[42]Alumfinelypowdered，ormixedwithsalt，isanormalarticleofcommercebearingthesignificantnameof\"bakers’stuff。\"
[43]Sootisawell—knownandveryenergeticformofcarbon，andformsamanurethatcapitalisticchimney—sweepsselltoEnglishfarmers。Nowin1862theBritishjurymanhadinalaw—suittodecidewhethersoot，withwhich，unknowntothebuyer，90%ofdustandsandaremixed，isgenuinesootinthecommercialsenseoradulteratedsootinthelegalsense。The\"amisducommerce\"decidedittobegenuinecommercialsoot，andnonsuitedtheplaintifffarmer，whohadinadditiontopaythecostsofthesuit。
[44]TheFrenchchemist，Chevallier，inhistreatiseonthe\"sophistications\"
ofcommodities，enumeratesformanyofthe600ormorearticleswhichhepassesinreview，10，20，30differentmethodsofadulteration。Headdsthathedoesnotknowallthemethodsanddoesnotmentionallthatheknows。Hegives6kindsofadulterationofsugar，9ofoliveoil，10ofbutter，12ofsalt，19ofmilk，20ofbread，23ofbrandy，24ofmeal，28ofchocolate，30ofwine，32ofcoffee，etc。EvenGodAlmightydoesnotescapethisfate。SeeRouarddeCard，\"OntheFalsificationsofthehlaterialsoftheSacrament。\"（\"Delafalsificationdessubstancessacramentelles，\"
Paris，1856。）
[45]\"Report，&c。，relativetothegrievancescomplainedofbythejourneymenbakers，&c。，London，1862，\"and\"SecondReport，&c。，London，1863。\"
[46]l。c。，FirstReport，&c。，p。vi。
[47]l。c。，p。Ixxi。
[48]GeorgeRead，\"TheHistoryofBaking，\"London，1848，p。16。
[49]Report（First）&c。Evidenceofthe\"full—priced\"bakerCheeseman，p。
108。
[50]GeorgeRead，l。c。Attheendofthe17thandthebeginningofthe18thcenturiesthefactors（agents）thatcrowdedintoeverypossibletradewerestilldenouncedas\"publicnuisances。\"ThustheGrandJuryatthequartersessionoftheJusticesofthePeacefortheCountyofSomerset，addressedapresentmenttotheLowerHousewhich，amongotherthings，states，\"thatthesefactorsofBlackwellHallareaPublicNuisanceandPrejudicetotheClothingTrade，andoughttobeputdownasaNuisance。\"\"TheCaseofourEnglishWool。，&c。，\"London，1685，pp。6，7。
[51]FirstReport，&c。
[52]ReportofCommitteeontheBakingTradeinIrelandfor1861。
[53]l。c。
[54]PublicmeetingofagriculturallabourersatLasswade，nearEdinburgh，January5th，1866。（SeeWorkman’sAdvocate，January13th，1866。）Theformationsincethecloseof1865ofaTrades’UnionamongtheagriculturallabourersatfirstinScotlandisahistoricevent。InoneofthemostoppressedagriculturaldistrictsofEngland，Buckinghamshire，thelabourers，inMarch，1867，madeaueatstrikefortheraisingoftheirweeklywagefrom9—10
shillingsto12shillings。（ItwillbeseenfromtheprecedingpassagethatthemovementoftheEnglishagriculturalproletariat，entirelycrushedsincethesuppressionofitsviolentmanifestationsafter1830，andespeciallysincetheintroductionofthenewPoorLaws，beginsagaininthesixties，untilitbecomesfinallyepoch—makingin1872。Ireturntothisinthe2ndvolume，aswellastotheBluebooksthathaveappearedsince1867
onthepositionoftheEnglishlandlabourers。Addendumtothe3rdea。）
[55]Reynolds’Newspaper，January，1866。？Everyweekthissamepaperhas，underthesensationalheadings，\"Fearfulandfatalaccidents，\"\"Appallingtragedies，\"&c。，awholelistoffreshrailwaycatastrophes。OntheseanemployeontheNorthStaffordshirelinecomments:\"Everyoneknowstheconsequencesthatmayoccurifthedriverandfiremanofalocomotiveenginearenotcontinuallyonthelook—out。Howcanthatbeexpectedfromamanwhohasbeenatsuchworkfor29or30hours，exposedtotheweather，andwithoutrest。Thefollowingisanexamplewhichisofveryfrequentoccurrence:？OnefiremancommencedworkontheMondaymorningataveryearlyhour。
Whenhehadfinishedwhatiscalledaday’swork，hehadbeenonduty14
hours50minutes。Beforehehadtimetogethistea，hewasagaincalledonforduty……Thenexttimehefinishedhehadbeenonduty14hours25minutes，makingatotalof29hours15minuteswithoutintermission。
Therestoftheweek’sworkwasmadeupasfollows:？Wednesday。15hours:
Thursday，15hours35minutes;Friday，142hours;Saturday，14hours10
minutes，makingatotalfortheweekof88hours40minutes。Now，sir，fancyhisastonishmentonbeingpaid61/4daysforthewhole。Thinkingitwasamistake，heappliedtothetime—keeper，……andinquitedwhattheyconsideredaday’swork，andwastold13hoursforagoodsman（i。e。，78hours）……Hethenaskedforwhathehadmadeoverandabovethe78
hoursperweek，butwasrefused。However，hewasatlasttoldtheywouldgivehimanotherquarter，i。e。，10d。，\"l。c。，4thFebruary。1866。
[56]CfF。Engels，l。c。，pp。253，254。
[57]Dr。Letheby，ConsultingPhysicianoftheBoardofHealth，declared:\"Theminimumofairforeachadultoughttobeinasleepingroom300，andinadwellingroom500cubicfeet。\"Dr。Richardson，SeniorPhysiciantooneoftheLondonHospitals:\"Withneedlewomenofallkinds，includingmilliners，dressmakers，andordinarysempstresses，therearethreemiseries？over—work，deficientair，andeitherdeficientfoodordeficientdigestion……Needlework，inthemain，……isinfinitelybetteradaptedtowomenthantomen。Butthemischiefsofthetrade，inthemetropolisespecially，arethatitismonopolisedbysometwenty—sixcapitalists，who，undertheadvantagesthatspringfromcapital，canbringincapitaltoforceeconomyoutoflabour。
Thispowertellsthroughoutthewholeclass。Ifadressmakercangetalittlecircleofcustomers，suchisthecompetitionthat，inherhome，shemustworktothedeathtoholdtogether，andthissameover—workshemustofnecessityinflictonanywhomayassisther。Ifshefail，ordonottryindependently，shemustjoinanestablishment，whereherlabourisootless，butwherehermoneyissafe。Placedthus，shebecomesamereslave。tossedaboutwiththevariationsofsociety。Nowathome，inoneroom，starving，orneartoit，thenengaged15，16，aye，even18hoursoutofthe24，inanairthatisscarcelytolerable，andonfoodwhich，evenifitbegood，cannotbedigestedintheabsenceofpureair。Onthesevictims，consumption，whichispurelyadiseaseofbadair，feeds。\"Dr。
Richardson:\"WorkandOver—work，\"in\"SocialScienceReview，\"18thJuly，1863。
[58]MorningStar，23rdJune，1863。？TheTimesmadeuseofthecircumstancetodefendtheAmericanslave—ownersagainstBright，&c。
\"Verymanyofusthink，\"saysaleaderofJuly2nd，1863，\"that，whileweworkourownyoungwomentodeath，usingthescourgeofstarvation，insteadofthecrackofthewhip，astheinstrumentofcompulsion，wehavescarcelyarighttohoundonfireandslaughteragainstfamilieswhowerebornslave—owners，andwho，atleast，feedtheirslaveswell，andworkthemlightly。\"Inthesamemanner，theStandard，aToryorgan，fellfouloftheRev。NewmanHall:\"Heexcommunicatedtheslave—owners，butprayswiththefinefolkwho，withoutremorse，maketheomnibusdriversandconductorsofLondon，&c。，work16hoursa—dayforthewagesofadog。\"Finally，spaketheoracle，ThomasCarlyle，ofwhomIwrote，in1850，\"ZumTeufelistderGenius，derKultusistgeblieben。\"Inashortparable，hereducestheonegreateventofcontemporaryhistory，theAmericanCivilWar，tothislevel，thatthePeteroftheNorthwantstobreaktheheadofthePauloftheSouthwithallhismight，becausethePeteroftheNorthhireshislabourbytheday，andthePauloftheSouthhireshisbythelife。（\"Macmillan’sMagazine。\"lliasAmericanainnuce。August，1863。）Thus，thebubbleofTorysympathyfortheurbanworkers？bynomeansfortherural？hasburstatlast。Thesumofallis？slavery！
[59]Dr。Richardson，l。c。
[60]Children’sEmploymentCommission。ThirdReport。London，1864，pp。iv。，v。，vi。
[61]\"BothinStaffordshireandinSouthWalesyounggirlsandwomenareemployedonthepitbanksandonthecokeheaps，notonlybydaybutalsobynight。
ThispracticehasbeenoftennoticedinReportspresentedtoParliament，asbeingattendedwithgreatandnotoriousevils。Thesefemalesemployedwiththemen，hardlydistinguishedfromthemintheirdress，andbegrimedwithdirtandsmoke，areexposedtothedeteriorationofcharacter，arisingfromthelossofself—respect，whichcanhardlyfailtofollowfromtheirunfeminineoccupation。\"（l。c。，194，p。xxvi。Cf。FourthReport（1865），61，p。xiii。）Itisthesameinglass—works。
[62]Asteelmanufacturerwhoemployschildreninnight—labourremarked:\"Itseemsbutnaturalthatboyswhoworkatnightcannotsleepandgetproperrestbyday，butwillberunningabout。’（l。c。，FourthReport，63，p。
xiii。）Ontheimportanceofsunlightforthemaintenanceandgrowthofthebody，aphysicianwrites:\"Lightalsoactsuponthetissuesofthebodydirectlyinhardeningthemandsupportingtheirelasticity。Tnemusclesofanimals，whentheyaredeprivedofaproperamountoflight，becomesoflandinelastic，thenenouspowerlosesitstonefromdefectivestimulation，andthedaborationofallgrowthseemstobeperverted……Inthecaseofchildren，constantaccesstoplentyoflightduringtheday，andtothedirectraysofthesunforapartofit，ismostessentialtohealth。
Lightassistsintheelaborationofgoodplasticblood，andhardensthefibreafterithasbeenlaiddown。Italsoactsasastimulusupontheorgansofsips，andbythismeansbringsaboutmoreactivityinthevariouscerebralfunctions。\"Dr。W。Strange，SeniorPhysicianoftheWorcesterGeneralHospital，fromwhoseworkon\"Health\"（1864）thispassageistaken，writesinalettertoMr。White，oneofthecommissioners:\"Ihavehadopportunitiesformerly，wheninLancashire，ofobservingtheeffectsofnightworkuponchildren，andIhavenohesitationinsaying，contrarytowhatsomeemployerswerefondofasserting，thosechildrenwhoweresubjectedtoitsoonsufferedintheirhealth。\"（l。c。，284。，p。55。）Thatsuchaquestionshouldfurnishthematerialofseriouscontroversy，showsplainlyhowcapitalistproductionactsonthebrain—functionsofcapitalistsandtheirretainers。
[63]l。c。，57，p。xii。
[64]l。c……FourthReport（1865）。58。p。xii。
[65]l。c。
[66]l。c。，p。xiii。Thedegreeofcultureofthese\"labour—powers\"mustnaturallybesuchasappearsinthefollowingdialogueswithoneofthecommissioners:
JeremiahHaynes，age12？\"Fourtimesfouris8;4foursare16。Akingishimthathasallthemoneyandgold。Wehaveajking（tolditisaQueen），theycallherthePrincessAlexandra。ToldthatshemarriedtheQueen’sson。TheQueen’ssonisthePrincessAlexandra。APrincessisaman\"WilliamTurner，age12？\"Don’tliveinEngland。Thinkitisacountry，butdidn’tknowbefore。\"JohnMorris，age14？\"HaveheardsaythatGodmadetheworld，andthatallthepeoplewasdrowndedbutone，heardsaythatonewasalittlebird。\"WilliamSmithage15？``Godmademan，manmadewoman。\"EdwardTaylor，age15？\"DonotknowofLondon。\"HenryMatthewman，age17？\"Hadbeentochapel，butmissedagoodmanytimeslately。OnenamethattheypreachedaboutwasJesusChrist，butIcannotsayanyothers，andIcannotte~lanythingabouthim。Hewasnotkilled，butdiedlikeotherpeople。Hewasnotthesameasotherpeopleinsomeways，becausehewasreligiousinsomewaysandothersisn’t。\"（l。c。，p。xv。）\"Thedevilisagoodperson。
Idon’tknowwherehelives。\"’Christwasawickedman。\"\"ThisgirlspeltGodasdog，anddidnotknowthenameofthequeen。\"（\"Ch。EmploymentComm。
V。Report，1866\"p。55，n。278。）Thesamesystemobtainsintheglassandpaperworksasinthemetallurgical，alreadycited。Inthepaperfactories，wherethepaperismadebymachinery，nips—workistheruleforallprocesses，exceptrag—sorting。Insomecasesnight—work，byrelays，iscarriedonincessantlythroupthewholeweek，usuallyfromSundayniptuntilmidniptofthefollowingSaturday。Thosewhoareonday—workwork5daysof12，andIdayof18hours;thoseonnips—work5niptsof12，andIof6hoursineachweek。Inothercaseseachsetworks24hoursconsecutivelyonalternatedays，onesetworking6hoursonMonday，and18onSaturdaytomakeupthe24hours。Inothercasesanintermediatesystemprevails，bywhichallemployedonthepaper—makingmachinerywork15or16hourseverydayintheweek。Thissystem，saysCommissionerLord，\"seemstocombinealltheevilsofboththe12hours’andthe24hours’relays。\"Childrenunder13，youngpersonsunder18，andwomen，workunderthisniptsystem。Sometimesunderthe12hours’systemtheyareobliged，onaccountofthenon—appearanceofthosethatoupttorelievethem，toworkadoubleturnof24hours。
Theevidenceprovesthatboysandgirlsveryoftenworkovertime，which，notunfrequently，extendsto24oreven36hoursofuninterruptedtoil。
Inthecontinuousandunvaryingprocessofglazingarefoundgirlsof12
whoworkthewholemonth14hoursaday，\"withoutanyregularrelieforcessationbeyond2or，atmost，3breaksofhalfanhoureachformeals。\"
Insomemills。whereregularnips—workhasbeenentirelygivenup，over—workgoesontoaterribleextent，\"andthatofteninthedirtiest，andinthehottest，andinthemostmonotonousofthevariousprocesses。\"（\"Ch。EmpIoymentComm。ReportIV。，1865，\"p。xxxviii，andxxxix。）
[67]FourthReport，&c……1865，79，p。xvi。
[68]l。c。，80。p。xvi。
[69]l。c。，82。p。xvii。
[70]Inourreflectingandreasoningageamanisnotworthmuchwhocannotgiveagoodreasonforeverything，nomatterhowbadorhowcrazy。Everythingintheworldthathasbeendonewronghasbeendonewrongfortheverybestofreasons。（Hegel，l。c。，p。249）
[71]l。c。，85，p。xvii。Tosimilartenderscruplesoftheglassmanufacturersthatregularmeal—timesforthechildrenareimpossiblebecauseasaconsequenceacertainquantityofheat，radiatedbythefurnaces，wouldbe\"apureloss\"or\"wasted，\"CommissionerWhitemakesanswer。Hisanswer。isunlikethatofUre，Senior，&c。，andtheirpunyGermanplagiarists。alaRoscherwhoaretouchedbythe\"abstinence，\"\"self—denial，\"\"saving，\"ofthecapitalistsintheexpenditureoftheirgold，andbytheirTimur—Tamerlanishprodigalityofhumanlife！\"Acertainamountofheatbeyondwhatisusualatpresentmightalsobegoingtowaste，ifmeal—timesweresecuredinthesecases，butitseemslikelynotequalinmoney—valuetothewasteofanimalpowernowgoingoninglass—housesthroughoutthekingdomfromgrowingboysnothavingenoughquiettimetoeattheirmealsatease，withalittlerestafterwardsfordigestion。\"（l。c。，p。xiv。）Andthisintheyearofprogress1865！Withoutconsideringtheexpenditureofstrengthinliftingandcarrying，suchachild，intheshedswherebottleandflintglassaremade，walksduringtheperformanceofhiswork15—20milesinevery6hours！Andtheworkoftenlasts14or15hours！Inmanyoftheseglassworks，asintheMoscowspinningmills，thesystemof6hours’relaysisinforce。\"Duringtheworkingpartoftheweeksixhoursistheutmostunbrokenperiodeverattainedatanyonetimeforrest，andoutofthishastocomethetimespentincomingandgoingtoandfromwork，washing，dressing，andmeals，leavingaveryshortperiodindeedforrest，andnoneforfreshairandplay，unlessattheexpenseofthesleepnecessaryforyoungboys，especiallyatsuchhotandfatiguingwork……Eventheshortsleepisobviouslyliabletobebrokenbyaboyhavingtowakehimselfifitisnight，orbythenoise，ifitisday。\"Mr。Whitegivescaseswhereaboyworked36consecutivehours;otherswhere，boysof12drudgedonuntil2inthemorning，andthensleptintheworkstill5a。m。（3hours！）onlytoresumetheirwork。\"Theamountofwork，\"sayTremenheereandTufnell，whodraftedthegeneralreport，\"donebyboys，youths，girls，andwomen，inthecourseoftheirdailyornightlyspelloflabour，iscertainlyextraordinary。\"（l。c。，xliii。andxliv。）Meanwhile，Iatebynight，self—denyingMr。Glass—Capital，primedwithport—wine，reelsoutofhisclubhomewarddroningoutidiotically。
\"Britonsnever，nevershallbeslaves！\"
[72]InEnglandevennowoccasionallyinruraldistrictsalaboureriscondemnedtoimprisonmentfordesecratingtheSabbath，byworkinginhisfrontgarden。
Thesamelabourerispunishedforbreachofcontractifheremainsawayfromhismetal，paper，orglassworksontheSunday，evenifitbefromareligiouswhim。TheorthodoxParliamentwillhearnothingofSabbath—breakingifitoccursintheprocessofexpandingcapital。Amemorial（August1863），inwhichtheLondonday—labourersinfishandpoultryshopsaskedfortheabolitionofSundaylabour，statesthattheirworklastsforthefirst6daysoftheweekonanaverage15hoursa—day，andonSunday8—10hours。
FromthissamememorialwelearnalsothatthedelicategourmandsamongthearistocratichypocritaofExeterHall，especiallyencouragethis\"Sundaylabour。\"These\"holyones，\"sozealousincutecuranda，showtheirChristianitybythehumilitywithwhichtheybeartheoverwork，theprivations，andthehungerofothers。Obsequiumventrisistis（thelabourers）perniciosiusest。
[73]\"Wehavegiveninourpreviousreportsthestatementsofseveralexperiencedmanufacturerstotheeffectthatover—hours……certainlytendprematurelytoexhausttheworkineoowerofthemen。\"（l。c。，64。p。xiii。）
[74]Cairnes，\"TheSlavePower，\"pp。110。111。
[75]JohnWard:\"TheBoroughofStoke—upon—Trent，\"London，1843，p。42。
[76]Ferrand’sSpeechintheHouseofCommons，27thApril，1863。
[77]Thoseweretheverywordsusedbythecottonmanufacturers。\"l。c。
[78]l。c。Mr。Villiers，despitethebestofintentionsonhispart，was\"legally\"
obligedtorefusetherequestsofthemanufacturers。Thesegentlemen，however，attairiedtheirendthroughtheobligingnatureofthelocalpoorlawboards。
Mr。A。Redgrave，InspectorofFactories，assertsthatthistimethesystemunderwhichorphansandpauperchildrenweretreated\"legally\"asapprentices\"wasnotaccompaniedwiththeoldabuses\"（onthese\"abuses\"seeEngels，l。c。），althoughinonecasetherecertainlywas\"abuseofthissysteminrespecttoanumberofgirlsandyoungwomenbroughtfromtheagriculturaldistrictsofScotlandintoLancashireandCheshire。\"Underthissystemthemanufacturerenteredintoacontractwiththeworkhouseauthoritiesforacertainperiod。Hefed，clothedandlodgedthechildren，andgavethemasmallallowanceofmoney。AremarkofMr。Redgravetobequoteddirectlyseemsstrange，especiallyifweconsiderthatevenamongtheyearsofprosperityoftheEnglishcottontrade，theyear1860standsunparalleled，andthat，besides，wageswereexceptionallyhigh。ForthisextraordinarydemandforworkhadtocontendwiththedepopulationofIreland，withunexampledemigrationfromtheEnglishandScotchagriculturaldistrictstoAustraliaandAmerica，withanactualdiminutionofthepopulationinsomeoftheEnglishagriculturaldistricts，incons’equencepartlyofanactualbreakdownofthevitalforceofthelabourers，partlyofthealreadyeffecteddispersionofthedisposablepopulationthroughthedealersinhumanflesh。DespiteallthisMr。Redgravesays:\"Thiskindoflabour，however，wouldonlybesoughtafterwhennoneothercouldbeprocured，foritisahigh—pricedlabour。Theordinarywagesofaboyof13wouldbeabout4s。perweek，buttolodge，toclothe，tofeed，andtoprovidemedicalattendanceandpropersuperintendencefor50or100oftheseboys，andtosetasidesomeremunerationforthem，couldnotbeaccomplishedfor4s。a—headperweek。\"
（ReportoftheInspectorofFactoriesfor30thApril，1860，p。27。）Mr。
Redgraveforgetstotellushowthelabourerhimselfcandoallthisforhischildrenoutoftheir4s。a—weekwages，whenthemanufacturercannotdoitforthe50or100childrenlodged，boarded，superintendedalltogether。
Toguardagainstfalseconclusionsfromthetext，IoughtheretoremarkthattheEnglishcottonindustry，sinceitwasplacedundertheFactoryActof1850withitsregulationsoflabour—time，&c。，mustberegardedasthemodelindustryofEngland。TheEnglishcottonoperativeisineveryrespectbetteroffthanhisContinentalcompanioninmisery。\"ThePrussianfactoryoperativelaboursatleasttenhoursperweekmorethanhisEnglishcompetitor，andifemployedathisownloominhisbwnhouse，hislabourisnotrestrictedtoeventhoseadditionalhours。（\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，\"
31stOctober，1855，p。103。）Redgrave，theFactoryInspectormentionedabove，aftertheIndustrialExhibitionin1851，travelledontheContinent，especiallyinFranceandGermany，forthepurposeofinquiringintotheconditionsofthefactories。OfthePrussianoperativehesays:\"Hereceivesaremunerationsufficienttoprocurethesimplefare，andtosupplytheslendercomfortstowhichhehasbeenaccustomed……helivesuponhiscoarsefare，andworkshard，whereinhispositionissubordinatetothatoftheEnglishoperative。\"（\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。\"31stOct。，1855，p。
85。）
[79]Theover—worked\"dieoffwithstrangerapidity;buttheplacesofthosewhoperishareinstantlyfilled，andafrequentchangeofpersonsmakesnoalterationinthescene。\"（\"EnglandandAmerica。\"London，1833，vol。
I，p。55。ByE。G。Wakefield。）
[80]See\"PublicHealth。SixthReportoftheMedicalOfficerofthePrivyCouncil，1863。\"PublishedinLondon1864。Thisreportdealsespeciallywiththeagriculturallabourers。\"Sutherland……iscommonlyrepresentedasahighlyimprovedcounty……but……recentinquiryhasdiscoveredthateventhere，indistrictsoncefamousforfinemenandgallantsoldiers，theinhabitantshavedegeneratedintoameagreandstuntedrace。Inthehealthiestsituations，onhillsidesfrontingthesea，thefacesoftheirfamishedchildrenareaspaleastheycouldbeinthefoulatmosphereofaLondonalley。\"（W。
Th。Thornton。\"OverpopulationanditsRemedy。\"l。c。，pp。74，75。）Theyresembleinfactthe30，000\"gallantHighlanders\"whomGlasgowpigstogetherinitswyndsandcloses，withprostitutesandthieves。
[81]\"Butthoughthehealthofapopulationissoimportantafactofthenationalcapital，weareafraiditmustbesaidthattheclassofemployersoflabourhavenotbeenthemostforwardtoguardandcherishthistreasure……Theconsiderationofthehealthoftheoperativeswasforceduponthemill—owners。\"（Times，November5th，1861。）\"ThemenoftheWestRidingbecametheclothiersofmankind……thehealthoftheworkpeoplewassacnficed，andthelaceinafewgenerationsmusthavedegenerated。Butareactionsetin。LordShaftesbury’sBilllimitedthehoursofchildren’slabour，\"
&c。（\"ReportoftheRegistrar—General，\"forOctober1861。）
[82]We，therefore，find，e。g。，thatinthebeginningof1863，26firmsowningextensivepotteriesinStaffordshire，amongstothers，JosiahWedgwood，&Sons，petitioninamemorialfor\"somelegislativeenactment。\"Competitionwithothercapitalistspermitsthemnovoluntarytimitationofworking—timeforchildren，&c。\"Muchaswedeploretheevilsbeforementioned，itwouldnotbepossibletopreventthembyanyschemeofagreementbetweenthemanufacturers。~……Takingallthesepointsintoconsideration，wehavecometotheconvictionthatsomelegislativeenactmentiswanted。\"（\"Children’sEmploymentComm。\"Rep。I，1863，p。322。）Mostrecentlyamuchmorestrikingexampleoffers。Theriseinthepriceofcottonduringaperiodoffeverishactivity，hadinducedthemanufacturersinBlackburntoshorten，bymutualconsent，theworking—timeintheirmillsduringacertainfixedperiod。
ThisperiodterminatedabouttheendofNovember，1871。Meanwhile，thewealthiermanufacturers，whocombinedspinningwithweaving，usedthediminutionofproductionresultingfromthisagreement，toextendtheirownbusinessandthustomakegreatprofitsattheexpenseofthesmallemployers。Thelatterthereuponturnedintheirextremitytotheoperatives，urgedthemearnestlytoagitateforthe9hours’system，andpromisedcontributionsinmoneytothisend。
[83]ThelabourStatutes，thelikeofwhichwereenactedatthesametimeinFrance，theNetherlands，andelsewhere，werefirstformallyrepealedinEnglandin1813，longafterthechangesinn~ethodsofproductionhadrenderedthemobsolete。
[84]\"Nochildunder12yearsofageshallbeemployedinanymanufacturingestablishmentmorethan10hoursinoneday。\"GeneralStatutesofMassachusetts，63，ch。12。（ThevariousStatuteswerepassedbetween1836and1858。）\"Labourperformedduringaperiodof10hoursonanydayinallcotton，woollen，silk，paper，glass，andflaxfactories，orinmanufactoriesofironandbrass，shallbeconsideredalegalday’slabour。Andbeitenacted，thathereafternominorengagedinanyfactoryshallbeholdenorrequiredtoworkmorethan10hoursinanyday，or60hoursinanyweek;andthathereafternominorshallbeadmittedasaworkerundertheageof10yearsinanyfactorywithinthisState。\"StateofNewJersey。AnActtolimitthehoursoflabour，llLc。，§Iand2。（Lawof18thMarch，1851。）\"Nominorwhohasattainedtheageof12years，andisundertheageof15years，shallbeemployedinanymanufacturingatablishmentmorethan11hoursinanyoneday，norbefore5o’clockinthemorning，norafter7。30intheevening。\"（\"RevisedStatutesoftheStateofRhodeIsland，\"&c。，ch。139，§23，IstJuly，1857。）
[85]\"SophismsofFreeTrade。\"7thEd。London，1850，p。205，9thEd。，p。253。
ThissameTory，moreover，admitsthat\"ActsofParliamentregulatingwages，butagainstthelabourerandinfavourofthemaster，lastedforthelongperiodof464years。Populationgrew。Theselawswerethenfound，andreallybecame，unnecessaryandburdensome。\"（l。c。，p。206。）
[86]Inreferencetothisstatute，J。Wadewithtruthremarks:\"Fromthestatementabove（i。e。，withregardtothestatute）itappearsthatin1496thedietwasconsideredequivalenttoone—thirdoftheincomeofanartificerandone—halftheincomeofalabourer，whichindicatesagreaterdegreeofindependenceamongtheworking—classesthanprevailsatpresent;fortheboard，bothoflabourersandartificers，wouldnowbereckonedatamuchhigherproportionoftheirwages。\"（J。Wade，\"HistoryoftheMiddleandWorkingClasses，’pp。24，25，and577。）Theopinionthatthisdifferenceisduetothedifferenceinthepricerelationsbetweenfoodandclothingthenandnowisrefutedbythemostcursoryglanceat\"ChroniconPreciosum，Icc。\"ByBishopFleetwood。IstEd。，London，1707;2ndEd。，London，1745。
[87]W。Petty。``PoliticalAnatomyofIreland，VerbumSapienti，\"1672，Ed。1691，p。10。
[88]\"ADiscourseonthenecessityofencouragingMechanickIndustry，\"London，1690，p。13。Macaulay，whohasfalsifiedEnglishhistoryintheinterestsoftheWhigsandthebourgeoisie，declaresasfollows:\"Thepracticeofsettingchildrenprematurelytowork……prevailedinthe17thcenturytoanextentwhich，whencomparedwiththeextentofthemanufacturingsystem，seemsalmostincredible。AtNorwich，thechiefseatoftheclothingtrade，alittlecreatureofsixyearsoldwasthoughtfitforlabour。Severalwritersofthattime，andamongthemsomewhowereconsideredaseminentlybenevokot，mentionwithexultationthefactthatinthatsinglecity，boysandgirlsofverytenderagecreatewealthexceedingwhatwasnecessaryfortheirownsubsistencebytwelvethousandpoundsayear。Themorecarefullyweexaminethehistoryofthepast，themorereasonshallwefindtodissentfromthosewhoimaginethatouragehasbeenfruitfulofnewsocialevils……
Thatwhichisnewistheintelligenceandthehumanitywhichremediesthem。\"
（\"HistoryofEngland，\"vol。1。，p。417。）Macaulaymighthavereportedfurtherthat\"extremelywelldisposed\"amfsducommerceinthe17thcentury，narratewith\"exultation\"howinapoorhouseinHollandachildoffourwasemployed，andthatthisexampleof\"vertum~seenpraflque\"passesmusterinallthehumanitarianworks，dlaMacaulay，tothetimeofAdamSmith。Itistruethatwiththesubstitutionofmanufactureforhandicrafts，tracesoftheexploitationofchildrenbegintoappear。
Thisexploitationexistedalwaystoacertainextentamongpeasants，andwasthemoredkvdoped，theheaviertheyokepressingonthehusbandman。
Thetendencyofcapitalisthereunmistakably;butthefactsthemselvesarestillasisolatedasthephenomenaoftwo—headedchildren。Hencetheywerenoted\"withexultation\"asespeciallyworthyofremarkandaswondersbythefar—seeing\"amdsducommerce，\"andrecommendedasmoddsfortheirowntimeandforposterity。ThissameScotchsycophantandfinetalker，Macaulay，says:\"Wehearto—dayonlyofretrogressionandseeonlyprogress。\"
Whateyes，andespeciallywhatears！
[89]Amongtheaccusersoftheworkpeopk，themostangryistheanonymousauthorquotedinthetextof\"AnEssayonTradeandCommerce，containingObservationsonTaxes，&c。，\"London，1770。Hehadalreadydealtwiththissubjectinhisearlierwork:\"ConsiderationsonTaxes。\"London，1765。GnthesamesidefollowsPoloniusArthurYoung，theunutterablestatisticalprattler。
Amongthedefendersoftheworking—classestheforemostare:JacobVanderlint，in:\"MoneyAnswersallThings。\"London，1734theRev。NathanielForster，D。D。，in\"AnEnquiryintotheCausesofthePresentHighPriceofProvisions，，’
London，1767;Dr。Price，andespeciallyPostlethwayt，aswellinthesupplementtohis``UniversalDictionaryofTradeandCommerce，\"asinhis\"GreatBntain’sCommercialInterestexplainedandimproved。\"2ndEdition，1755。
Thefactsthemselvesareconfirmedbymanyotherwritersofthetime，amongothersbyJosiahTucker[90]Postlethwayt，l。c。，\"FirstPreliminaryDiscourse，\"p。14。
[91]\"AnEssay，\"&c。Hehimselfrelatesonp。96whereinthe\"happiness\"
oftheEnglishagriculturallaboureralreadyin1770consisted。\"Theirpowersarealwaysuponthestretch，theycannotlivecheaperthantheydo，norworkharder。\"
[92]Protestantism，bychangingalmostallthetraditionalholidaysintoworkdays，playsanimportantpaninthegenesisofcapital。
[93]\"AnEssay，\"4c。，pp。15，41，96，97，55，57，69。？JacobVanderlint，asearlyas1734，declaredthatthesecretoftheout—cryofthecapitalistsastothelazinessoftheworkingpeoplewassimplythattheyclaimedforthesamewages6days’labourinsteadof4。