An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

第4章

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第4章

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 佚名

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An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
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  ,Thisself-commandisverydifferentatdifferenttimes。Amaninhealthpossessesmoreofitthanonelanguishingwithsickness。Wearemoremasterofourthoughtsinthemorningthanintheevening:Fasting,thanafterafullmeal。Canwegiveanyreasonforthesevariations,exceptexperience?Wherethenisthepower,ofwhichwepretendtobeconscious?Istherenothere,eitherinaspiritualormaterialsubstance,orboth,somesecretmechanismorstructureofparts,uponwhichtheeffectdepends,andwhich,beingentirelyunknowntous,rendersthepowerorenergyofthewillequallyunknownandincomprehensible?

  Volitionissurelyanactofthemind,withwhichwearesufficientlyacquainted。Reflectuponit。Consideritonallsides。Doyoufindanythinginitlikethiscreativepower,bywhichitraisesfromnothinganewidea,andwithakindofF/IAT\\,imitatestheomnipotenceofitsMaker,ifImaybeallowedsotospeak,whocalledforthintoexistenceallthevariousscenesofnature?Sofarfrombeingconsciousofthisenergyinthewill,itrequiresascertainexperienceasthatofwhichwearepossessed,toconvinceusthatsuchextraordinaryeffectsdoeverresultfromasimpleactofvolition。

  Thegeneralityofmankindneverfindanydifficultyinaccountingforthemorecommonandfamiliaroperationsofnature——suchasthedescentofheavybodies,thegrowthofplants,thegenerationofanimals,or

  thenourishmentofbodiesbyfood:Butsupposethat,inallthesecases,theyperceivetheveryforceorenergyofthecause,bywhichitisconnectedwithitseffect,andisforeverinfallibleinitsoperation。Theyacquire,bylonghabit,suchaturnofmind,that,upontheappearanceofthecause,theyimmediatelyexpectwithassuranceitsusualattendant,andhardlyconceiveitpossiblethatanyothereventcouldresultfromit。Itisonlyonthediscoveryofextraordinaryphaenomena,suchasearthquakes,pestilence,andprodigiesofanykind,thattheyfindthemselvesatalosstoassignapropercause,andtoexplainthemannerinwhichtheeffectisproducedbyit。Itisusualformen,insuchdifficultiestohaverecoursetosomeinvisibleintelligentprinciple[18]

  astheimmediatecauseofthateventwhichsurprisesthem,andwhich,theythink,cannotbeaccountedforfromthecommonpowersofnature。Butphilosophers,whocarrytheirscrutinyalittlefarther,immediatelyperceivethat,eveninthemostfamiliarevents,theenergyofthecauseisasunintelligibleasinthemostunusual,andthatweonlylearnbyexperiencethefrequentC/ONJUNCTION\\ofobjects,withoutbeingeverabletocomprehendanythinglikeC/ONNEXION\\betweenthem。Here,then,manyphilosophersthinkthemselvesobligedbyreasontohaverecourse,onalloccasions,tothesameprinciple,whichthevulgarneverappealtobutincasesthatappearmiraculousandsupernatural。Theyacknowledgemind

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