganydealings，directorindirect，withtheVatican。TheSecretariesofStateweregladtoleaveamattersodelicateandsofullofrisktotheirmaster，andtobeabletoprotestwithtruththatnotalinetowhichthemostintolerantProtestantcouldobjecthadevergoneoutoftheiroffices。
ItmustnotbesupposedhoweverthatWilliameverforgotthathisespecial，hishereditary，missionwastoprotecttheReformedFaith。HisinfluencewithRomanCatholicprinceswasconstantlyandstrenuouslyexertedforthebenefitoftheirProtestantsubjects。Inthespringof1691，theWaldensianshepherds，longandcruellypersecuted，andwearyoftheirlives，weresurprisedbygladtidings。Thosewhohadbeeninprisonforheresyreturnedtotheirhomes。Children，whohadbeentakenfromtheirparentstobeeducatedbypriests，weresentback。Congregations，whichhadhithertometonlybystealthandwithextremeperil，nowworshippedGodwithoutmolestationinthefaceofday。ThosesimplemountaineersprobablyneverknewthattheirfatehadbeenasubjectofdiscussionattheHague，andthattheyowedthehappinessoftheirfiresides，andthesecurityoftheirhumbletemplestotheascendencywhichWilliamexercisedovertheDukeofSavoy。8
NocoalitionofwhichhistoryhaspreservedthememoryhashadanablerchiefthanWilliam。ButevenWilliamoftencontendedinvainagainstthoseviceswhichareinherentinthenatureofallcoalitions。Noundertakingwhichrequirestheheartyandlongcontinuedcooperationofmanyindependentstatesislikelytoprosper。Jealousiesinevitablyspringup。Disputesengenderdisputes。Everyconfederateistemptedtothrowonotherssomepartoftheburdenwhichheoughthimselftobear。Scarcelyonehonestlyfurnishesthepromisedcontingent。Scarcelyoneexactlyobservestheappointedday。ButperhapsnocoalitionthateverexistedwasinsuchconstantdangerofdissolutionasthecoalitionwhichWilliamhadwithinfinitedifficultyformed。Thelonglistofpotentates，whometinpersonorbytheirrepresentativesattheHague，lookedwellintheGazettes。Thecrowdofprincelyequipages，attendedbymanycolouredguardsandlacqueys，lookedwellamongthelimetreesoftheVoorhout。ButtheverycircumstanceswhichmadetheCongressmoresplendidthanothercongressesmadetheleagueweakerthanotherleagues。Themorenumeroustheallies，themorenumerouswerethedangerswhichthreatenedthealliance。Itwasimpossiblethattwentygovernments，dividedbyquarrelsaboutprecedence，quarrelsaboutterritory，quarrelsabouttrade，quarrelsaboutreligion，couldlongacttogetherinperfectharmony。Thattheyactedtogetherduringseveralyearsinimperfectharmonyistobeascribedtothewisdom，patienceandfirmnessofWilliam。
Thesituationofhisgreatenemywasverydifferent。TheresourcesoftheFrenchmonarchy，thoughcertainlynotequaltothoseofEngland，Holland，theHouseofAustria，andtheEmpireofGermanyunited，wereyetveryformidable；theywereallcollectedinacentralposition；theywereallundertheabsolutedirectionofasinglemind。LewiscoulddowithtwowordswhatWilliamcouldhardlybringaboutbytwomonthsofnegotiationatBerlin，Munich，Brussels，TurinandVienna。ThusFrancewasfoundequalineffectivestrengthtoallthestateswhichwerecombinedagainsther。Forinthepolitical，asinthenaturalworld，theremaybeanequalityofmomentumbetweenunequalbodies，whenthebodywhichisinferiorinweightissuperiorinvelocity。
Thiswassoonsignallyproved。InMarchtheprincesandambassadorswhohadbeenassembledattheHagueseparatedandscarcelyhadtheyseparatedwhenalltheirplansweredisconcertedbyaboldandskilfulmoveoftheenemy。
LewiswassensiblethatthemeetingoftheCongresswaslikelytoproduceagreateffectonthepublicmindofEurope。Thateffecthedeterminedtocounteractbystrikingasuddenandterribleblow。Whilehisenemiesweresettlinghowmanytroopseachofthemshouldfurnish，heorderednumerousdivisionsofhisarmytomarchfromwidelydistantpointstowardsMons，oneofthemostimportant，ifnotthemostimportant，ofthefortresseswhichprotectedtheSpanishNetherlands。Hispurposewasdiscoveredonlywhenitwasallbutaccomplished。William，whohadretiredforafewdaystoLoo，learned，withsurpriseandextremevexation，thatcavalry，infantry，artillery，bridgesofboats，werefastapproachingthefatedcitybymanyconvergingroutes。A
hundredthousandmenhadbeenbroughttogether。AlltheimplementsofwarhadbeenlargelyprovidedbyLouvois，thefirstoflivingadministrators。ThecommandwasentrustedtoLuxemburg，thefirstoflivinggenerals。ThescientificoperationsweredirectedbyVauban，thefirstoflivingengineers。Thatnothingmightbewantingwhichcouldkindleemulationthroughalltheranksofagallantandloyalarmy，themagnificentKinghimselfhadsetoutfromVersaillesforthecamp。YetWilliamhadstillsomefainthopethatitmightbepossibletoraisethesiege。HeflewtotheHague，putalltheforcesoftheStatesGeneralinmotion，andsentpressingmessagestotheGermanPrinces。Withinthreeweeksafterhehadreceivedthefirsthintofthedanger，hewasintheneighbourhoodofthebesiegedcity，attheheadofnearfiftythousandtroopsofdifferentnations。ToattackasuperiorforcecommandedbysuchacaptainasLuxemburgwasabold，almostadesperate，enterprise。YetWilliamwassosensiblethatthelossofMonswouldbeanalmostirreparabledisasteranddisgracethathemadeuphismindtorunthehazard。HewasconvincedthattheeventofthesiegewoulddeterminethepolicyoftheCourtsofStockholmandCopenhagen。ThoseCourtshadlatelyseemedinclinedtojointhecoalition。IfMonsfell，theywouldcertainlyremainneutral；theymightpossiblybecomehostile。\"Therisk，\"hewrotetoHeinsius，\"isgreat；yetIamnotwithouthope。Iwilldowhatcanbedone。TheissueisinthehandsofGod。\"OntheverydayonwhichthisletterwaswrittenMonsfell。Thesiegehadbeenvigorouslypressed。Lewishimself，thoughsufferingfromthegout，hadsettheexampleofstrenuousexertion。Hishouseholdtroops，thefinestbodyofsoldiersinEurope，had，underhiseye，surpassedthemselves。Theyoungnoblesofhiscourthadtriedtoattracthisnoticebyexposingthemselvestothehottestfirewiththesamegayalacritywithwhichtheywerewonttoexhibittheirgracefulfiguresathisballs。Hiswoundedsoldierswerecharmedbythebenignantcourtesywithwhichhewalkedamongtheirpallets，assistedwhilewoundsweredressedbythehospitalsurgeons，andbreakfastedonaporringerofthehospitalbroth。Whileallwasobedienceandenthusiasmamongthebesiegers，allwasdisunionanddismayamongthebesieged。ThedutyoftheFrenchlineswassowellperformedthatnomessengersentbyWilliamwasabletocrossthem。Thegarrisondidnotknowthatreliefwascloseathand。Theburgherswereappalledbytheprospectofthosehorriblecalamitieswhichbefallcitiestakenbystorm。Showersofshellsandredhotbulletswerefallinginthestreets。Thetownwasonfireintenplacesatonce。Thepeacefulinhabitantsderivedanunwontedcouragefromtheexcessoftheirfear，androseonthesoldiers。
Thenceforthresistancewasimpossible；andacapitulationwasconcluded。Thearmiesthenretiredintoquarters。Militaryoperationsweresuspendedduringsomeweeks；LewisreturnedintriumphtoVersailles；andWilliampaidashortvisittoEngland，wherehispresencewasmuchneeded。9
Hefoundtheministersstillemployedintracingouttheramificationsoftheplotwhichhadbeendiscoveredjustbeforehisdeparture。EarlyinJanuary，Preston，AshtonandElliothadbeenarraignedattheOldBailey。Theyclaimedtherightofseveringintheirchallenges。Itwasthereforenecessarytotrythemseparately。Theaudiencewasnumerousandsplendid。Manypeerswerepresent。TheLordPresidentandthetwoSecretariesofStateattendedinordertoprovethatthepapersproducedinCourtwerethesamewhichBillophadbroughttoWhitehall。A
considerablenumberofjudgesappearedonthebench；andHoltpresided。Afullreportoftheproceedingshascomedowntous，andwelldeservestobeattentivelystudied，andtobecomparedwiththereportsofothertrialswhichhadnotlongbeforetakenplaceunderthesameroof。Thewholespiritofthetribunalhadundergoneinafewmonthsachangesocompletethatitmightseemtohavebeentheworkofages。Twelveyearsearlier，unhappyRomanCatholics，accusedofwickednesswhichhadneverenteredintotheirthoughts，hadstoodinthatdock。ThewitnessesfortheCrownhadrepeatedtheirhideousfictionsamidsttheapplaudinghumsoftheaudience。Thejudgeshadshared，orhadpretendedtoshare，thestupidcredulityandthesavagepassionsofthepopulace，hadexchangedsmilesandcomplimentswiththeperjuredinformers，hadroareddowntheargumentsfeeblystammeredforthbytheprisoners，andhadnotbeenashamed，inpassingthesentenceofdeath，tomakeribaldjestsonpurgatoryandthemass。AssoonasthebutcheryofPapistswasover，thebutcheryofWhigshadcommenced；andthejudgeshadappliedthemselvestotheirnewworkwithevenmorethantheiroldbarbarity。TothesescandalstheRevolutionhadputanend。
Whoever，afterperusingthetrialsofIrelandandPickering，ofGroveandBerry，ofSidney，CornishandAliceLisle，turnstothetrialsofPrestonandAshton，willbeastonishedbythecontrast。
TheSolicitorGeneral，Somers，conductedtheprosecutionswithamoderationandhumanityofwhichhispredecessorshadlefthimnoexample。\"Ididneverthink，\"hesaid，\"thatitwasthepartofanywhowereofcounselfortheKingincasesofthisnaturetoaggravatethecrimeoftheprisoners，ortoputfalsecoloursontheevidence。\"10Holt’sconductwasfaultless。Pollexfen，anoldermanthanHoltorSomers，retainedalittle，——andalittlewastoomuch，——ofthetoneofthatbadschoolinwhichhehadbeenbred。But，thoughheonceortwiceforgottheausteredecorumofhisplace，hecannotbeaccusedofanyviolationofsubstantialjustice。Theprisonersthemselvesseemtohavebeensurprisedbythefairnessandgentlenesswithwhichtheyweretreated。\"Iwouldnotmisleadthejury，I’llassureyou，\"saidHolttoPreston，\"nordoYourLordshipanymannerofinjuryintheworld。\"\"No，myLord；\"saidPreston；\"IseeitwellenoughthatYourLordshipwouldnot。\"\"Whatevermyfatemaybe，\"saidAshton，\"IcannotbutownthatIhavehadafairtrialformylife。\"