InFranceandGermanyIhadobservedabettersystem，and，especiallyattheCollegedeFrance，hadbeeninterestedinthecoursesofLaboulayeon\"ComparativeLegislation。\"Thelattersubject，aboveall，seemedlikelytoprovefruitfulintheUnitedStates，wherenotonlythenationalCongressbutoverfortyStatelegislaturesaretryinginvariousways，yearafteryear，tosolvethemanifoldproblemspresentedtothem。Thereforeitwasthat，whiledischargingmydutiesasacommissionerattheParisExpositionof1878，Itookpainstosecureinformationregardinginstruction，invariousEuropeancountries，havingasitsobjectthepreparationofyoungmenforthecivilanddiplomaticservice。EspeciallywasIstruckbythethoroughequipmentforthediplomaticandconsularservicesgivenatthenewlyestablishedecoleLibredesSciencesPolitiquesatParis;consequentlymyreportascommissionerwasdevotedtothisgeneralsubject。Onmyreturnthiswaspublishedunderthetitleof\"TheProvisionforHigherInstructioninSubjectsbearingdirectlyonPublicAffairs，\"andaportionofmymaterialwasthrown，atalaterday，intoanappealfortheestablishmentofpropercoursesinhistoryandpoliticalscience，whichtookthefinalformofacommencementaddressatJohnsHopkinsUniversity。
Itisagreatsatisfactiontomethatthispublication，actingwithotherforcesinthesamedirection，hasbeenevidentlyusefulNothinginthegreatdevelopmentofouruniversitiesduringthelastquarterofacenturyhasbeenmoregratifyingandfullofpromiseforthecountrythantheincreasedprovisionforinstructionbearingonpublicquestions，andtheincreasedinterestinsuchinstructionshownbystudents，and，indeed，bythecommunityatlargeImayaddthatofallthekindnessesshownmebythetrusteesofCornellUniversityatmyresignationofitspresidency，therewasnonewhichpleasedmemorethantheattachmentofmynametotheirnewlyestablishedCollegeofHistoryandPoliticalScience。
Duringthissameperiodanotherimmediatelypracticalsubjectwhichinterestedmewasthereformofthecivilservice;and，havingspokenuponthisatvariouspublicmeetingsaswellaswrittenprivateletterstovariouspublicmeninordertokeepthemthinkinguponit，Ipublishedin1882，inthe\"NorthAmericanReview，\"anarticlegivinghistoricalfactsregardingtheorigin，evolution，andresultsofthespoilssystem，entitled，\"DotheSpoilsBelongtotheVictor？\"ThisbroughtuponmeabitterpersonalattackfrommyoldfriendMr。ThurlowWeed，who，far—sightedandshrewdashewas，couldneverseehowrepublicaninstitutionscouldbemadetoworkwithouttheanticipationofspoils;butforthisIwasmorethancompensatedbythefriendshipofyoungermenwhoarelikelytohavefarmoretodowithourfuturepoliticaldevelopmentthanwilltheoldraceofpoliticians，and，chiefamongtheseyoungmen，Mr。
TheodoreRoosevelt。Iwasalsodrawnofftoothersubjects，makingaddressesatvariousuniversitiesonpointswhichseemedtomeofimportance，themostsuccessfulofallbeingonegivenatYale，uponthethirtiethanniversaryofmyclass，entitled，\"TheMessageoftheNineteenthCenturytotheTwentieth。\"Itwasanendeavortostrengthenthehandsofthosewhowerelaboringtomaintaintheproperbalancebetweenthehumanitiesandtechnicalstudies。TothelatterIhadindeeddevotedmanyyearsofmylife，butthetimehadarrivedwhentheothersideseemedtodemandattention。Thisaddress，thoughtheresultofmuchpreliminarymeditation，wasdictatedinallthehurryandworryofaCornellcommencementweekandgivenintheYalechapeltheweekfollowing。ProbablynothingwhichIhaveeverdone，saveperhapsthetractateon\"PaperMoneyInflationinFrance，\"
receivedsuchimmediateandwide—spreadrecognition:itwascirculatedveryextensivelyintheNewYork\"Independent，\"thenintheformofapamphlet，forwhichtherewaslargedemand，andfinally，stillmorewidely，inacheapform。
ElsewhereinthesereminiscencesIhavegivenanaccountoftheevolutionofmy\"HistoryoftheWarfareofSciencewithTheology。\"Itwasgrowinginmymindforabouttwentyyears，andmymainreading，evenformydifferentcoursesoflectures，hadmoreorlessconnectionwithit。Firstgivenasalecture，itwasthenextendedintoalittlebookwhichgrew，intheshapeofnewchapters，intomuchlargerfinalform。ItwaswrittenmainlyatCornellUniversity，butseveralofitschaptersinotherpartsoftheworld，onebeingalmostwhollypreparedontheNile，atAthens，andatMunich;anotheratSt。PetersburgandduringajourneyintheScandinaviancountries;andotherchaptersinEnglandandFrance。Atlast，inthesparehoursofmyofficiallifeatSt。PetersburgImadeanendofthework;andinItaly，duringthewinterandspringof1894—1895，gaveitfinalrevision。
Forvaluableaidincollectingmaterialsandmakingnotesinpubliclibraries，Iwasindebtedtovariousfriendswhosenamesarementionedinitspreface;andaboveall，tomydearfriendandformerstudent，ProfessorGeorgeLincolnBurr，whonotonlyaidedmegreatlyduringthelatterpartofmytaskbywisesuggestionsandcautions，butwhoreadtheproofsandmadetheindex。
PerhapsImaybeallowedtorepeatherethatmypurposeinpreparingthisbookwastostrengthennotonlysciencebutreligion。Ihaveneverhadanytendencytoscoffing，norhaveI
likedscoffers。Manyofmyclosestassociationsanddearestfriendshipshavebeen，andstillare，withclergymen。Clergymenaregenerally，inourcitiesandvillages，amongthebestandmostintelligentmenthatonefinds，and，asarule，withthoughtfulandtolerantoldlawyersanddoctors，thepeoplebestworthknowing。Myaiminwritingwasnotonlytoaidinfreeingsciencefromtrammelswhichforcenturieshadbeenvexatiousandcruel，butalsotostrengthenreligiousteachersbyenablingthemtoseesomeoftheevilsinthepastwhich，forthesakeofreligionitself，theyoughttoguardagainstinthefuture。
DuringvacationjourneysinEuropeIwasled，atvarioushistoricalcenters，totakeupspecialsubjectsakintothosedevelopedinmylectures。Thus，duringmythirdvisittoFlorence，havingreadManzoni’s\"PromessiSposi，\"whichstillseemstomethemostbeautifulhistoricalromanceeverwritten，I
wasgreatlyimpressedbythatpartofitwhichdepictsthesuperstitionsandlegalcrueltiesengenderedbytheplagueatMilan。Thisstory，withManzoni’s\"ColonnaInfame\"andCantu’s\"VitadiBeccaria，\"ledmetotakeupthehistoryofcriminallaw，andespeciallythedevelopmentoftortureinprocedureandpunishment。Muchtimeduringtwoorthreeyearswasgiventothissubject，andawinteratStuttgartin1877—1878wasentirelydevotedtoit。InthecourseofthesestudiesIrealizedasneverbeforehowmuchdogmatictheologyandecclesiasticismhavedonetodevelopandmaintainthemostfrightfulfeaturesinpenallaw。
IfoundthatinGreeceandRome，beforethecominginofChristianity，torturehadbeenreducedtoaminimumand，indeed，hadbeenmainlyabolished;butthatthedoctrineinthemediaevalchurchasto\"ExceptedCases\"——namely，casesofheresyandwitchcraft，regardingwhichthetheologicaldogmawasdevelopedthatSatanwouldexercisehispowerstohelphisvotaries——hadledtothereestablishmentofasystemoftorture，inordertobaffleandovercomeSatan，farmorecruelthananywhichprevailedunderpaganism。
Ialsofoundthat，whileunderthelaterRomanemperorsand，infact，downtothecompletesupremacyofChristianity，criminalproceduregrewsteadilymoreandmoremerciful，assoonasthechurchwasestablishedinfullpoweryetanothertheologicaldoctrinecameinwithsuchforcethatitextendedtheuseoftorturefromthe\"ExceptedCases\"namedabovetoallcriminalprocedure，andmaintainedit，initsmostfrightfulform，formorethanathousandyears。ThisnewdoctrinewasthatsincetheAlmightypunisheshiserringchildrenbytorturesinfiniteincrueltyandeternalinduration，earthlyauthoritiesmayjustlyimitatethisdivineexamplesofarastheirfinitepowersenablethemtodoso。Ifoundthisdoctrinenotonlyespeciallyeffectiveinthemediaevalchurch，buttakingonevenmorehideouscharacteristicsintheProtestantChurch，especiallyinGermany。OnthissubjectIcollectedmuchmaterial，someofitveryinterestingandlittleknowneventohistoricalscholars。OfthiswereoriginaleditionsoftheoldcriminalcodesofEuropeandlatercriminalcodesinFranceandGermanydowntotheFrenchRevolution，nearlyallofwhichwereenrichedwithengravingsillustratinginstrumentsandprocessesoftorture。So，too，aghastlylightwasthrownintothewholesubjectbytheexecutioners’tariffsinthevariousGermanstates，especiallythoseunderecclesiasticalrule。Oneofseveralinmypossession，whichwaspublishedbytheElectorArchbishopofColognein1757
andstampedwiththearchbishop’sseal，specifiesandsanctionseveryformofingeniouscrueltywhichonehumanbeingcanexerciseuponanother，and，oppositeeachofthesecruelties，thepricewhichtheexecutionerwasauthorizedtoreceiveforadministeringit。Thus，forcuttingofftherighthandsomuch;
fortearingoutthetongue，somuch;fortearingthefleshwithhotpincers，somuch;forburningacriminalalive，somuch;andsoonthroughtwofoliopages。Moreover，Ihadcollecteddetailsofwitchcraftcondemnations，which，duringmorethanacentury，wentonattherateofmorethanathousandayearinGermanyalone，andnotonlyprintedbooksbuttheoriginalmanuscriptdepositionstakenfromthevictimsinthetorture—chamber。OfthesewerethetrialpapersofDietrichFlade，whohadbeen，towardtheendofthesixteenthcentury，oneofthemosteminentmenineasternGermany，chiefjusticeoftheprovinceandrectoroftheUniversityofTreves。Havingventuredtothinkwitchcraftadelusion，hewasputontrialbythearchbishop，tortureduntilinhisagonyheacknowledgedeveryimpossiblethingsuggestedtohim，andfinallystrangledandburned。Inhiscase，asinvariousothers，Ihavetheipsissimaverbaoftheaccusersandaccused:
theoriginalreportinthehandwritingofthescribewhowaspresentatthetortureandwrotedownthequestionsofthejudgesandtheanswersoftheprisoner。
OnthismaterialIbasedashortcourseoflectureson\"TheEvolutionofHumanityinCriminalLaw，\"andhaveoftenthoughtofthrowingtheseintotheformofasmallbooktobecalled\"TheWarfareofHumanitywithUnreason\";butthiswillprobablyremainamereproject。Imentionithere，hopingthatsomeotherperson，withmoreleisure，willsomedayproperlypresentthesefactsasbearingontheclaimsoftheologiansandecclesiasticstodirecteducationandcontrolthought。
Ofthisperiod，too，weresundryprojectsforspecialmonographs。
Thus，duringvariousvisitstoFlorence，Iplannedahistoryofthatcity。IthadinterestedmeinmystudentdaysduringmyreadingofSismondi’s\"HistoryoftheItalianRepublics，\"andonresumingmystudiesinthatfielditseemedtomethatahistoryofFlorencemightbemade，mostvaried，interesting，andinstructive。Itwouldembrace，ofcourse，amostremarkableperiodofpoliticaldevelopment——thegrowthofamediaevalrepublicoutofearlyanarchyandtyranny;someofthemostcuriousexperimentsingovernmentevermade;themostwonderful，perhaps，ofallgrowthsinart，literature，andscience;andthefinalsupremacyofamonarchy，bringingmanyinterestingresults，yetgivingsometerriblewarnings。ButthemoreIreadthemoreI
sawthattowritesuchahistoryamanmustrelinquisheverythingelse，andsoitwasgivenup。So，too，duringvarioussojournsatVenicemyoldinterestinFatherPaulSarpi，whichhadbeenarousedduringmyearlyprofessoriallifewhilereadinghispithyandbrillianthistoryoftheCouncilofTrent，wasgreatlyincreased，andIcollectedaconsiderablelibrarywiththeideaofwritingashortbiographyofhimforAmericanreaders。This，ofallprojectsnotexecuted，hasbeenperhapsthemostdifficultformetorelinquish。MylastthreevisitstoVenicehaveespeciallyrevivedmyinterestinhimandincreasedmycollectionofbooksregardinghim。ThedesiretospreadhisfamehascomeovermeverystronglyasIhavestoodinthecouncil—roomsoftheVenetianRepublic，whichheservedsolongandsowell;asIhavelookeduponhisstatueonthespotwherehewasleftfordeadbytheemissariesofPopePaulV;andasIhavemusedoverhisgrave，solongdesecratedandhiddenbymonks，butintheselatterdayshonoredwithaninscription。Butotherworkhasclaimedme，andothersmustwriteuponthissubject。Itiswellworthyofattention，notonlyfortheinterestofitsdetails，butforthelightitthrowsupongreatforcesstillatworkintheworld。StrongmenhavediscusseditforEuropeanreaders，butitdeservestobeespeciallypresentedtoAmericans。
IthinkaneminentEuropeanpublicistentirelyrightinsayingthatFatherPaulisoneofthethreemen，sincethemiddleages，whohaveexercisedthemostprofoundinfluenceonItaly;theothertwobeingGalileoandMachiavelli。ThereasonassignedbythishistorianforthisjudgmentisnotmerelythefactthatFatherPaulwasoneofthemosteminentmeninsciencewhomItalyhasproduced，northeequallyincontestablefactthathetaughttheVenetianRepublic——andfinallytheworld——howtowithstandpapalusurpationofcivilpower，butthatbyhishistoryoftheCouncilofTrentheshowed\"howtheHolySpiritconductsthecouncilsofthechurch\"（\"commequoileSaintEspritdirigelesconciles\"）。[36]
[36]Sincewritingtheabove，Ihavepublishedinthe\"AtlanticMonthly\"twohistoricalessaysuponSarpi。
YetanothersubjectwhichIwouldhavebeengladtopresentwasthelifeofSt。FrancisXavier——partlyonaccountofmyvenerationforthegreatApostletotheIndies，andpartlybecauseacollationofhissuccessivebiographiessostrikinglyrevealstheoriginandgrowthofmythandlegendinthewarmatmosphereofdevotion。TheprojectofwritingsuchabookwasformedinmyCornelllecture—roomatthecloseofashortcourseoflecturesonthe\"JesuitReactionwhichfollowedtheReformation。\"InthelastoftheseIhadpointedoutthebeautyofXavier’swork，andhadshownhownaturalhadbeentheimmensegrowthofmythandlegendinconnectionwithit。AmongmyhearerswasGoldwinSmith，andaswecameouthesaid:\"IhaveoftenthoughtthatifanyoneweretotakeaseriesofthepublishedlivesofoneofthegreatJesuitsaints，beginningatthebeginningandcomparingthesuccessivebiographiesastheyhaveappeared，centuryaftercentury，downtoourowntimemuchlightwouldbethrownupontheevolutionofthemiraculousinreligion。\"Iwasstruckbythisidea，anditoccurredtomethat，ofallsuchexamples，thatofFrancisXavierwouldbethemostfruitfulandinteresting。Forwehave，tobeginwith，hisownletterswrittenfromthesceneofhisgreatmissionarylaborsintheEast，inwhichnomiraclesappear。Wehavethelettersofhisassociatesatthatperiod，inwhichthereisalsonoknowledgeshownofanymiraclesperformedbyhim。WealsohavethegreatspeechesofLaynez，oneofXavier’sassociates，who，attheCouncilofTrent，didhisbesttopromoteJesuitinterests，andwhoyetshowednoknowledgeofanymiraclesperformedbyXavier。
WehavetheveryimportantworkbyJosephAcosta，theeminentprovincialoftheJesuits，writtenatalaterperiod，largelyontheconversionoftheIndies，andespeciallyonXavier’spartinit，which，whileaccepting，inaperfunctoryway，theattributionofmiraclestoXavier，givesusreasoningwhichseemsentirelytodiscreditthem。ThenwehavebiographiesofXavier，publishedsoonafterhisdeath，inwhichveryslighttracesofmiraclesbegintobefound;thenotherbiographieslaterandlater，centuryaftercentury，inwhichmoreandmoremiraclesappear，andearliermiraclesofverysimplecharactergrowmoreandmorecomplexandastounding，untilfinallyweseehimcreditedwithavastnumberofthemoststrikingmiracleseverconceivedof。InordertodevelopthesubjectIhavecollectedbooksanddocumentsofeverysortbearinguponitfromhistimetoours，andhavegivenabriefsummaryoftheresultsinmy\"HistoryoftheWarfareofScience。\"Butthefulldevelopmentofthissubject，whichthrowsintenselightuponthegrowthofmiraclesinthebiographiesofsomanybenefactorsofourrace，mustprobablybelefttoothers。
Itshouldbetreatedwithjudicialfairness。ThereshouldnotbeatraceofprejudiceagainstthechurchXavierserved。TheinfallibilityofthePopewhocanonizedhimwasindeedcommittedtotherealityofmiracleswhichXaviercertainlyneverperformed;butthechurchatlargecannotjustlybeblamedforthis:itwasindeedmadethemoreillustriousbyXavier’sgreatexample。Theevil，ifeviltherewas，layinhumannature，andaproperhistoryofthisevolutionofmythandlegend，bythrowinglightintooneofthestrongestpropensitiesofdevoutminds，wouldgiveamostvaluablewarningagainstbasingreligioussystemsonmiraculousclaimswhichareconstantlybecomingmoreandmorediscreditedandthereforemoreandmoredangeroustoanysystemwhichpersistsinusingthem。
Stillanotherprojectinterestedme;effortconnectedwithitwasakindofrecreation;thisprojectwasformedduringmyattachedaysatSt。PetersburgwithGovernorSeymour。ItwasabriefbiographyofThomasJefferson。Imadesomeheadwayinit，butwasatlastpainfullyconvincedthatIshouldneverhavetimetofinishitworthily。Besidesthis，aftertheCivilWar，Jefferson，thoughstillinterestingtome，wasbynomeanssogreatamaninmyeyesashehadbeen。PerhapsnodoctrineevercostanyothercountrysodearasJefferson’spettheoryofStaterightscosttheUnitedStates:nearlyamillionofliveslostonbattle—fields，inprisons，andinhospitals;nearlytenthousandmillionsofdollarspouredintogulfsofhatred。
WithanotherprojectIwasmorefortunate。In1875IwasaskedtoprepareabibliographicalintroductiontoMr。O’ConnorMorris’sshorthistoryoftheFrenchRevolution。ThisIdidwithmuchcare，foritseemedtomethatthisperiodinhistory，givingmostinterestingmaterialforstudyandthought，hadbeenmuchobscuredbyideasdrawnfromtrashybooksinsteadoffromthereallygoodauthorities。
Havingfinishedthisshortbibliography，itoccurredtomethatamuchmoreextensivework，givingaselectionofthebestauthoritiesonallthemainperiodsofmodernhistory，mightbeuseful。ThisIbegan，andwasdeeplyinterestedinit;buthere，asinvariousotherprojects，thefateswereagainstme。BeingappointedacommissionertotheFrenchExposition，andseeinginthisanopportunitytodootherworkwhichIhadatheart，I
askedmysuccessorintheprofessorshipofhistoryattheUniversityofMichigan，whoatalaterperiodbecamemysuccessoraspresidentofCornell，Dr。CharlesKendallAdams，totaketheworkoffmyhands。Thishedid，andproducedabookfarbetterthananywhichIcouldhavewritten。ThekindremarksinhisprefaceregardingmysuggestionsIgreatlyprize，andfeelthatthisproject，atleast，thoughIcouldnotaccomplishit，hadamosthappyissue。
AnotherprojectwhichIhavelongcherishedisofaverydifferentsort;andthoughitmaynotbepossibleformetocarryitout，myhopeisthatsomeotherpersonwilldoso。FormanyyearsIhavenotedwithpridethemunificentgiftsmadeforeducationalandcharitablepurposesintheUnitedStates。Itisanoblehistory，——onewhichdoeshonornotonlytoourowncountry，buttohumannature。NoothercountryhasseenanymunificencewhichapproachesthatsofamiliartoAmericans。Therecordsshowthatduringtheyear1903nearly，ifnotquite，eightymillionsofdollarsweregivenbyprivatepartiesforthesepublicpurposes。Ithaslongseemedtomethatalittlebookbasedonthehistoryofsuchgifts，pointingoutthelinesinwhichtheyhavebeenmostsuccessful，mightbeofmuchuse，andmorethanonceIhavetalkedoverwithmydearfriendGilman，atpresentpresidentoftheCarnegieInstitutionatWashington，theideaofourworkingtogetherintheproductionofapamphletorvolumewithsomesuchtitleas，\"WhatRichAmericanshaveDoneandcanDowiththeirMoney。\"ButmyfriendhasbeenbusyinhisgreatworkoffoundinganddevelopingtheuniversityatBaltimore，I
havebeenoflateyearsoccupiedinotherpartsoftheworld，andsothisprojectremainsunfulfilled。Therearemanyreasonsforthepublicationofsuchabook。Mostofthegiftsabovereferredtohavebeenwiselymade;butsomehavenot，andaconsiderablenumberhavecausedconfusioninAmericaneducationratherthanaideditshealthfuldevelopment。Manygoodthingshaveresultedfromthesegifts，butsomevastlyimportantmattershavebeenutterlyneglected。Wehaveseenexcellentsmallcollegestransformedbygiftsintopretentiousandinadequateshamscalled\"universities\";wehaveseengreattelescopesgivenwithoutanyaccompanyinginstruments，andwithnoprovisionforanobservatory;magnificentcollectionsingeologygiventoinstitutionswhichhadnoprofessorinthatscience;beautifulherbariumsaddedtoinstitutionswherethereisnoinstructioninbotany;professorshipsofnouseestablishedwhereothersoftheutmostimportanceshouldhavebeenfounded;institutionsfoundedwheretheywerenotneeded，andnothingdonewheretheywereneeded。Hewhowillwriteathoughtfulbookonthissubject，baseduponacarefulstudyoflateeducationalhistory，mayrenderagreatservice。AsIrevisethischapterImaysaythatinanaddressatYalein1903，entitled，\"APatrioticInvestment，\"Isoughttopointoutoneofthemanywaysinwhichrichmenmaymeetapressingneedofouruniversitieswithgreatgoodtothecountryatlarge。[37]
[37]See\"APatrioticInvestment，\"NewHaven，1903。
Yetanotherprojecthasoccupiedmuchtimeandthought，andmay，Ihope，beyetfullycarriedout。FormanyyearsIhavethoughtmuchonourwretchedlegislationagainstcrimeandontheimperfectadministrationofsuchcriminallawaswehave。Yearsago，aftercomparingthecriminalstatisticsofourowncountrywiththoseofothernations，Icametotheconclusionthat，withthepossibleexceptionofthelowerpartsoftheItaliankingdom，thereismoreunpunishedmurderinourowncountrythaninanyotherinthecivilizedworld。ThisconditionofthingsIfoundtobenotunknowntoothers;butthereseemedtoprevailasortoflistlesshopelessnessregardinganyremedyforit。DininginPhiladelphiawithmyclassmateanddearfriendWayneMacVeagh，I
foundbesidemeoneofthemosteminentjudgesinPennsylvania，andthisquestionofhighcrimehavingbeenbroachedandthecausesofitdiscussed，thejudgequietlyremarked，\"Thetakingoflife，afterafullandfairtrial，asapenaltyformurder，seemstobetheonlyformoftakinglifetowhichtheaverageAmericanhasanyobjection。\"Manyofourdealingswithmurderandotherhighcrimeswouldseemtoshowthatthejudgewas，onthewhole，right。Mymainstudyonthesubjectwasmadein1892，duringajourneyofmorethantwelvethousandmileswithMr。
AndrewCarnegieandhispartythroughtheMiddle，Southern，Southwestern，Pacific，andNorthwesternStates。Westoppedatalltheimportantplacesonourroute，andatvastnumbersofunimportantplaces;ateveryoneoftheseIboughtallthenewspapersobtainable，examinedthemwithreferencetothissubject，andfoundthatthelongdailyrecordofmurdersinourmetropolitanjournalsisfarfromgivingusthefullreality。I
constantlyfoundinthelocalpapers，attheseout—of—the—wayplaces，numerousaccountsofmurderswhichneverreachedthemetropolitanjournals。Moststrikingtestimonywasalsogivenmebyindividuals，——inonecasebyaUnitedStatessenator，whogavemethehistoryofacountrymerchant，inoneoftheSouthwesternStates，whohadatdifferenttimeskilledeightpersons，andwhoathislastventure，endeavoringtokillamanwhohadvexedhiminamereverbalquarrel，hadfiredintoalumber—wagoncontainingapartycomingfromchurch，andkilledthreepersons，oneofthemalittlegirl。Andmyinformantaddedthatthismurdererhadneverbeenpunished。InCaliforniaIsawwalkingjauntilyalongthestreets，andafterwarddiscoursinginadrawing—room，amanwho，onbeingcautionedbyapolicemanwhiledisturbingthepublicpeaceayearortwobefore，hadsimplyshotthepolicemandead，andhadbeentriedtwice，buteachtimewithadisagreementofthejury。MultitudesofothercasesIfoundequallybad。Icollectedamassofmaterialillustratingthesubject，andonthisbasedanaddressgivenforthefirsttimeinSanFrancisco，andafterwardatBoston，NewYork，NewHaven，CornellUniversity，andtheStateuniversitiesofWisconsinandMinnesota。Myaimwastoarousethinkingmentotheimportanceofthesubject，andInowhopetoprepareadiscussionof\"TheProblemofHighCrime，\"tobedividedintothreeparts，thefirstonthepresentconditionoftheproblem，thesecondonitsorigin，andthethirdonpossibleandprobableremedies。
Ofallmyprojectsforhistoricaltreatises，therearetwowhichIhavedreamedofformanyyears，hopingagainsthopefortheirrealization。Ihavetriedtoinducesomeofouryoungerhistoricalprofessorstoundertakethemortotrainupstudentstoundertakethem;and，asthetimehasgonebywhenIcandevotemyselftothem，Inowmentiontheminthehopethatsomeonewillarisetodohonortohimselfandtoourcountrybydevelopingthem。
ThefirstoftheseisahistoryofthemiddleagesinthegeneralstyleofRobertson’s\"IntroductiontotheLifeofCharlesV。\"
Yearsago，whenbeginningmyworkasaprofessorofmodernhistoryattheUniversityofMichigan，Ifeltgreatlytheneedformystudentsofsomeworkwhichshouldshowbrieflybutclearlythetransitionfromancienthistorytomodern。Lifeisnotlongenoughforthestudyoftheminutedetailsofthemediaevalperiodinadditiontoancientandmodernhistory。WhatisneededforthemassofthinkingyoungmenissomethingwhichshallshowwhattheworkwaswhichwasaccomplishedbetweenthefallofRomeandthenewbeginningsofcivilizationattheRenascenceandtheReformation。ForthispurposeRobertson’sworkwasonceamasterpiece。IthasrenderedgreatservicesnotonlyinEnglish—speakinglands，butinothers，byenablingthinkingmentoseehowthismodernworldhasbeendevelopedoutofthepastandtogainsomeideasastothewayinwhichayetnoblercivilizationmaybedevelopedoutofthepresentRobertson’sworkstillremainsaclassic，butmodernhistoricalresearchhassupersededlargepartsofit，andwhatisnowneededisashorthistory——of，say，threehundredpages——carriedoutonthemainlinesofRobertson，takinginsuccessionthemostimportantsubjectsintheevolutionofmediaevalhistory，discardingallexceptingtheleadingpointsinchronology，andbringingoutclearlythesequenceofgreathistoricalcausesandresultsfromthedownfallofRometotheformationofthegreatmodernstates。
AndtheremightwellbebroughtintoconnectionwiththiswhatRobertsondidnotgive——namely，sketchesshowingthecharacterandworkofsomeofthemenwhowroughtmostpowerfullyinthistransition。
DuringmystayattheUniversityofMichigan，Imadeabeginningofsuchahistorybygivingacourseoflecturesonthegrowthofcivilizationinthemiddleages，takingupsuchsubjectsasthedownfallofRome，thebarbarianinvasion，theriseofthepapacy，feudalism，Mohammedanism，theanti—feudaleffectsofthecrusades，theriseoffreecities，thegrowthoflaw，thegrowthofliterature，andendingwiththecentralizationofmonarchicalpowerinthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturies。Butthelecturesthenpreparedwerebasedmerelyuponcopiousnotesandgiven，asregardedphrasing，extemporaneously。Itistoolateformenowtowritethemoutortopresentthesubjectinthelightofmodernhistoricalresearch;butIknowofnosubjectwhichisbettercalculatedtobroadenthemindandextendthehorizonofhistoricalstudiesinouruniversities。ProvostStilleoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniadidindeedcarryout，inpart，somethingofthiskind，buttimefailedhimformakingmorethanabeginning。Themanwho，ofallinourtime，seemstomebestfittedtoundertakethismuchneededworkisFredericHarrison。
IfthegeneralmethodofRobertsonwerecombinedwiththespiritshownintheearlychaptersofHarrison’sbookon\"TheMeaningofHistory，\"theresultantworkwouldbenotonlyofgreatservice，butattractivetoallthinkingmen。
And，lastofall，aprojectwhichhaslongbeenoneofmydreams——a\"HistoryofCivilizationinSpain。\"WereItwentyyearsyounger，Iwouldgladlycutmyselfloosefromallentanglementsandthrowmyselfintothiswholly。Itseemstomethemostsuggestivehistorynowtobewritten。Thematerialathandisampleandeasilyaccessible。Amultitudeofhistorianshavemaderemarkablecontributionstoit，andamongthese，inourowncountry，Irving，Prescott，Motley，Ticknor，andLea;inEngland，Froude，Ford，Buckle，andothershavegivenmanypregnantsuggestionsandsomeincreaseofknowledge;GermanyandFrancehavecontributedmuchintheformofprintedbooks;Spain，muchinthepublicationofarchivesandsundryinterestinghistoriesapologizingfortheworstthingsinSpanishhistory;theNetherlandshavealsocontributeddocumentsofgreatvalue。Thereislittleneedofdelvingamongmanuscripts;thathasalreadybeendone，andtheresultsareeasilywithinreachofanyscholar。The\"HistoryofCivilizationinSpain\"isahistoryofperhapsthefinestamalgamationofraceswhichwasmadeatthedownfalloftheRomanEmpire;ofsplendidbeginningsoflibertyanditsnobleexerciseinthemiddleages;ofhighendeavor;ofawonderfulgrowthinartandliterature。Butitisalsoahistoryoftheundermininganddestructionofallthisgreatgrowth，sonoble，sobeautiful，bytyrannyinchurchandstate——tyrannyoverbodyandmind，heartandsoul。Asimple，thoughtfulaccountofthisevolutionoftheformergloryofSpain，andthenofthecausesofherdeclinetoherpresentcondition，wouldbefullofsuggestionsforfruitfulthoughtregardingpolitics，religion，science，literature，andart。Towritesuchahistorywasthebestofmydreams。Perhaps，hadIbeensentin1879asministertoMadridinsteadoftoBerlin，Imightatleasthavemadeanefforttobeginit，and，whethersuccessfulornot，mighthaveledothermentocontinueit。Itisnowtoolateforme，butI
stillhopethatourcountrywillsupplysomemantoundertakeit。
Whoevershallwritesuchabookinanhonest，broad，andimpartialspiritwillgainnotonlyhonorforhiscountryandhimself，butwillrenderagreatservicetomankind。
Inclosingthischapteron\"PlansandProjects，ExecutedandUnexecuted，\"Iknowwellthatmyconfessionswilldomenogoodintheeyesofmanywhoshallreadthem。ItwillbesaidthatI
attemptedtoomanythings。InmitigationofsuchajudgmentImaysaythattheconditionsofAmericanlifeinthesecondhalfofthecenturyjustclosedhavebeenverydifferentfromthoseinmostothercountries。Ithasbeenabuildingperiod，aperiodofreformsnecessitatedbytherapidgrowthofournationoutofearlierconditionsandlimitations。Everythinkingmanwhohasfeltanyresponsibilityhasnecessarilybeenobligedtotakepartinmanyenterprisesofvarioussorts:necessaryworkhasaboundedandhasbeenabsolutelyforceduponhim。Ithasbeenaperiodinwhichamancouldnotwelldevotehimselfentirelytothedativecase。Besidesthis，sofarasconcernsmyself，Ihadmuchpracticaladministrativeworktodo，wasplungedintothemidstofitattwouniversitiesandatvariouspostsinthediplomaticservice，tosaynothingofmanyotherduties，sothatmyplanswereconstantlyinterferedwith。Likemanyothersduringthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcentury，Ihavebeenobligedtoobeytheinjunction，\"Dotheworkwhichliethnearestthee。\"IthashappenedmorethanoncethatwhenallhasbeenreadyforsomeworkwhichIgreatlydesiredtodo，andwhichIhopedmightbeofuse，Ihavebeensuddenlydrawnofftoofficialdutiesbyvirtuallyanabsolutecommand。Taketwoexamplesoutofmany:I
hadbroughtmylecturesonGermanhistorytogether，hadcollectedamassofmaterialforputtingthemintofinalshapeasa\"HistoryoftheBuildingoftheNewGermany，\"andhadwrittentwochapters，whensuddenlycamethesummonsfromPresidentClevelandtotakepartintheVenezuelaCommission，——asummonswhichitwasimpossibletodecline。Forayearthisnewworkforbadeacontinuanceoftheold;andjustasIwasagainfreecametheBryanefforttocapturethePresidency，which，inmyopinion，wouldhaveresultedinwide—spreadmiseryathomeandindishonortotheAmericannamethroughouttheworld。MostreluctantlythenIthrewdownmychosenworkanddevotedmytimetowhatseemedtometobeapoliticalduty。ThenfollowedmyappointmenttotheBerlinEmbassy，whichcouldnotbedeclined;andjustattheperiodwhenIhopedtosecureleisureatBerlinforcontinuingthepreparationofmybookonGermany，therecamedutiesatTheHagueConferencewhichtookmytimefornearlyayear。Itis，perhaps，unwiseformethustomakeacleanbreastofit，——\"quis’excuse，s’accuse\";butIhavesomethingotherthanexcusestomake:Imayhonestlypleadbeforemyoldfriendsandstudentswhoshallreadthisbookthatmylifehasbeenmainlydevotedtoworthywork;thatIcanlookbackupontheleadingthingsinitwithsatisfaction;that，whetherasregardsreligion，politics，education，orthepublicserviceingeneral，itwillbefoundnotamatterofunrelatedshredsandpatches，buttohavebeendevelopedinobediencetoawell—definedlineofpurpose。I
reviewthemainthingsalongthislinewiththankfulness:First，myworkattheUniversityofMichigan，whichenabledmetodosomethingtowardpreparingthewayforabettersystemofhighereducationintheUnitedStates;next，myworkintheNewYorkStateSenate，whichenabledmetoaideffectivelyindevelopingtheschoolsystemintheState，inestablishingahealthdepartmentinitsmetropolis，inpromotinggoodlegislationinvariousfields;andinsecuringthecharterofCornellUniversity;next，mypartinfoundingCornellUniversityandinmaintainingitformorethantwentyyears;next，thepreparationofabookwhich，whateveritsshortcomingsandhoweverdeprecatedbymanygoodmen，has，asIbelieve，doneservicetoscience，toeducation，andtoreligion;next，manyspeeches，articles，pamphlets，whichhaveaidedinthedevelopmentofrightreasononpolitical，financial，andsocialquestions;and，finally，theopportunitygivenmeatacriticalperiodtoaidinrestoringandmaintaininggoodrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandGermany，andinestablishingtheinternationalarbitrationtribunalofTheHague。Isaythesethingsnotboastingly，butreverently。Ihavesoughttofightthegoodfight;Ihavesoughttokeepthefaith，——faithinaPowerintheuniversegoodenoughtomaketruth—seekingwise，andstrongenoughtomaketruth—tellingeffective，——faithintheriseofmanratherthaninthefallofman，——faithinthegradualevolutionandultimateprevalenceofrightreasonamongmen。SomuchIhopetobepardonedforgivingasanapologiaprovitamea。