The Varieties of Religious Experience

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第66章

The Varieties of Religious Experience William James

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The Varieties of Religious Experience
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  Perfectconductisarelationbetweenthreeterms:theactor,theobjectsforwhichheacts,andtherecipientsoftheaction。

  Inorderthatconductshouldbeabstractlyperfect,allthreeterms,intention,execution,andreception,shouldbesuitedtooneanother。Thebestintentionwillfailifiteitherworkbyfalsemeansoraddressitselftothewrongrecipient。Thusnocriticorestimatorofthevalueofconductcanconfinehimselftotheactor’sanimusalone,apartfromtheotherelementsoftheperformance。Asthereisnoworseliethanatruthmisunderstoodbythosewhohearit,soreasonablearguments,challengestomagnanimity,andappealstosympathyorjustice,arefollywhenwearedealingwithhumancrocodilesandboa-constrictors。Thesaintmaysimplygivetheuniverseintothehandsoftheenemybyhistrustfulness。Hemaybynon-resistancecutoffhisownsurvival。

  HerbertSpencertellsusthattheperfectman’sconductwillappearperfectonlywhentheenvironmentisperfect:tonoinferiorenvironmentisitsuitablyadapted。Wemayparaphrasethisbycordiallyadmittingthatsaintlyconductwouldbethemostperfectconductconceivableinanenvironmentwhereallweresaintsalready;butbyaddingthatinanenvironmentwherefewaresaints,andmanytheexactreverseofsaints,itmustbeilladapted。Wemustfranklyconfess,then,usingourempiricalcommonsenseandordinarypracticalprejudices,thatintheworldthatactuallyis,thevirtuesofsympathy,charity,andnon-resistancemaybe,andoftenhavebeen,manifestedinexcess。

  Thepowersofdarknesshavesystematicallytakenadvantageofthem。Thewholemodernscientificorganizationofcharityisaconsequenceofthefailureofsimplygivingalms。Thewholehistoryofconstitutionalgovernmentisacommentaryontheexcellenceofresistingevil,andwhenonecheekissmitten,ofsmitingbackandnotturningtheothercheekalso。

  Youwillagreetothisingeneral,forinspiteoftheGospel,inspiteofQuakerism,inspiteofTolstoi,youbelieveinfightingfirewithfire,inshootingdownusurpers,lockingupthieves,andfreezingoutvagabondsandswindlers。

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