Thisexternalrelationbetweenthefinishedproduct，anditsvariousanddiverseelementsmakesit，aswellinthiscaseasinthecaseofallsimilarfinishedarticles，amatterofchancewhetherthedetaillabourersarebroughttogetherinoneworkshopornot。Thedetailoperationsmayfurtherbecarriedonlikesomanyindependenthandicrafts，astheyareintheCantonsofVaudandNeufchâtel;whileinGenevathereexistlargewatchmanufactorieswherethedetaillabourersdirectlyco—operateunderthecontrolofasinglecapitalist。Andeveninthelattercasethedial，thesprings，andthecase，areseldommadeinthefactoryitself。Tocarryonthetradeasamanufacture，withconcentrationofworkmen，is，inthewatchtrade，profitableonlyunderexceptionalconditions，becausecompetitionisgreaterbetweenthelabourerswhodesiretoworkathome，andbecausethesplittingupoftheworkintoanumberofheterogeneousprocesses，permitsbutlittleuseoftheinstrumentsoflabourincommon，andthecapitalist，byscatteringthework，savestheoutlayonworkshops，&c。[7]Neverthelessthepositionofthisdetaillabourerwho，thoughheworksathome，doessoforacapitalist（manufacturer，établisseur），isverydifferentfromthatoftheindependentartificer，whoworksforhisowncustomers。[8]
Thesecondkindofmanufacture，itsperfectedform，producesarticlesthatgothroughconnectedphasesofdevelopment，throughaseriesofprocessesstepbystep，likethewireinthemanufactureofneedles，whichpassesthroughthehandsof72andsometimeseven92differentdetailworkmen。
Insofarassuchamanufacture，whenfirststarted，combinesscatteredhandicrafts，itlessensthespacebywhichthevariousphasesofproductionareseparatedfromeachother。Thetimetakeninpassingfromonestagetoanotherisshortened，soisthelabourthateffectuatesthispassage。[9]Incomparisonwithahandicraft，productivepowerisgained，andthisgainisowingtothegeneralco—operativecharacterofmanufacture。Ontheotherhand，divisionoflabour，whichisthedistinguishingprincipleofmanufacture，requirestheisolationofthevariousstagesofproductionandtheirindependenceofeachother。Theestablishmentandmaintenanceofaconnexionbetweentheisolatedfunctionsnecessitatestheincessanttransportofthearticlefromonehandtoanother，andfromoneprocesstoanother。Fromthestandpointofmodernmechanicalindustry，thisnecessitystandsforthasacharacteristicandcostlydisadvantage，andonethatisimmanentintheprincipleofmanufacture。[10]
Ifweconfineourattentiontosomeparticularlotofrawmaterials，ofrags，forinstance，inpapermanufacture，orofwireinneedlemanufacture，weperceivethatitpassesinsuccessionthroughaseriesofstagesinthehandsofthevariousdetailworkmenuntilcompletion。
Ontheotherhand，ifwelookattheworkshopasawhole，weseetherawmaterialinallthestagesofitsproductionatthesametime。Thecollectivelabourer，withonesetofhismanyhandsarmedwithonekindoftools，drawsthewire，withanotherset，armedwithdifferenttools，he，atthesametime，straightensit，withanother，hecutsit，withanother，pointsit，andsoon。Thedifferentdetailprocesses，whichweresuccessiveintime，havebecomesimultaneous，goonsidebysideinspace。Hence，productionofagreaterquantumoffinishedcommoditiesinagiventime。[11]Thissimultaneity，itistrue，isduetothegeneralco—operativeformoftheprocessasawhole;butManufacturenotonlyfindstheconditionsforco—operationreadytohand，italso，tosomeextent，createsthembythesub—divisionofhandicraftlabour。Ontheotherhand，itaccomplishesthissocialorganisationofthelabour—processonlybyrivetingeachlabourertoasinglefractionaldetail。