Suppose,again,thathehasacquiredmoreexperience,andhaslivedsolongintheworldastohaveobservedfamiliarobjectsoreventstobeconstantlyconjoinedtogether;whatistheconsequenceofthisexperience?Heimmediatelyinferstheexistenceofoneobjectfromtheappearanceoftheother。Yethehasnot,byallhisexperience,acquiredanyideaorknowledgeofthesecretpowerbywhichtheoneobjectproducestheother;norisitbyanyprocessofreasoning,heisengagedtodrawthisinference。Butstillhefindshimselfdeterminedtodrawit:
Andthoughheshouldbeconvincedthathisunderstandinghasnopartintheoperation,hewouldneverthelesscontinueinthesamecourseofthinking。Thereissomeotherprinciplewhichdetermineshimtoformsuchaconclusion。
ThisprincipleisC/USTOM\\orH/ABIT\\。Forwherevertherepetitionofanyparticularactoroperationproducesapropensitytorenewthesameactoroperation,withoutbeingimpelledbyanyreasoningorprocessoftheunderstanding,wealwayssay,thatthispropensityistheeffectof。Byemployingthatword,wepretendnottohavegiventheultimatereasonofsuchapropensity。Weonlypointoutaprincipleofhumannature,whichisuniversallyacknowledged,andwhichiswellknownbyitseffects。
Perhapswecanpushourenquiriesnofarther,orpretendtogivethecauseofthiscause;butmustrestcontentedwithitastheultimateprinciple,whichwecanassign,ofallourconclusionsfromexperience。Itissufficientsatisfaction,thatwecangosofar,withoutrepiningatthenarrownessofourfacultiesbecausetheywillcarryusnofarther。Anditiscertainwehereadvanceaveryintelligiblepropositionatleast,ifnotatrueone,whenweassertthat,aftertheconstantconjunctionoftwoobjects——heatandflame,forinstance,weightandsolidity——wearedeterminedbycustomalonetoexpecttheonefromtheappearanceoftheother。Thishypothesisseemseventheonlyonewhichexplainsthedifficulty,whywedraw,fromathousandinstances,aninferencewhichwearenotabletodrawfromoneinstance,thatis,innorespect,differentfromthem。Reasonisincapableofanysuchvariation。Theconclusionswhichitdrawsfromconsideringonecirclearethesamewhichitwouldformuponsurveyingallthecirclesintheuniverse。Butnoman,havingseenonlyonebodymoveafterbeingimpelledbyanother,couldinferthateveryotherbodywillmoveafteralikeimpulse。
Allinferencesfromexperience,therefore,areeffectsofcustom,notofreasoning。[12]