Asalreadystated，therewasbutonethinginthefigure，asI
hadseenit，whichpuzzledme，andthatwasthegroovingoftheunderside，apparentlybycurrentsofwater，which，asthestatueappearedtobeofourOnondagagraylimestone，wouldrequireverymanyyears。Butonedayoneofthecool—headedskepticsofthevalley，anoldschoolmateofmine，cametome，andwithanairofgreatsolemnitytookfromhispocketanobjectwhichhecarefullyunrolledfromitswrappings，andsaid，\"Thereisapieceofthegiant。Carefulguardhasbeenkeptfromthefirstinordertopreventpeopletouchingit;butIhavemanagedtogetapieceofit，andhereitis。\"Itookitinmyhand，andthematterwasmadeclearinaninstant。ThestonewasnotourhardOnondagagraylimestone，butsoft，easilymarkedwiththefinger—nail，and，ontestingitwithanacid，Ifoundit，nothardcarbonateoflime，butasoft，friablesulphateoflime——aformofgypsum，whichmusthavebeenbroughtfromsomeotherpartofthecountry。
Ahealthfulskepticismnowbegantoassertitsrights。ProfessorMarshofYaleappeareduponthescene。Fortunately，hewasnotonlyoneofthemosteminentoflivingpaleontologists，but，unlikemostwhohadgivenanopinion，hereallyknewsomethingofsculpture，forhehadbeenfamiliarwiththebestgalleriesoftheOldWorld。Heexaminedthestatueandsaid，\"Itisofveryrecentorigin，andamostdecidedhumbug……Veryshortexposureofthestatuewouldsufficetoobliteratealltraceoftool—marks，andalsotoroughenthepolishedsurfaces，butthesearestillquiteperfect，andhencethegiantmusthavebeenveryrecentlyburied……Iamsurprisedthatanyscientificobserversshouldnothaveatoncedetectedtheunmistakableevidenceagainstitsantiquity。\"[27]
[27]SeeProfessorMarsh’sletterinthe\"SyracuseDailyJournal，\"November30，1869。
Varioussuspiciouscircumstancespresentlybecameknown。ItwasfoundthatFarmerNewellhadjustremittedtoamannamedHull，atsomeplaceintheWest，severalthousanddollars，theresultofadmissionfeestotheboothcontainingthefigure，andthatnothinghadcomeinreturn。ThinkingmenintheneighborhoodreasonedthatasNewellhadneverbeeninconditiontooweanyhumanbeingsuchanamountofmoney，andhadreceivednothinginreturnforit，hiscorrespondenthad，notunlikely，somethingtodowiththestatue。
Thesesuspicionsweresoonconfirmed。Theneighboringfarmers，who，intheirquietway，kepttheireyesopen，notedatall，lankindividualwhofrequentlyvisitedtheplaceandseemedtoexercisecompletecontroloverFarmerNewell。SoonitwaslearnedthatthisstrangerwasthemanHull，——Newell’sbrother—in—law，——thesametowhomthelatterhadmadethelargeremittanceofadmissionmoney。Oneday，twoorthreefarmersfromadistance，visitingtheplaceforthefirsttimeandseeingHull，said，\"Why，thatisthemanwhobroughtthebigboxdownthevalley。\"Onbeingaskedwhattheymeant，theysaidthat，beingoneeveninginatavernonthevalleyturnpikesomemilessouthofCardiff，theyhadnoticedunderthetavernshedawagonbearinganenormousbox;andwhentheymetHullinthebar—roomandaskedaboutit，hesaidthatitwassometobacco—cuttingmachinerywhichhewasbringingtoSyracuse。Otherfarmers，whohadseentheboxandtalkedwithHullatdifferentplacesontheroadbetweenBinghamtonandCardiff，madesimilarstatements。Itwasthenascertainedthatnosuchboxhadpassedthetoll—gatesbetweenCardiffandSyracuse，andproofsoftheswindlebegantomature。
Butskepticismwasnotwellreceived。Vestedinterestshadaccrued，aconsiderablenumberofpeople，mostofthemverygoodpeople，hadtakenstockinthenewenterprise，andanythingwhichdiscrediteditwasunwelcometothem。
Itwasnotatallthattheseexcellentpeoplewishedtocountenanceanimposture，butithadbecomesoentwinedwiththeirbeliefsandtheirintereststhatatlasttheycametoabhoranydoubtsregardingit。Apamphlet，\"TheAmericanGoliath，\"wasnowissuedinbehalfofthewonder。Onitstitle—pageitclaimedtogivethe\"HistoryoftheDiscovery，andtheOpinionsofScientificMenthereon。\"Thetoneofthebookwasmoderate，butitstendencywasevident。Onlylettersandnewspaperarticlesexcitingcuriosityorfavoringthegenuinenessofthestatuewereadmitted;adversetestimony，likethatofProfessorMarsh，wascarefullyexcluded。
Beforelongthematterenteredintoacomicalphase。Barnum，KingofShowmen，attemptedtopurchasethe\"giant，\"butinvain。Hethenhadacopymadesonearlyresemblingtheoriginalthatnoone，save，possibly，anexpert，coulddistinguishbetweenthem。
Thisnewstatuewasalsoexhibitedas\"theCardiffGiant，\"andthenceforwardthecreditofthediscoverywaned。
Thecatastrophenowapproachedrapidly，andsoonaffidavitsfrommenofhighcharacterinIowaandIllinoisestablishedthefactthatthefigurewasmadeatFortDodge，inIowa，ofagreatblockofgypsumtherefound;thatthisblockwastransportedbylandtothenearestrailwaystation，Boone，whichwasaboutforty—fivemilesdistant;thatonthewaythewagonconveyingitbrokedown，andthatasnoothercouldbefoundstrongenoughtobearthewholeweight，aportionoftheblockwascutoff;that，thusdiminished，itwastakentoChicago，whereaGermanstone—carvergaveitfinalshape;that，asithadbeenshortened，hewasobligedtodrawupthelowerlimbs，thusgivingitastrikinglycontractedandagonizedappearance;thattheundersideofthefigurewasgroovedandchanneledinorderthatitshouldappeartobewastedbyage;thatitwasthendottedorpittedoverwithminuteporesbymeansofaleadenmalletfacedwithsteelneedles;thatitwasstainedwithsomepreparationwhichgaveitanappearanceofgreatage;thatitwasthenshippedtoaplacenearBinghamton，NewYork，andfinallybroughttoCardiffandthereburied。ItwasfurtherstatedthatHull，inordertosecurehisbrother—in—law，FarmerNewell，ashisconfederateinburyingthestatue，hadswornhimtosecrecy;and，inorderthatthefamilymighttestifythattheyhadneverheardorseenanythingofthestatueuntilithadbeenunearthed，hehadsentthemawayonalittleexcursioncoveringthetimewhenitwasbroughtandburied。AllthesefactswereestablishedbyaffidavitsfrommenofhighcharacterinIowaandIllinois，bythesworntestimonyofvariousOnondagafarmersandmenofbusiness，and，finally，bytheadmissionsandevenboastsofHullhimself。
Againstthistideoftruththegoodpeoplewhohadpinnedtheirfaithtothestatue——thosewhohadvestedinterestsinit，andthosewhohadrashlygivensolemnopinionsinfavorofit——struggledforatimedesperately。Awriterinthe\"SyracuseJournal\"expressedasortofregretfulwonderandshamethat\"thepublicareaskedtooverthrowthesworntestimonyofsustainedwitnessescorroboratedbythehighestscientificauthority\"——theonlyswornwitnessbeingFarmerNewell，whosetestimonywasnotatallconclusive，andthehighestscientificauthoritybeinganeminentlocaldentistwho，earlyinhislife，hadgivenpopularchemicallectures，andwhohadnowinvestedmoneyintheenterprise。
Thesamewriterreferredalsowithaweto\"themenofsense，property，andcharacterwhoownthegiantandreceivewhateverrevenuearisesfromitsexhibition\";andtheargumentculminatedintheoraculardeclarationthat\"theoperationsofwaterastestifiedandinterpretedbysciencecannotcreatefalsehood。\"[28]
[28]Seeletterof\"X\"inthe\"SyracuseJournal，\"republishedintheFortDodgePamphlet，pp。15and16。
Butallthispatheticeloquencewasinvain。Hull，theinventorofthestatue，havingrealizedmoremoneyfromitthanheexpected，andbeingsharpenoughtoseethatitsdaywasdone，wasevidentlyburstingwiththedesiretoavertscornfromhimselfbybringingthelaughuponothers，andespeciallyuponcertainclergymen，whom，asweshallseehereafter，hegreatlydisliked。Henowacknowledgedthatthewholethingwasaswindle，andgavedetailsofthewayinwhichhecametoembarkinit。HeavowedthattheideawassuggestedtohimbyadiscussionwithaMethodistrevivalistinIowa;that，beinghimselfaskepticinreligiousmatters，hehadflungathisantagonist\"thoseremarkablestoriesintheBibleaboutgiants\";that，observinghowreadilytherevivalistandthosewithhimtookupthecudgelsforthegiants，itthenandthereoccurredtohimthat，sincesomanypeoplefoundpleasureinbelievingsuchthings，hewouldhaveastatuecarvedoutofstonewhichhehadfoundinIowaandpassitoffonthemasapetrifiedgiant。Inalaterconversationhesaidthatonethingwhichdecidedhimwasthatthestonehadinitdark—coloredbluishstreakswhichresembledinappearancetheveinsofthehumanbody。Theevolutionofthewholeaffairthusbecameclear，simple，andnatural。
Uptothistime，Hull’sremarkablecunninghadneveravailedhimmuch。Hehadmadevariouspettyinventions，buthadrealizedverylittlefromthem;hehadthenmadesomecombinationsasregardedtheinternal—revenuelawsreferringtothemanufactureandsaleoftobacco，andthesehadonlybroughthimintotroublewiththecourts;butnow，whentheboundlessresourcesofhumancredulityweresuddenlyrevealedtohimbytherevivalist，hedeterminedtoexploitthem。Thisevolutionofhisideasstrikinglyresemblesthatthroughwhichthemindofaworthless，shiftless，trickycreatureinwesternNewYork——JosephSmith——musthavepassedfortyyearsbefore，whenhedugup\"thegoldenplates\"ofthe\"BookofMormon，\"andfoundplentyofexcellentpeoplewhorejoicedinbelievingthattheRev。Mr。Spalding’sbiblicalnovelwasanewrevelationfromtheAlmighty。
Thewholematterwasthusfullylaidopen，anditmighthavebeenreasonablyexpectedthatthenceforwardnohumanbeingwouldinsistthatthestonefigurewasanythingbutaswindlinghoax。
Notso。IntheDivinitySchoolofYaleCollege，aboutthemiddleofthecentury，wasasolemn，quiet，semi—jocose，semi—melancholicresidentgraduate——AlexanderMcWhorter。Iknewhimwell。Hehadembarkedinvariousmatterswhichhadnotturnedoutsatisfactorily。Hotwater，ecclesiasticalandsocial，seemedhisfavoriteelement。[29]Hewasgenerallybelievedtosecuremostofhissleepduringtheday，andtodomostofhisworkduringthenight;afavoriteobjectofhisstudybeingHebrew。
Variousstrangethingshadappearedfromhispen，and，mostcuriousofall，alittlebookentitled，\"YahvehChrist，\"inwhichhehadendeavoredtodemonstratethatthedoctrineoftheTrinitywastobefoundentangledintheconsonantsoutofwhichformerscholarsmadetheword\"Jehovah，\"andmorerecentscholars\"Yahveh\";thatthisword，infact，provedthedoctrineoftheTrinity。[30]
[29]Themainevidenceofthisistobefoundin\"TruthStrangerThanFiction:ANarrativeofRecentTransactionsinvolvingInquiriesinRegardtothePrinciplesofHonor，Truth，andJustice，whichObtainsinaDistinguishedAmericanUniversity，\"
byCatherineE。Beecher，NewYork，1850。
[30]See\"YahvehChrist，ortheMemorialName，\"byA。McWhorter，Boston，1857。
Henowbroughthisintellecttobearupon\"theCardiffGiant，\"
andsoonproducedanamazingtheory，developingitatlengthinacarefularticle。[31]
[31]SeeMcWhorter，\"TammuzandtheMound—builders，\"inthe\"Galaxy，\"July，1872。
ThistheorywassimplythatthefigurediscoveredatCardiffwasaPhenicianidol;andMr。McWhorterpublished，astheclimaxtoallhisproofs，thefacsimileandtranslationofaninscriptionwhichhehaddiscovereduponthefigure——a\"Phenicianinscription，\"whichhethoughtcouldleavenodoubtinthemindofanypersonopentoconviction。
Thatthewholethinghadbeenconfessedaswindlebyallwhotookpartinit，withfulldetailsastoitsoriginanddevelopment，seemedtohimnotworthyoftheslightestmention。Regardlessofallthefactsinthecase，heshowedapatheticdevotiontohistheory，andallowedhisimaginationthefullestplay。Hefound，firstofall，aninscriptionofthirteenletters，\"introducedbyalargecrossorstar—theAssyrianindexoftheDeity。\"Beforethelastwordoftheinscriptionhefoundcarved\"aflowerwhichheregardedasconsecratedtotheparticulardeityTammuz，andatbothendsoftheinscriptionaserpentmonogramandsymbolofBaal。\"
Thisinscriptionheassumedasanevidentfact，thoughnootherhumanbeinghadeverbeenabletoseeit。EvenProfessorWhite，M。D。，oftheYaleMedicalSchool，withthebestintentionsintheworld，wasunabletofindit。Dr。Whitewascertainlynotinclinedtosuperficialityorskepticism。With\"achromaticglasseswhichmagnifiedforty—fivediameters\"heexaminedthe\"pinholes\"whichcoveredthefigure，anddeclaredthat\"thebeautifulfinishofeveryporeorpinholeappearedtomestronglyopposedtotheideathatthestatuewasofmodernworkmanship。\"
HealsothoughthesawthemarkingswhichMr。McWhorterconjecturedmightbeaninscription，andsaidinaletter，\"thoughIsawnorecenttool—marks，Isawevidencesofdesignintheformandarrangementofthemarkings，whichsuggestedtheideaofaninscription。\"And，finally，havingmadetheseconcessions，heendshislongletterwiththeveryguardedstatementthat，\"thoughnotfullyDECIDED，IINCLINETOTHE
OPINIONthattheOnondagastatueisofancientorigin。\"[32]
[32]Theitalicsareasintheoriginal。
ButthismildstatementdidnotdauntMr。McWhorter。HavingcalmlypronouncedDr。White\"inerror，\"heproceededwithsublimedisregardofeveryotherhumanbeing。Hefoundthatthestatue\"belongstothewingedor’cherubim’type\";that\"downtheleftsideofthefigureareseentheoutlinesoffoldedwings——eventheseparatefeathersbeingclearlydistinguishable\";that\"theleftsideoftheheadisinexpressiblynobleandmajestic，\"and\"conformsremarkablytothetypeoftheheadofthemound—builders\";that\"theleftarmterminatesinwhatappearstobeahugeextendedlion’spaw\";that\"thedualideaexpressedintheheadiscarriedoutinthefigure\";that\"inthewonderfullyartisticmouthofthedivinesidewefindasuggestionofthatoftheGreekApollo。\"Mr。McWhorteralsofoundotherthingsthatnootherhumanbeingwaseverabletodiscern，andamongthem\"acrescent—shapedwoundupontheleftside，\"\"tracesofancientcoloring\"inallpartsofthestatue，andevidencesthattheminuteporesweremadeby\"borers。\"Helaysgreatstressonan\"ancientmedal\"foundinOnondaga，whichhethinksbelongs\"totheeraofthemound—builders，\"andonwhichhefindsa\"circleinclosinganequilateralcross，bothcrossandcircle，likethewheelofEzekiel，beingfullofsmallcirclesoreyes。\"Asamatteroffact，this\"ancientmedal\"wasanEnglishpenny，whichastreetgaminofSyracusesaidthathehadfoundnearthestatue，andthe\"equilateralcross\"wassimplytheusualcrossofSt。George。Mr。McWhorterthinksthecircleinclosingthecrossdenotesthe\"worldsoul，\"andinadissertationofabouttwentypageshediscoursesupon\"Baal，\"\"Tammuz，\"\"KingHiramofTyre，\"
the\"shipsofTarshish，\"the\"Eluli，\"and\"Atlas，\"withplentifulargumentsdrawnfromamultitudeofauthorities，andamongthemSanchoniathon，Ezekiel，Plato，Dr。Dollinger，Isaiah，Melanchthon，Lenormant，Humboldt，SirJohnLubbock，andDonDomingoJuarros，——finallysatisfyinghimselfthatthestatuewas\"broughtoverbyacolonyofPhenicians，\"possiblyseveralhundredyearsbeforeChrist。[33]
[33]Seethe\"Galaxy\"article，asabove，passim。
Withthemodestyofatruescholarhesays，\"WhetherthefinalbattleatOnondaga……occurredbeforeorafterthiseventwecannottell\";but，resumingconfidence，hesays，\"weonlyknowthatatsomedistantperiodthegreatstatue，broughtina’shipofTarshish’acrosstheseaofAtl，waslightlycoveredwithtwigsandflowersandthesewithgravel。\"ThedeliberationsofthePickwickClubover\"BillStubbs，HisMark\"palebeforethis;
andDickensinhismostexpansivemoodsneverconceivedanythingmorefunnythanthelong，solemndiscussionbetweentheerraticHebrewscholarandtheeminentmedicalprofessoratNewHavenoverthe\"pores\"ofthestatue，whichoneofthemthought\"theworkofminuteanimals，\"whichtheotherthought\"elaboratePhenicianworkmanship，\"whichboththoughtexquisite，andwhichthemakerofthestatuehadalreadyconfessedthathehadmadebyrudelystrikingthestatuewithamalletfacedwithneedles。
Mr。McWhorter’snewtheorymadenogreatstirintheUnitedStates，thoughsome，doubtless，tookcomfortinit;butitfoundoneveryeminentconvertacrosstheocean，andinaplacewherewemightleasthaveexpectedhim。SometenyearsaftertheeventsabovesketchedwhileresidingatBerlinasministeroftheUnitedStates，IonedayreceivedfromanAmericanstudentattheUniversityofHallealetterstatingthathehadbeenrequestedbynolessapersonagethantheeminentDrSchlottmann，instructorinHebrewinthetheologicalschoolofthatuniversity，——thesuccessorofGeseniusinthatbranchofinstruction，——towritemeforinformationregardingthePhenicianstatuedescribedbytheRevAlexanderMcWhorter。
Inreply，Idetailedtohimthemainpointsinthehistoryofthecase，asithasbeengiveninthischapter，adding，asagainstthePheniciantheory，thatnothinginthenatureofPhenicianremainshadeverbeenfoundwithinthebordersoftheUnitedStates，andthatiftheyhadbeenfound，thisremotevalley，threehundredmilesfromthesea，barredfromthecoastbymountain—ranges，forests，andsavagetribes，couldneverhavebeentheplacechosenbyPheniciannavigatorsforsuchadeposit;
thatthefigureitselfwasclearlynotaworkofearlyart，butacrudedevelopmentbyanunculturedstone—cutteroutofhisremembranceofthingsinmodernsculpture;andthattheinscriptionwaspurelythecreationofMr。McWhorter’simagination。
Inhisacknowledgment，mycorrespondentsaidthatIhadleftnodoubtinhismindastothefactthatthegiantwasaswindle;
butthathehadcommunicatedmylettertotheeminentDr。
Schlottmann，thatthelatteravowedthatIhadnotconvincedhim，andthathestillbelievedtheCardifffiguretobeaPhenicianstatuebearingamostimportantinscription。
Onemanemergedfromthischapterinthehistoryofhumanfollysupremelyhappy:thiswasHull，theinventorofthe\"giant。\"Hehadatlastmadesomemoney，hadgainedareputationfor\"smartness，\"and，whatprobablypleasedhimbestofall，hadrevengedhimselfupontheRev。Mr。TurkofAckley，Iowa，whobylung—powerhadworstedhimintheargumentastothegiantsmentionedinScripture。
Soelatewashethatheshortlysetaboutdevisinganother\"petrifiedman\"whichwoulddefytheworld。Itwasofclaybakedinafurnace，containedhumanbones，andwasprovidedwith\"atailandlegsoftheapetype\";andthishecausedtobeburiedanddiscoveredinColorado。Thistimeheclaimedtohavetheaidofoneofhisformerfoes——thegreatBarnum;andallwentwelluntilhisoldenemy，ProfessorMarshofYale，appearedandblastedthewholeenterprisebyafewminutesofscientificobservationandcommon—sensediscourse。
OtherstriedtoimitateHull，andin1876one——WilliamBuddockofThornton，St。ClairCounty，Michigan——manufacturedasmalleffigyincement，andinduetimebroughtaboutthediscoveryofit。
But，thoughseveralcountryclergymenusedittostrengthentheirargumentsastotheliteral，prosaiccorrectnessofGenesis，itprovedafailure。Finally，in1889，twentyyearsafter\"theCardiffGiant\"wasdevised，a\"petrifiedman\"wasfoundnearBathurstinAustralia，broughttoSydney，andexhibited。Theresultwas，insomemeasure，thesameasinthecaseoftheAmericanfraud。Excellentpeoplefoundcomfortinbelieving，andsundrypseudo—scientificmenofacheapsortthoughtitbesttopandertothissentiment;butawell—trainedgeologistpointedouttheabsurdityofthepopulartheory，andfinallythepolicefinishedthematterbysecuringevidencesoffraud。[34]
[34]FortheRuddockdiscoveryseeDr。G。A。Stockwellinthe\"PopularScienceMonthly\"forJune，1878。FortheAustralianfraudseetheLondon\"Times\"ofAugust2，1889。
Toclosetheseannals，Imayaddthatrecentlytheinventorof\"theCardiffGiant，\"Hull，beingattheageofseventy—sixyears，apparentlyinhislastillness，andanxiousforthegloryinhistorywhichcomesfromsuccessfulachievement，againgavetothepressafullaccountofhispartintheaffair，confirmingwhathehadpreviouslystated，showinghowheplannedit，executeditandrealizedagoodlysumforit;howBarnumwishedtopurchaseitfromhim;andhow，aboveall，hehadhisjokeattheexpenseofthosewho，thoughtheyhadmanagedtoovercomehiminargument，hadfinallybeenrenderedridiculousinthesightofthewholecountry。[35]
[35]ForHull’s\"FinalStatement\"seethe\"IthacaDailyJournal，\"
January4，1898。
CHAPTERLVII
PLANSANDPROJECTS，EXECUTEDANDUNEXECUTED——1838—1905
Amongthosewhoespeciallyattractedmyyouthfuladmirationwereauthors，whetherofbooksorofarticlesinthemagazines。Whenoneofthesepersonageswaspointedouttome，heseemedoffargreaterstaturethanthemenabouthim。Thisfeelingwasespeciallydevelopedintheatmosphereofourhousehold，wherescholarsandwriterswereheldinespecialreverence，andwasafterwardincreasedbymystudies。ThisledmeatYaletotake，atfirst，muchinterestingeneralliterature，and，asaresult，Ihadsomeyouthfulsuccessesasawriterofessaysandasoneoftheeditorsofthe\"YaleLiteraryMagazine\";butalthoughitwasaneraofgreatwriters，——theculminationoftheVictorianepoch，——myloveforliteratureasliteraturegraduallydiminished，andinplaceofitcameinmyyoungmanhoodaloveofhistoricalandotherstudiestowhichliteraturewas，tomymind，merelysubsidiary。Withthis，nodoubt，theprevailingatmosphereofYalehadmuchtodo。TherewasbetweenYaleandHarvard，atthattime，agreatdifferenceasregardedliteraryculture。
LivingimmediatelyaboutHarvardweremostoftheleadingAmericanauthors，andthisfactgreatlyinfluencedthatuniversity;atYalelesswasmadeofliteratureassuch，andmorewasmadeofitasameanstoanend——asancillaryinthediscussionofvariousmilitantpoliticalquestions。Yalehadwritersstrong，vigorous，andacute:ofsuchwereWoolsey，Porter，Bacon，andBushnell，someofwhom，——and，aboveall，thelast，——hadtheydevotedthemselvestopureliterature，wouldhavegainedlastingfame;buttheirinterestinthequestionsofthedaywascontrolling，andliterature，initsordinarysense，wassecondary。
HarvardundoubtedlyhadthegreaterinfluenceonleadingAmericanthinkersthroughoutthenation，butmuchlessdirectinfluenceonthepeopleatlargeoutsideofMassachusetts。ThedirectinfluenceofYaleonaffairsthroughouttheUnitedStateswasfargreater;itwasfeltinallpartsofthecountryandineverysortofenterprise。ManyyearsaftermygraduationIattendedameetingoftheYalealumniatWashington，whereaWesternsenator，ontakingthechair，gaveanoffhandstatementofthedifferencebetweenthetwouniversities。\"Gentlemen，\"saidthesenator，\"weallknowwhatHarvarddoes。ShefitsmenadmirablyforlifeinBostonanditsimmediateneighborhood;theyseelittleoutsideofeasternMassachusettsandnothingoutsideofNewEngland;inBostonclubstheyaredelightful;elsewheretheyareintolerable。AndwealsoknowwhatYaledoes:shesendshergraduatesoutintoallpartsoftheland，foreverysortofgoodwork，intownandcountry，eventotheremotestbordersofthenation。WhereveryoufindaYalemanyoufindamanwhoisintouchwithhisfellow—citizens;whoappreciatesthemandisappreciatedbythem;whoisdoingaman’sworkandishonoredfordoingit。\"
Thishumorousoverstatementindicatestosomeextenttherealdifferencebetweenthespiritofthetwouniversities:theinfluenceofHarvardbeinggreaterthroughthemenittrainedtoleadAmericanthoughtfromBostonasacenter;theinfluenceofYalebeinggreaterthroughitsgraduateswhowerejoiningintheworld’sworkinallitsvariedforms。Yet，curiouslyenough，itwastheutteranceofaHarvardmanwhichperhapsdidmostinmyyoungmanhoodtomakemeundulydepreciateliterarywork。IwasindeepsympathywithTheodoreParker，bothinpoliticsandreligion，andwhenhepouredcontemptoveracertainclassofineffectivepeopleas\"weakandliterary，\"somethingofhisfeelingtookpossessionofme。Then，too，IwasmuchundertheinfluenceofThomasCarlyle:hispreachments，hortatoryandobjurgatory，wittyandquerulous，thatmenshoulddeferworkinliteratureuntiltheyreallyhavesomeworthymessagetodeliver，hadastrongeffectuponme。WhileIgreatlyadmiredmenlikeLowellandWhittier，whobroughtexquisiteliterarygiftstobearpowerfullyonthestruggleagainstslavery，personsdevotedwhollytoliteraryworkseemedtomeakintosugar—bakersandconfectionery—makers。Inowknowthatthisviewwasveryinadequate;butitwastheninfullforce。Itseemedtomemoreandmoreabsurdthatamanwithanallegedimmortalsoul，atsuchatimeasthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury，shoulddevotehimself，asIthenthought，toamusingweakishyoungmenandwomenbythebalancingofphrasesorthejinglingofverses。
Thereforeitwasthat，afterleavingYale，whateverIwrotehadsomedistinctpurpose，withlittle，ifany，careastoform。I
wasgreatlystirredagainsttheencroachmentsofslaveryintheTerritories，hadalsobecomedeeplyinterestedinuniversityeducation，andmostofmythinkingandwritingwasdevotedtothesesubjects;though，attimes，Itookupthecudgelsinbehalfofvariousmilitantideasthatseemedtoneedsupport。Thelectureon\"CathedralBuildersandMediaevalSculptors，\"givenintheYalechapelaftermyreturnfromEurope，oftenrepeatedafterwardinvariouspartsofthecountry，andwidelycirculatedbyextractsinnewspapers，thoughapparentlyanexceptiontotherule，wasnotreallyso。Itaimedtoshowtheeducationalvalueofanethicalelementinart。So，too，myarticleinthe\"NewEnglander\"on\"GlimpsesofUniversalHistory\"hadasitsobjectthebetterdevelopmentofhistoricalstudiesinouruniversities。
Myarticlesinthe\"AtlanticMonthly\"——on\"JeffersonandSlavery，\"on\"TheStatesmanshipofRichelieu，\"andon\"TheDevelopmentandOverthrowofSerfdominRussia\"——allhadabearingonthedominantquestionofslavery，andthesamewastrueofmyPhiBetaKappaaddressatYaleon\"TheGreatestFoeofModernStates。\"WhateverIwroteduringtheCivilWar，andespeciallymypamphletpublishedinLondonasareplytothe\"AmericanDiary\"oftheLondon\"Times\"correspondent，Dr。
Russell，hadasimilarcharacter。ThefeelinggrewuponmethatlifeintheUnitedStatesduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturywasaltogethertooearnestfordevotiontopureliterature。ThesamefeelingpervadedmylecturesattheUniversityofMichigan，myeffortbeingbymeansofthelessonsofhistorytosetyoungmenatthinkinguponthegreatpoliticalproblemsofourtime。ThefirstcourseoftheselectureswasupontheFrenchRevolution。Workwithreferencetoithadbeenalaboroflove。DuringmystudentlifeinParis，andatvariousothertimes，Ihaddevotedmuchtimetothestudyofthissubject，hadvisitednearlyalltheplacesmostcloselyconnectedwithitnotonlyinParisbutthroughoutFrance，hadmeditateduponthenoblebeginningsoftheRevolutioninthePalaceandTennis—courtandChurchofSt。LouisatVersailles;atLyons，uponthefusillades;
atNantes，uponthenoyades;attheAbbaye，theCarmelitemonastery，theBarriereduTrone，andthecemeteryoftheRuePiepusinParis，upontheRedTerror;atNimesandAvignonandinLaVendee，upontheWhiteTerror;hadcollected，inallpartsofFrance，massesofbooks，manuscripts，publicdocumentsandillustratedmaterialonthewholestruggle:fullsetsoftheleadingnewspapersoftheRevolutionaryperiod，morethanseventhousandpamphlets，reports，speeches，andotherfugitivepublications，withmassesofpapermoney，caricatures，broadsides，andthelike，thusformingmylibraryontheRevolution，whichhassincebeenaddedtothatofCornellUniversity。BaseduponthesedocumentsandbooksweremylecturesonthegeneralhistoryofFranceandontheRevolutionandEmpire。OutofthiscamefinallyashorterseriesoflecturesuponwhichItookespecialpains——namely，the\"HistoryoftheCausesoftheFrenchRevolution。\"Thispartofthewholecourseinterestedmemostasrevealingthestrengthandweaknessofdemocraciesandthrowinglightuponmanyproblemswhichourownrepublicmustendeavortosolve;andIgaveitnotonlyatCornell，butatJohnsHopkins，theUniversityofPennsylvania，Stanford，Tulane，andWashington。Itstillremainsinmanuscript:
whetheritwilleverbepublishedisuncertain。Shouldmylifebesomewhatextended，Ihopetothrowitintotheformofasmallvolume;but，atmypresentageandwiththeworknowuponme，therealizationofthisplanisdoubtful。Still，inanycase，thereistomeonegreatconsolation:mycollectionofbooksaidedtheformerprofessorofmodernhistoryatCornell，Mr。MorseStevens，inpreparingwhatisunquestionablythebesthistoryoftheFrenchRevolutionintheEnglishlanguage。Norhasthecollectionbeenwithoutotheruses。Uponitwasbasedmypamphleton\"PaperMoneyInflationinFrance:HowItCame，WhatItBrought，andHowItEnded，\"andthis，beingcirculatedwidelyasacampaigndocumentduringtwodifferentperiodsoffinancialdelusion，did，Ihope，somethingtosetsomecontrollingmenintofruitfultrainsofthoughtononeofthemostimportantissueseverpresentedtotheAmericanpeople。
Anothercourseoflecturesalsopavedthewaypossiblyforabook。Ihavealreadytoldhow，duringmycollegelifeandevenpreviously，IbecamefascinatedwiththehistoryoftheProtestantReformation。Thisledtofurtherstudies，andamongthefirstcoursesinhistorypreparedduringmyprofessorshipattheUniversityofMichiganwasoneuponthe\"RevivalofLearning\"
andthe\"ReformationinGermany。\"Thiscoursewasdevelopedlateruntilitwasbroughtdowntoourowntimes;itscontinuancebeingespeciallyfavoredbymystayinGermany，firstasastudentandlaterasministeroftheUnitedStates。Mostofmysparetimeattheseperiodswasgiventothissubject，andinthepreparationoftheselecturesIconceivedtheplanofabookbearingsomesuchnameas\"TheBuildingoftheGermanEmpire，\"or\"TheEvolutionofModernGermany。\"Astomethod，Iproposedtomakeitalmostentirelybiographical，andthereasonforthisisverysimple。OfallhistoriesthatIhaveknown，thoserelatingtoGermanyhavebeenthemostdifficulttoread。EventsinGermanhistoryarecomplicatedandinterwoven，toagreaterdegreethanthoseofanyothernation，bystrugglesbetweenraces，betweenthreegreatbranchesoftheChristianChurch，betweenscoresofterritorialdivisionsbetweengreaterandlessermonarchs，betweenstatesandcities，betweenfamilies，betweenindividuals。
Then，toincreasethecomplication，thecenterofinterestisconstantlychanging，——beingduringoneperiodatVienna，duringanotheratFrankfort—on—the—Main，duringanotheratBerlin，andduringothersatotherplaces。ThereforeitisthatnarrativehistoriesofGermanybecometomostforeignreaderswretchedlyconfusing:indeed，theymightwellbeclassedinFatherBouhours’sfamouscatalogueof\"BooksImpossibletobeRead。\"
Thisobstacletohistoricaltreatment，especiallyasregardstheneedsofAmericanreaders，ledmetogroupeventsaboutthelivesofvariousGermanleadersinthoughtandaction—therealbuildersofGermany;andthisplanwasperhapsconfirmedbyCarlyle’sfamousdictumthatthehistoryofanynationisthehistoryofthegreatmenwhohavemadeit。Impressedbysuchconsiderations，Ithrewmylecturesalmostentirelyintobiographicalform，withhereandthereafewhistoricallecturestobindthewholetogether。BeginningwithErasmus，Luther，UlrichvonHutten，andCharlesV，IcontinuedwithComenius，Canisius，Grotius，Thomasius，andotherswho，whetherbornonGermansoilornot，exercisedtheirmaininfluenceinGermany。ThencametheworkoftheGreatElector，theadministrationofFredericktheGreat，themoralphilosophyofKant，theinfluenceoftheFrenchRevolutionandNapoleoninGermany，thereformsofStein，thehopelesseffortsofJosephIIandMetternichtowinthehegemonyforAustria，andthesuccessfuleffortsofBismarckandtheEmperorWilliamtogiveittoPrussia。MyowndirectknowledgeofGermanyatdifferentdatesduringmorethanforty—fiveyears，andperhapsalsomyofficialandpersonalrelationstothetwopersonageslastmentioned，enabledmetoseesomethingswhichamandrawinghismaterialfrombooksalonewouldnothaveseen。Ihavegivenmuchofmysparetimetothissubjectduringseveralyears，andstillhope，almostagainsthope，tobringitintobookform。
Thoughthusinterestedintheworkofaprofessorofmodernhistory，Icouldnotrefrainfromtakingpartinthediscussionofpracticalquestionspressingonthinkingmenfromallsidesandearnestlydemandingattention。
DuringmyStatesenatorshipIhadbeenobligedmorethanoncetoconfessalack，bothinmyselfandinmycolleagues，ofmuchfundamentalknowledgeespeciallyimportanttomenintrustedwiththelegislationofagreatcommonwealth。Besidesthis，evenasfarbackasmyRussianattacheship，Ihadobservedasimilarwantofproperequipmentinourdiplomaticandconsularservice。Itwascleartomethatsuchsubjectsasinternationallaw，politicaleconomy，modernhistorybearingonlegislation，thefundamentalprinciplesoflawandadministration，andespeciallystudiesbearingonthepreventionandcureofpauperism，inebriety，andcrime，andontheimpositionoftaxation，hadbeenalwaysinadequatelyprovidedforbyouruniversities，andinmostcasesutterlyneglected。