Thenyoumustfurtherimaginethesamethingtohappentothesonwhichhasalreadyhappenedtothefather：——heisdrawnintoaperfectlylawlesslife，whichbyhisseducersistermedperfectliberty；andhisfatherandfriendstakepartwithhismoderatedesires，andtheoppositepartyassisttheoppositeones。Assoonasthesediremagiciansandtyrant—makersfindthattheyarelosingtheirholdonhim，theycontrivetoimplantinhimamasterpassion，tobelordoverhisidleandspendthriftlusts——asortofmonstrouswingeddrone——thatistheonlyimagewhichwilladequatelydescribehim。
Yes，hesaid，thatistheonlyadequateimageofhim。
Andwhenhisotherlusts，amidcloudsofincenseandperfumesandgarlandsandwines，andallthepleasuresofadissolutelife，nowletloose，comebuzzingaroundhim，nourishingtotheutmostthestingofdesirewhichtheyimplantinhisdrone—likenature，thenatlastthislordofthesoul，havingMadnessforthecaptainofhisguard，breaksoutintoafrenzy：andifhefindsinhimselfanygoodopinionsorappetitesinprocessofformation，andthereisinhimanysenseofshameremaining，tothesebetterprinciplesheputsanend，andcaststhemforthuntilhehaspurgedawaytemperanceandbroughtinmadnesstothefull。
Yes，hesaid，thatisthewayinwhichthetyrannicalmanisgenerated。
Andisnotthisthereasonwhyofoldlovehasbeencalledatyrant？
Ishouldnotwonder。
Further，Isaid，hasnotadrunkenmanalsothespiritofatyrant？
Hehas。
Andyouknowthatamanwhoisderangedandnotrightinhismind，willfancythatheisabletorule，notonlyovermen，butalsooverthegods？
Thathewill。
Andthetyrannicalmaninthetruesenseofthewordcomesintobeingwhen，eitherundertheinfluenceofnature，orhabit，orboth，hebecomesdrunken，lustful，passionate？Omyfriend，isnotthatso？
Assuredly。
Suchisthemanandsuchishisorigin。Andnext，howdoeshelive？
Suppose，aspeoplefacetiouslysay，youweretotellme。
Iimagine，Isaid，atthenextstepinhisprogress，thattherewillbefeastsandcarousalsandrevellingsandcourtezans，andallthatsortofthing；Loveisthelordofthehousewithinhim，andordersalltheconcernsofhissoul。
Thatiscertain。
Yes；andeverydayandeverynightdesiresgrowupmanyandformidable，andtheirdemandsaremany。
Theyareindeed，hesaid。
Hisrevenues，ifhehasany，aresoonspent。
True。
Thencomesdebtandthecuttingdownofhisproperty。
Ofcourse。
Whenhehasnothingleft，mustnothisdesires，crowdinginthenestlikeyoungravens，becryingaloudforfood；andhe，goadedonbythem，andespeciallybylovehimself，whoisinamannerthecaptainofthem，isinafrenzy，andwouldfaindiscoverwhomhecandefraudordespoilofhisproperty，inorderthathemaygratifythem？
Yes，thatissuretobethecase。
Hemusthavemoney，nomatterhow，ifheistoescapehorridpainsandpangs。
Hemust。
Andasinhimselftherewasasuccessionofpleasures，andthenewgotthebetteroftheoldandtookawaytheirrights，sohebeingyoungerwillclaimtohavemorethanhisfatherandhismother，andifhehasspenthisownshareoftheproperty，hewilltakeasliceoftheirs。
Nodoubthewill。
Andifhisparentswillnotgiveway，thenhewilltryfirstofalltocheatanddeceivethem。
Verytrue。
Andifhefails，thenhewilluseforceandplunderthem。
Yes，probably。
Andiftheoldmanandwomanfightfortheirown，whatthen，myfriend？Willthecreaturefeelanycompunctionattyrannizingoverthem？
Nay，hesaid，Ishouldnotfeelatallcomfortableabouthisparents。
But，Oheavens！Adeimantus，onaccountofsomenewfangledloveofaharlot，whoisanythingbutanecessaryconnection，canyoubelievethathewouldstrikethemotherwhoishisancientfriendandnecessarytohisveryexistence，andwouldplaceherundertheauthorityoftheother，whensheisbroughtunderthesameroofwithher；orthat，underlikecircumstances，hewoulddothesametohiswitheredoldfather，firstandmostindispensableoffriends，forthesakeofsomenewlyfoundbloomingyouthwhoisthereverseofindispensable？
Yes，indeed，hesaid；Ibelievethathewould。
Truly，then，Isaid，atyrannicalsonisablessingtohisfatherandmother。
Heisindeed，hereplied。
Hefirsttakestheirproperty，andwhenthatfalls，andpleasuresarebeginningtoswarminthehiveofhissoul，thenhebreaksintoahouse，orstealsthegarmentsofsomenightlywayfarer；nextheproceedstoclearatemple。Meanwhiletheoldopinionswhichhehadwhenachild，andwhichgavejudgmentaboutgoodandevil，areoverthrownbythoseotherswhichhavejustbeenemancipated，andarenowthebodyguardofloveandsharehisempire。Theseinhisdemocraticdays，whenhewasstillsubjecttothelawsandtohisfather，wereonlyletlooseinthedreamsofsleep。Butnowthatheisunderthedominionoflove，hebecomesalwaysandinwakingrealitywhathewasthenveryrarelyandinadreamonly；hewillcommitthefoulestmurder，oreatforbiddenfood，orbeguiltyofanyotherhorridact。Loveishistyrant，andliveslordlyinhimandlawlessly，andbeinghimselfaking，leadshimon，asatyrantleadsaState，totheperformanceofanyrecklessdeedbywhichhecanmaintainhimselfandtherabbleofhisassociates，whetherthosewhomevilcommunicationshavebroughtinfromwithout，orthosewhomhehimselfhasallowedtobreakloosewithinhimbyreasonofasimilarevilnatureinhimself。Havewenothereapictureofhiswayoflife？
Yes，indeed，hesaid。
AndifthereareonlyafewofthemintheState，therestofthepeoplearewelldisposed，theygoawayandbecomethebodyguardormercenarysoldiersofsomeothertyrantwhomayprobablywantthemforawar；andifthereisnowar，theystayathomeanddomanylittlepiecesofmischiefinthecity。
Whatsortofmischief？
Forexample，theyarethethieves，burglars，cutpurses，footpads，robbersoftemples，man—stealersofthecommunity；oriftheyareabletospeaktheyturninformers，andbearfalsewitness，andtakebribes。
Asmallcatalogueofevils，eveniftheperpetratorsofthemarefewinnumber。
Yes，Isaid；butsmallandgreatarecomparativeterms，andallthesethings，inthemiseryandevilwhichtheyinflictuponaState，donotcomewithinathousandmilesofthetyrant；whenthisnoxiousclassandtheirfollowersgrownumerousandbecomeconsciousoftheirstrength，assistedbytheinfatuationofthepeople，theychoosefromamongthemselvestheonewhohasmostofthetyrantinhisownsoul，andhimtheycreatetheirtyrant。
Yes，hesaid，andhewillbethemostfittobeatyrant。
Ifthepeopleyield，wellandgood；butiftheyresisthim，ashebeganbybeatinghisownfatherandmother，sonow，ifhehasthepower，hebeatsthem，andwillkeephisdearoldfatherlandormotherland，astheCretanssay，insubjectiontohisyoungretainerswhomhehasintroducedtobetheirrulersandmasters。Thisistheendofhispassionsanddesires。
Exactly。
Whensuchmenareonlyprivateindividualsandbeforetheygetpower，thisistheircharacter；theyassociateentirelywiththeirownflatterersorreadytools；oriftheywantanythingfromanybody，theyintheirturnareequallyreadytobowdownbeforethem：theyprofesseverysortofaffectionforthem；butwhentheyhavegainedtheirpointtheyknowthemnomore。
Yes，truly。
Theyarealwayseitherthemastersorservantsandneverthefriendsofanybody；thetyrantnevertastesoftruefreedomorfriendship。
Certainlynot。
Andmaywenotrightlycallsuchmentreacherous？
Noquestion。
Alsotheyareutterlyunjust，ifwewererightinournotionofjustice？
Yes，hesaid，andwewereperfectlyright。
Letusthensumupinaword，Isaid，thecharacteroftheworstman：heisthewakingrealityofwhatwedreamed。
Mosttrue。
Andthisishewhobeingbynaturemostofatyrantbearsrule，andthelongerhelivesthemoreofatyranthebecomes。
SOCRATES—GLAUCON
Thatiscertain，saidGlaucon，takinghisturntoanswer。
Andwillnothewhohasbeenshowntobethewickedest，bealsothemostmiserable？andhewhohastyrannizedlongestandmost，mostcontinuallyandtrulymiserable；althoughthismaynotbetheopinionofmeningeneral？
Yes，hesaid，inevitably。
Andmustnotthetyrannicalmanbelikethetyrannical，State，andthedemocraticalmanlikethedemocraticalState；andthesameoftheothers？
Certainly。
AndasStateistoStateinvirtueandhappiness，soismaninrelationtoman？
Tobesure。
Thencomparingouroriginalcity，whichwasunderaking，andthecitywhichisunderatyrant，howdotheystandastovirtue？
Theyaretheoppositeextremes，hesaid，foroneistheverybestandtheotheristheveryworst。
Therecanbenomistake，Isaid，astowhichiswhich，andthereforeIwillatonceenquirewhetheryouwouldarriveatasimilardecisionabouttheirrelativehappinessandmisery。Andherewemustnotallowourselvestobepanic—strickenattheapparitionofthetyrant，whoisonlyaunitandmayperhapshaveafewretainersabouthim；butletusgoasweoughtintoeverycornerofthecityandlookallabout，andthenwewillgiveouropinion。
Afairinvitation，hereplied；andIsee，aseveryonemust，thatatyrannyisthewretchedestformofgovernment，andtheruleofakingthehappiest。
Andinestimatingthementoo，mayInotfairlymakealikerequest，thatIshouldhaveajudgewhosemindcanenterintoandseethroughhumannature？Hemustnotbelikeachildwholooksattheoutsideandisdazzledatthepompousaspectwhichthetyrannicalnatureassumestothebeholder，butlethimbeonewhohasaclearinsight。MayI
supposethatthejudgmentisgiveninthehearingofusallbyonewhoisabletojudge，andhasdweltinthesameplacewithhim，andbeenpresentathisdallylifeandknownhiminhisfamilyrelations，wherehemaybeseenstrippedofhistragedyattire，andagaininthehourofpublicdanger——heshalltellusaboutthehappinessandmiseryofthetyrantwhencomparedwithothermen？
Thatagain，hesaid，isaveryfairproposal。
ShallIassumethatweourselvesareableandexperiencedjudgesandhavebeforenowmetwithsuchaperson？Weshallthenhavesomeonewhowillanswerourenquiries。
Byallmeans。
LetmeaskyounottoforgettheparalleloftheindividualandtheState；bearingthisinmind，andglancinginturnfromonetotheotherofthem，willyoutellmetheirrespectiveconditions？
Whatdoyoumean？heasked。
BeginningwiththeState，Ireplied，wouldyousaythatacitywhichisgovernedbyatyrantisfreeorenslaved？
Nocity，hesaid，canbemorecompletelyenslaved。
Andyet，asyousee，therearefreemenaswellasmastersinsuchaState？
Yes，hesaid，Iseethatthereare——afew；butthepeople，speakinggenerally，andthebestofthem，aremiserablydegradedandenslaved。
ThenifthemanisliketheState，Isaid，mustnotthesameruleprevail？hissoulisfullofmeannessandvulgarity——thebestelementsinhimareenslaved；andthereisasmallrulingpart，whichisalsotheworstandmaddest。
Inevitably。
Andwouldyousaythatthesoulofsuchanoneisthesoulofafreeman，orofaslave？
Hehasthesoulofaslave，inmyopinion。
AndtheStatewhichisenslavedunderatyrantisutterlyincapableofactingvoluntarily？
Utterlyincapable。
Andalsothesoulwhichisunderatyrant（Iamspeakingofthesoultakenasawhole）isleastcapableofdoingwhatshedesires；thereisagadflywhichgoadsher，andsheisfulloftroubleandremorse？
Certainly。
Andisthecitywhichisunderatyrantrichorpoor？
Poor。
Andthetyrannicalsoulmustbealwayspoorandinsatiable？
True。
AndmustnotsuchaStateandsuchamanbealwaysfulloffear？
Yes，indeed。
IsthereanyStateinwhichyouwillfindmoreoflamentationandsorrowandgroaningandpain？
Certainlynot。
Andisthereanymaninwhomyouwillfindmoreofthissortofmiserythaninthetyrannicalman，whoisinafuryofpassionsanddesires？
Impossible。
Reflectingupontheseandsimilarevils，youheldthetyrannicalStatetobethemostmiserableofStates？
AndIwasright，hesaid。
Certainly，Isaid。Andwhenyouseethesameevilsinthetyrannicalman，whatdoyousayofhim？
Isaythatheisbyfarthemostmiserableofallmen。
There，Isaid，Ithinkthatyouarebeginningtogowrong。
Whatdoyoumean？
Idonotthinkthathehasasyetreachedtheutmostextremeofmisery。
Thenwhoismoremiserable？
OneofwhomIamabouttospeak。
Whoisthat？
Hewhoisofatyrannicalnature，andinsteadofleadingaprivatelifehasbeencursedwiththefurthermisfortuneofbeingapublictyrant。
Fromwhathasbeensaid，Igatherthatyouareright。
Yes，Ireplied，butinthishighargumentyoushouldbealittlemorecertain，andshouldnotconjectureonly；forofallquestions，thisrespectinggoodandevilisthegreatest。
Verytrue，hesaid。
Letmethenofferyouanillustration，whichmay，Ithink，throwalightuponthissubject。
Whatisyourillustration？
Thecaseofrichindividualsincitieswhopossessmanyslaves：fromthemyoumayformanideaofthetyrant’scondition，fortheybothhaveslaves；theonlydifferenceisthathehasmoreslaves。
Yes，thatisthedifference。
Youknowthattheylivesecurelyandhavenothingtoapprehendfromtheirservants？
Whatshouldtheyfear？
Nothing。Butdoyouobservethereasonofthis？
Yes；thereasonis，thatthewholecityisleaguedtogetherfortheprotectionofeachindividual。
Verytrue，Isaid。Butimagineoneoftheseowners，themastersayofsomefiftyslaves，togetherwithhisfamilyandpropertyandslaves，carriedoffbyagodintothewilderness，wheretherearenofreementohelphim——willhenotbeinanagonyoffearlestheandhiswifeandchildrenshouldbeputtodeathbyhisslaves？
Yes，hesaid，hewillbeintheutmostfear。
Thetimehasarrivedwhenhewillbecompelledtoflatterdiversofhisslaves，andmakemanypromisestothemoffreedomandotherthings，muchagainsthiswill——hewillhavetocajolehisownservants。
Yes，hesaid，thatwillbetheonlywayofsavinghimself。
Andsupposethesamegod，whocarriedhimaway，tosurroundhimwithneighbourswhowillnotsufferonemantobethemasterofanother，andwho，iftheycouldcatchtheoffender，wouldtakehislife？
Hiscasewillbestillworse，ifyousupposehimtobeeverywheresurroundedandwatchedbyenemies。
Andisnotthisthesortofprisoninwhichthetyrantwillbebound——hewhobeingbynaturesuchaswehavedescribed，isfullofallsortsoffearsandlusts？Hissoulisdaintyandgreedy，andyetalone，ofallmeninthecity，heisneverallowedtogoonajourney，ortoseethethingswhichotherfreemendesiretosee，buthelivesinhisholelikeawomanhiddeninthehouse，andisjealousofanyothercitizenwhogoesintoforeignpartsandseesanythingofinterest。
Verytrue，hesaid。
Andamidevilssuchasthesewillnothewhoisill—governedinhisownperson——thetyrannicalman，Imean——whomyoujustnowdecidedtobethemostmiserableofall——willnothebeyetmoremiserablewhen，insteadofleadingaprivatelife，heisconstrainedbyfortunetobeapublictyrant？Hehastobemasterofotherswhenheisnotmasterofhimself：heislikeadiseasedorparalyticmanwhoiscompelledtopasshislife，notinretirement，butfightingandcombatingwithothermen。
Yes，hesaid，thesimilitudeismostexact。
Isnothiscaseutterlymiserable？anddoesnottheactualtyrantleadaworselifethanhewhoselifeyoudeterminedtobetheworst？
Certainly。
Hewhoistherealtyrant，whatevermenmaythink，istherealslave，andisobligedtopractisethegreatestadulationandservility，andtobetheflattererofthevilestofmankind。Hehasdesireswhichheisutterlyunabletosatisfy，andhasmorewantsthananyone，andistrulypoor，ifyouknowhowtoinspectthewholesoulofhim：allhislifelongheisbesetwithfearandisfullofconvulsions，anddistractions，evenastheStatewhichheresembles：
andsurelytheresemblanceholds？
Verytrue，hesaid。
Moreover，asweweresayingbefore，hegrowsworsefromhavingpower：hebecomesandisofnecessitymorejealous，morefaithless，moreunjust，morefriendless，moreimpious，thanhewasatfirst；heisthepurveyorandcherisherofeverysortofvice，andtheconsequenceisthatheissupremelymiserable，andthathemakeseverybodyelseasmiserableashimself。
Nomanofanysensewilldisputeyourwords。
Comethen，Isaid，andasthegeneralumpireintheatricalcontestsproclaimstheresult，doyoualsodecidewhoinyouropinionisfirstinthescaleofhappiness，andwhosecond，andinwhatordertheothersfollow：therearefiveoftheminall——theyaretheroyal，timocratical，oligarchical，democratical，tyrannical。
Thedecisionwillbeeasilygiven，hereplied；theyshallbechorusescomingonthestage，andImustjudgethemintheorderinwhichtheyenter，bythecriterionofvirtueandvice，happinessandmisery。
Needwehireaherald，orshallIannounce，thatthesonofAriston（thebest）hasdecidedthatthebestandjustestisalsothehappiest，andthatthisishewhoisthemostroyalmanandkingoverhimself；andthattheworstandmostunjustmanisalsothemostmiserable，andthatthisishewhobeingthegreatesttyrantofhimselfisalsothegreatesttyrantofhisState？
Maketheproclamationyourself，hesaid。
AndshallIadd，’whetherseenorunseenbygodsandmen’？
Letthewordsbeadded。
Thenthis，Isaid，willbeourfirstproof；andthereisanother，whichmayalsohavesomeweight。
Whatisthat？
Thesecondproofisderivedfromthenatureofthesoul：seeingthattheindividualsoul，liketheState，hasbeendividedbyusintothreeprinciples，thedivisionmay，Ithink，furnishanewdemonstration。
Ofwhatnature？
Itseemstomethattothesethreeprinciplesthreepleasurescorrespond；alsothreedesiresandgoverningpowers。
Howdoyoumean？hesaid。
Thereisoneprinciplewithwhich，asweweresaying，amanlearns，anotherwithwhichheisangry；thethird，havingmanyforms，hasnospecialname，butisdenotedbythegeneraltermappetitive，fromtheextraordinarystrengthandvehemenceofthedesiresofeatinganddrinkingandtheothersensualappetiteswhicharethemainelementsofit；alsomoney—loving，becausesuchdesiresaregenerallysatisfiedbythehelpofmoney。
Thatistrue，hesaid。
Ifweweretosaythatthelovesandpleasuresofthisthirdpartwereconcernedwithgain，weshouldthenbeabletofallbackonasinglenotion；andmighttrulyandintelligiblydescribethispartofthesoulaslovinggainormoney。
Iagreewithyou。
Again，isnotthepassionateelementwhollysetonrulingandconqueringandgettingfame？
True。
Supposewecallitthecontentiousorambitious——wouldthetermbesuitable？
Extremelysuitable。
Ontheotherhand，everyoneseesthattheprincipleofknowledgeiswhollydirectedtothetruth，andcareslessthaneitheroftheothersforgainorfame。
Farless。
’Loverofwisdom，’’loverofknowledge，’aretitleswhichwemayfitlyapplytothatpartofthesoul？
Certainly。
Oneprincipleprevailsinthesoulsofoneclassofmen，anotherinothers，asmayhappen？
Yes。
Thenwemaybeginbyassumingthattherearethreeclassesofmen——loversofwisdom，loversofhonour，loversofgain？
Exactly。
Andtherearethreekindsofpleasure，whicharetheirseveralobjects？
Verytrue。
Now，ifyouexaminethethreeclassesofmen，andaskoftheminturnwhichoftheirlivesispleasantest，eachwillbefoundpraisinghisownanddepreciatingthatofothers：themoney—makerwillcontrastthevanityofhonouroroflearningiftheybringnomoneywiththesolidadvantagesofgoldandsilver？
True，hesaid。
Andtheloverofhonour——whatwillbehisopinion？Willhenotthinkthatthepleasureofrichesisvulgar，whilethepleasureoflearning，ifitbringsnodistinction，isallsmokeandnonsensetohim？
Verytrue。
Andarewetosuppose，Isaid，thatthephilosophersetsanyvalueonotherpleasuresincomparisonwiththepleasureofknowingthetruth，andinthatpursuitabiding，everlearning，notsofarindeedfromtheheavenofpleasure？Doeshenotcalltheotherpleasuresnecessary，undertheideathatiftherewerenonecessityforthem，hewouldrathernothavethem？
Therecanbenodoubtofthat，hereplied。