afacultynotconstructedoutofindependentpainsandpleasures——andthesystembecomesaviciouscircle。ConscienceonanyreallyUtilitarianschememustbeaderivative，notanultimate，faculty。If，asMillseemstosay，theomissionisablunder，Bentham’sUtilitarianismatleastmustbeanerroneoussystem。
Wehavenowourlistbothofpainsandpleasuresandofthegeneralmodesofvariationbywhichtheirvalueistobemeasured。Wemustalsoallowforthevaryingsensibilitiesofdifferentpersons。Benthamaccordinglygivesalistofthirty-two’circumstancesinfluencingsensibility。’39*Humanbeingsdifferinconstitution，character，education，sex，race，andsoforth，andintheirdegreesofsensibilitytoallthevariousclassesofpainsandpleasures；theconsiderationofthesevarietiesisofthehighestutilityforthepurposesofthejudgeandthelegislator。40*The’sanctions’willoperatedifferentlyindifferentcases。Ablowwillhavedifferenteffectsuponthesickanduponthehealthy；thesamefineimposedupontherichandthepoorwillcauseverydifferentpains；andalawwhichisbeneficentinEuropemaybeascourgeinAmerica。
Wehavethusour’pathology’ortheoryofthepassivesensibilitiesofman。Weknowwhatarethe’springsofaction，’howtheyvaryingeneral，andhowtheyvaryfromonemantoanother。Wecanthereforepasstothedynamics。41*
Wehavedescribedthemachineryinrest，andcannowconsideritinmotion。
Weproceedasbeforebyfirstconsideringactioningeneral：whichleadstoconsiderationofthe’intention’andthe’motive’impliedbyanyconsciousaction：andhenceoftherelationofthesetothe’springsofaction’asalreadydescribed。Thediscussionisminuteandelaborate；andBenthamimprovesashecomesnearertotheactualproblemsoflegislationandfurtherfromtheostensiblebasesofpsychology。Theanalysisofconduct，andofthesanctionsbywhichconductismodified，involvesaviewofmoralsandoftherelationsbetweenthespheresofmoralityandlegislationwhichisofcriticalimportanceforthewholeUtilitariancreed。’Morallaws’anda’Positivelaw’bothaffecthumanaction。Howdotheydiffer?Bentham’streatmentoftheproblemshows，Ithink，aclearerappreciationofsomedifficultiesthanmightbeinferredfromhislaterutterances。Inanycase，itbringsintoclearreliefamoraldoctrinewhichdeeplyaffectedhissuccessors。