第12章
加入书架 A- A+
点击下载App,搜索"PARMENIDES",免费读到尾

  Yes,allthings。

  Thenwecannotsupposethatthereisanythingdifferentfromtheminwhichboththeoneandtheothersmightexist?

  Thereisnothing。

  Thentheoneandtheothersareneverinthesame?

  True。

  Thentheyareseparatedfromeachother?

  Yes。

  Andwesurelycannotsaythatwhatistrulyonehasparts?

  Impossible。

  Thentheonewillnotbeintheothersasawhole,noraspart,ifitbeseparatedfromtheothers,andhasnoparts?

  Impossible。

  Thenthereisnowayinwhichtheotherscanpartakeoftheone,iftheydonotpartakeeitherinwholeorinpart?

  Itwouldseemnot。

  Thenthereisnowayinwhichtheothersareone,orhaveinthemselvesanyunity?

  Thereisnot。

  Noraretheothersmany;foriftheyweremany,eachpartofthemwouldbeapartofthewhole;butnowtheothers,notpartakinginanywayoftheone,areneitheronenormany,norwhole,norpart。

  True。

  Thentheothersneitherarenorcontaintwoorthree,ifentirelydeprivedoftheone?

  True。

  Thentheothersareneitherlikenorunliketheone,norislikenessandunlikenessinthem;foriftheywerelikeandunlike,orhadinthemlikenessandunlikeness,theywouldhavetwonaturesinthemoppositetooneanother。

  Thatisclear。

  Butforthatwhichpartakesofnothingtopartakeoftwothingswasheldbyustobeimpossible?

  Impossible。

  Thentheothersareneitherlikenorunlikenorboth,foriftheywerelikeorunliketheywouldpartakeofoneofthosetwonatures,whichwouldbeonething,andiftheywereboththeywouldpartakeofoppositeswhichwouldbetwothings,andthishasbeenshowntobeimpossible。

  True。

  Thereforetheyareneitherthesame,norother,norinmotion,noratrest,norinastateofbecoming,norofbeingdestroyed,norgreater,norless,norequal,norhavetheyexperiencedanythingelseofthesort;for,iftheyarecapableofexperiencinganysuchaffection,theywillparticipateinoneandtwoandthree,andoddandeven,andinthese,ashasbeenproved,theydonotparticipate,seeingthattheyarealtogetherandineverywaydevoidoftheone。

  Verytrue。

  Thereforeifoneis,theoneisallthings,andalsonothing,bothinrelationtoitselfandtootherthings。

  Certainly。

  Well,andoughtwenottoconsidernextwhatwillbetheconsequenceiftheoneisnot?

  Yes;weought。

  Whatisthemeaningofthehypothesis—Iftheoneisnot;isthereanydifferencebetweenthisandthehypothesis—Ifthenotoneisnot?

  Thereisadifference,certainly。

  Isthereadifferenceonly,orratherarenotthetwoexpressions—iftheoneisnot,andifthenotoneisnot,entirelyopposed?

  Theyareentirelyopposed。

  Andsupposeapersontosay:—Ifgreatnessisnot,ifsmallnessisnot,oranythingofthatsort,doeshenotmean,wheneverheusessuchanexpression,that\"whatisnot\"isotherthanotherthings?

  Tobesure。

  Andsowhenhesays\"Ifoneisnot\"heclearlymeans,thatwhat\"isnot\"isotherthanallothers;weknowwhathemeans—dowenot?

  Yes,wedo。

  Whenhesays\"one,\"hesayssomethingwhichisknown;andsecondlysomethingwhichisotherthanallotherthings;itmakesnodifferencewhetherhepredicateofonebeingornotbeing,forthatwhichissaid\"nottobe\"isknowntobesomethingallthesame,andisdistinguishedfromotherthings。

  Certainly。

  ThenIwillbeginagain,andask:Ifoneisnot,whataretheconsequences?Inthefirstplace,aswouldappear,thereisaknowledgeofit,ortheverymeaningofthewords,\"ifoneisnot,\"

  wouldnotbeknown。

  True。

  Secondly,theothersdifferfromit,oritcouldnotbedescribedasdifferentfromtheothers?

  Certainly。

  Difference,then,belongstoitaswellasknowledge;forinspeakingoftheoneasdifferentfromtheothers,wedonotspeakofadifferenceintheothers,butintheone。

  Clearlyso。

  Moreover,theonethatisnotissomethingandpartakesofrelationto\"that,\"and\"this,\"and\"these,\"andthelike,andisanattributeof\"this\";fortheone,ortheothersthantheone,couldnothavebeenspokenof,norcouldanyattributeorrelativeoftheonethatisnothavebeenorbeenspokenof,norcouldithavebeensaidtobeanything,ifitdidnotpartakeof\"some,\"oroftheotherrelationsjustnowmentioned。

  True。

  Being,then,cannotbeascribedtotheone,sinceitisnot;buttheonethatisnotmayorrathermustparticipateinmanythings,ifitandnothingelseisnot;if,however,neithertheonenortheonethatisnotissupposednottobe,andwearespeakingofsomethingofadifferentnature,wecanpredicatenothingofit。Butsupposingthattheonethatisnotandnothingelseisnot,thenitmustparticipateinthepredicate\"that,\"andinmanyothers。

  Certainly。

  Anditwillhaveunlikenessinrelationtotheothers,fortheothersbeingdifferentfromtheonewillbeofadifferentkind。

  Certainly。

  Andarenotthingsofadifferentkindalsootherinkind?

  Ofcourse。

  Andarenotthingsotherinkindunlike?

  Theyareunlike。

  Andiftheyareunliketheone,thatwhichtheyareunlikewillclearlybeunlikethem?

  Clearlyso。

  Thentheonewillhaveunlikenessinrespectofwhichtheothersareunlikeit?

  Thatwouldseemtobetrue。

  Andifunlikenesstootherthingsisattributedtoit,itmusthavelikenesstoitself。

  Howso?

  Iftheonehaveunlikenesstoone,somethingelsemustbemeant;norwillthehypothesisrelatetoone;butitwillrelatetosomethingotherthanone?

  Quiteso。

  Butthatcannotbe。

  No。

  Thentheonemusthavelikenesstoitself?

  Itmust。

  Again,itisnotequaltotheothers;forifitwereequal,thenitwouldatoncebeandbeliketheminvirtueoftheequality;butifonehasnobeing,thenitcanneitherbenorbelike?

  Itcannot。

  Butsinceitisnotequaltotheothers,neithercantheothersbeequaltoit?

  Certainlynot。

  Andthingsthatarenotequalareunequal?

  True。

  Andtheyareunequaltoanunequal?

  Ofcourse。

  Thentheonepartakesofinequality,andinrespectofthistheothersareunequaltoit?

  Verytrue。

  Andinequalityimpliesgreatnessandsmallness?

  Yes。

  Thentheone,ifofsuchanature,hasgreatnessandsmallness?

  Thatappearstobetrue。

  Andgreatnessandsmallnessalwaysstandapart?

  True。

  Thenthereisalwayssomethingbetweenthem?

  Thereis。

  Andcanyouthinkofanythingelsewhichisbetweenthemotherthanequality?

  No,itisequalitywhichliesbetweenthem。

  Thenthatwhichhasgreatnessandsmallnessalsohasequality,whichliesbetweenthem?

  Thatisclear。

  Thentheone,whichisnot,partakes,aswouldappear,ofgreatnessandsmallnessandequality?

  Clearly。

  Further,itmustsurelyinasortpartakeofbeing?

  Howso?

  Itmustbeso,forifnot,thenweshouldnotspeakthetruthinsayingthattheoneisnot。Butifwespeakthetruth,clearlywemustsaywhatis。AmInotright?

  Yes。

  Andsinceweaffirmthatwespeaktruly,wemustalsoaffirmthatwesaywhatis?

  Certainly。

  Then,aswouldappear,theone,whenitisnot,is;forifitwerenottobewhenitisnot,butweretorelinquishsomethingofbeing,soastobecomenot—being,itwouldatoncebe。

  Quitetrue。

  Thentheonewhichisnot,ifitistomaintainitself,musthavethebeingofnot—beingasthebondofnot—being,justasbeingmusthaveasabondthenot—beingofnot—beinginordertoperfectitsownbeing;forthetruestassertionofthebeingofbeingandofthenot—beingofnotbeingiswhenbeingpartakesofthebeingofbeing,andnotofthebeingofnot—being—thatis,theperfectionofbeing;

  andwhennot—beingdoesnotpartakeofthenot—beingofnot—beingbutofthebeingofnot—being—thatistheperfectionofnot—being。

  Mosttrue。

  Sincethenwhatispartakesofnot—being,andwhatisnotofbeing,mustnottheonealsopartakeofbeinginordernottobe?

  Certainly。

  Thentheone,ifitisnot,clearlyhasbeing?

  Clearly。

  Andhasnot—beingalso,ifitisnot?

  Ofcourse。

  Butcananythingwhichisinacertainstatenotbeinthatstatewithoutchanging?

  Impossible。

  Theneverythingwhichisandisnotinacertainstate,implieschange?

  Certainly。

  Andchangeismotion—wemaysaythat?

  Yes,motion。

点击下载App,搜索"PARMENIDES",免费读到尾