Andso，aftermuchtossing，wehavereachedland，andarefairlyagreedthatthesameprincipleswhichexistintheStateexistalsointheindividual，andthattheyarethreeinnumber。
Exactly。
Mustwenottheninferthattheindividualiswiseinthesameway，andinvirtueofthesamequalitywhichmakestheStatewise？
Certainly。
AlsothatthesamequalitywhichconstitutescourageintheStateconstitutescourageintheindividual，andthatboththeStateandtheindividualbearthesamerelationtoalltheothervirtues？
Assuredly。
AndtheindividualwillbeacknowledgedbyustobejustinthesamewayinwhichtheStateisjust？
Thatfollows，ofcourse。
WecannotbutrememberthatthejusticeoftheStateconsistedineachofthethreeclassesdoingtheworkofitsownclass？
Wearenotverylikelytohaveforgotten，hesaid。
Wemustrecollectthattheindividualinwhomtheseveralqualitiesofhisnaturedotheirownworkwillbejust，andwilldohisownwork？
Yes，hesaid，wemustrememberthattoo。
Andoughtnottherationalprinciple，whichiswise，andhasthecareofthewholesoul，torule，andthepassionateorspiritedprincipletobethesubjectandally？
Certainly。
And，asweweresaying，theunitedinfluenceofmusicandgymnasticwillbringthemintoaccord，nervingandsustainingthereasonwithnoblewordsandlessons，andmoderatingandsoothingandcivilizingthewildnessofpassionbyharmonyandrhythm？
Quitetrue，hesaid。
Andthesetwo，thusnurturedandeducated，andhavinglearnedtrulytoknowtheirownfunctions，willruleovertheconcupiscent，whichineachofusisthelargestpartofthesoulandbynaturemostinsatiableofgain；overthistheywillkeepguard，lest，waxinggreatandstrongwiththefulnessofbodilypleasures，astheyaretermed，theconcupiscentsoul，nolongerconfinedtoherownsphere，shouldattempttoenslaveandrulethosewhoarenothernatural—bornsubjects，andoverturnthewholelifeofman？
Verytrue，hesaid。
Bothtogetherwilltheynotbethebestdefendersofthewholesoulandthewholebodyagainstattacksfromwithout；theonecounselling，andtheotherfightingunderhisleader，andcourageouslyexecutinghiscommandsandcounsels？
True。
Andheistobedeemedcourageouswhosespiritretainsinpleasureandinpainthecommandsofreasonaboutwhatheoughtoroughtnottofear？
Right，hereplied。
Andhimwecallwisewhohasinhimthatlittlepartwhichrules，andwhichproclaimsthesecommands；thatparttoobeingsupposedtohaveaknowledgeofwhatisfortheinterestofeachofthethreepartsandofthewhole？
Assuredly。
Andwouldyounotsaythatheistemperatewhohasthesesameelementsinfriendlyharmony，inwhomtheonerulingprincipleofreason，andthetwosubjectonesofspiritanddesireareequallyagreedthatreasonoughttorule，anddonotrebel？
Certainly，hesaid，thatisthetrueaccountoftemperancewhetherintheStateorindividual。
Andsurely，Isaid，wehaveexplainedagainandagainhowandbyvirtueofwhatqualityamanwillbejust。
Thatisverycertain。
Andisjusticedimmerintheindividual，andisherformdifferent，orisshethesamewhichwefoundhertobeintheState？
Thereisnodifferenceinmyopinion，hesaid。
Because，ifanydoubtisstilllingeringinourminds，afewcommonplaceinstanceswillsatisfyusofthetruthofwhatIamsaying。
Whatsortofinstancesdoyoumean？
Ifthecaseisputtous，mustwenotadmitthatthejustState，orthemanwhoistrainedintheprinciplesofsuchaState，willbelesslikelythantheunjusttomakeawaywithadepositofgoldorsilver？Wouldanyonedenythis？
Noone，hereplied。
Willthejustmanorcitizeneverbeguiltyofsacrilegeortheft，ortreacheryeithertohisfriendsortohiscountry？
Never。
Neitherwillheeverbreakfaithwheretherehavebeenoathsoragreements？
Impossible。
Noonewillbelesslikelytocommitadultery，ortodishonourhisfatherandmother，ortofallinhisreligiousduties？
Noone。
Andthereasonisthateachpartofhimisdoingitsownbusiness，whetherinrulingorbeingruled？
Exactlyso。
Areyousatisfiedthenthatthequalitywhichmakessuchmenandsuchstatesisjustice，ordoyouhopetodiscoversomeother？
NotI，indeed。
Thenourdreamhasbeenrealised；andthesuspicionwhichweentertainedatthebeginningofourworkofconstruction，thatsomedivinepowermusthaveconductedustoaprimaryformofjustice，hasnowbeenverified？
Yes，certainly。
Andthedivisionoflabourwhichrequiredthecarpenterandtheshoemakerandtherestofthecitizenstobedoingeachhisownbusiness，andnotanother’s，wasashadowofjustice，andforthatreasonitwasofuse？
Clearly。
Butinrealityjusticewassuchasweweredescribing，beingconcernedhowever，notwiththeoutwardman，butwiththeinward，whichisthetrueselfandconcernmentofman：forthejustmandoesnotpermittheseveralelementswithinhimtointerferewithoneanother，oranyofthemtodotheworkofothers，——hesetsinorderhisowninnerlife，andishisownmasterandhisownlaw，andatpeacewithhimself；andwhenhehasboundtogetherthethreeprincipleswithinhim，whichmaybecomparedtothehigher，lower，andmiddlenotesofthescale，andtheintermediateintervals——whenhehasboundallthesetogether，andisnolongermany，buthasbecomeoneentirelytemperateandperfectlyadjustednature，thenheproceedstoact，ifhehastoact，whetherinamatterofproperty，orinthetreatmentofthebody，orinsomeaffairofpoliticsorprivatebusiness；alwaysthinkingandcallingthatwhichpreservesandco—operateswiththisharmoniouscondition，justandgoodaction，andtheknowledgewhichpresidesoverit，wisdom，andthatwhichatanytimeimpairsthiscondition，hewillcallunjustaction，andtheopinionwhichpresidesoveritignorance。
Youhavesaidtheexacttruth，Socrates。
Verygood；andifweweretoaffirmthatwehaddiscoveredthejustmanandthejustState，andthenatureofjusticeineachofthem，weshouldnotbetellingafalsehood？
Mostcertainlynot。
Maywesayso，then？
Letussayso。
Andnow，Isaid，injusticehastobeconsidered。
Clearly。
Mustnotinjusticebeastrifewhicharisesamongthethreeprinciples——ameddlesomeness，andinterference，andrisingupofapartofthesoulagainstthewhole，anassertionofunlawfulauthority，whichismadebyarebellioussubjectagainstatrueprince，ofwhomheisthenaturalvassal，——whatisallthisconfusionanddelusionbutinjustice，andintemperanceandcowardiceandignorance，andeveryformofvice？
Exactlyso。
Andifthenatureofjusticeandinjusticebeknown，thenthemeaningofactingunjustlyandbeingunjust，or，again，ofactingjustly，willalsobeperfectlyclear？
Whatdoyoumean？hesaid。
Why，Isaid，theyarelikediseaseandhealth；beinginthesouljustwhatdiseaseandhealthareinthebody。
Howso？hesaid。
Why，Isaid，thatwhichishealthycauseshealth，andthatwhichisunhealthycausesdisease。
Yes。
Andjustactionscausejustice，andunjustactionscauseinjustice？
Thatiscertain。
Andthecreationofhealthistheinstitutionofanaturalorderandgovernmentofonebyanotherinthepartsofthebody；andthecreationofdiseaseistheproductionofastateofthingsatvariancewiththisnaturalorder？
True。
Andisnotthecreationofjusticetheinstitutionofanaturalorderandgovernmentofonebyanotherinthepartsofthesoul，andthecreationofinjusticetheproductionofastateofthingsatvariancewiththenaturalorder？
Exactlyso，hesaid。
Thenvirtueisthehealthandbeautyandwell—beingofthesoul，andvicethediseaseandweaknessanddeformityofthesame？
True。
Anddonotgoodpracticesleadtovirtue，andevilpracticestovice？
Assuredly。
Stillouroldquestionofthecomparativeadvantageofjusticeandinjusticehasnotbeenanswered：Whichisthemoreprofitable，tobejustandactjustlyandpractisevirtue，whetherseenorunseenofgodsandmen，ortobeunjustandactunjustly，ifonlyunpunishedandunreformed？
Inmyjudgment，Socrates，thequestionhasnowbecomeridiculous。Weknowthat，whenthebodilyconstitutionisgone，lifeisnolongerendurable，thoughpamperedwithallkindsofmeatsanddrinks，andhavingallwealthandallpower；andshallwebetoldthatwhentheveryessenceofthevitalprincipleisunderminedandcorrupted，lifeisstillworthhavingtoaman，ifonlyhebeallowedtodowhateverhelikeswiththesingleexceptionthatheisnottoacquirejusticeandvirtue，ortoescapefrominjusticeandvice；
assumingthembothtobesuchaswehavedescribed？
Yes，Isaid，thequestionis，asyousay，ridiculous。Still，aswearenearthespotatwhichwemayseethetruthintheclearestmannerwithourowneyes，letusnotfaintbytheway。
Certainlynot，hereplied。
Comeuphither，Isaid，andbeholdthevariousformsofvice，thoseofthem，Imean，whichareworthlookingat。
Iamfollowingyou，hereplied：proceed。
Isaid，Theargumentseemstohavereachedaheightfromwhich，asfromsometowerofspeculation，amanmaylookdownandseethatvirtueisone，butthattheformsofviceareinnumerable；therebeingfourspecialoneswhicharedeservingofnote。
Whatdoyoumean？hesaid。
Imean，Ireplied，thatthereappeartobeasmanyformsofthesoulastherearedistinctformsoftheState。
Howmany？
TherearefiveoftheState，andfiveofthesoul，Isaid。
Whatarethey？
Thefirst，Isaid，isthatwhichwehavebeendescribing，andwhichmaybesaidtohavetwonames，monarchyandaristocracy，accordinglyasruleisexercisedbyonedistinguishedmanorbymany。
True，hereplied。
ButIregardthetwonamesasdescribingoneformonly；forwhetherthegovernmentisinthehandsofoneormany，ifthegovernorshavebeentrainedinthemannerwhichwehavesupposed，thefundamentallawsoftheStatewillbemaintained。
Thatistrue，hereplied。
BOOKV
SOCRATES—GLAUCON—ADEIMANTUS
SUCHisthegoodandtrueCityorState，andthegoodandmanisofthesamepattern；andifthisisrighteveryotheriswrong；andtheevilisonewhichaffectsnotonlytheorderingoftheState，butalsotheregulationoftheindividualsoul，andisexhibitedinfourforms。
Whatarethey？hesaid。
Iwasproceedingtotelltheorderinwhichthefourevilformsappearedtometosucceedoneanother，whenPolemarchus，whowassittingalittlewayoff，justbeyondAdeimantus，begantowhispertohim：stretchingforthhishand，hetookholdoftheupperpartofhiscoatbytheshoulder，anddrewhimtowardshim，leaningforwardhimselfsoastobequitecloseandsayingsomethinginhisear，ofwhichIonlycaughtthewords，’Shallwelethimoff，orwhatshallwedo？
Certainlynot，saidAdeimantus，raisinghisvoice。
Whoisit，Isaid，whomyouarerefusingtoletoff？
You，hesaid。
Irepeated，WhyamIespeciallynottobeletoff？
Why，hesaid，wethinkthatyouarelazy，andmeantocheatusoutofawholechapterwhichisaveryimportantpartofthestory；andyoufancythatweshallnotnoticeyourairywayofproceeding；asifitwereself—evidenttoeverybody，thatinthematterofwomenandchildren’friendshaveallthingsincommon。’
AndwasInotright，Adeimantus？
Yes，hesaid；butwhatisrightinthisparticularcase，likeeverythingelse，requirestobeexplained；forcommunitymaybeofmanykinds。Please，therefore，tosaywhatsortofcommunityyoumean。
Wehavebeenlongexpectingthatyouwouldtellussomethingaboutthefamilylifeofyourcitizens——howtheywillbringchildrenintotheworld，andrearthemwhentheyhavearrived，and，ingeneral，whatisthenatureofthiscommunityofwomenandchildren—forweareofopinionthattherightorwrongmanagementofsuchmatterswillhaveagreatandparamountinfluenceontheStateforgoodorforevil。Andnow，sincethequestionisstillundetermined，andyouaretakinginhandanotherState，wehaveresolved，asyouheard，nottoletyougountilyougiveanaccountofallthis。
Tothatresolution，saidGlaucon，youmayregardmeassayingAgreed。
SOCRATES—ADEIMANTUS—GLAUCON—THRASYMACHUS
Andwithoutmoreado，saidThrasymachus，youmayconsiderusalltobeequallyagreed。
Isaid，Youknownotwhatyouaredoinginthusassailingme：WhatanargumentareyouraisingabouttheState！JustasIthoughtthatIhadfinished，andwasonlytoogladthatIhadlaidthisquestiontosleep，andwasreflectinghowfortunateIwasinyouracceptanceofwhatIthensaid，youaskmetobeginagainattheveryfoundation，ignorantofwhatahornet’snestofwordsyouarestirring。NowI
foresawthisgatheringtrouble，andavoidedit。
Forwhatpurposedoyouconceivethatwehavecomehere，saidThrasymachus，——tolookforgold，ortoheardiscourse？
Yes，butdiscourseshouldhavealimit。
Yes，Socrates，saidGlaucon，andthewholeoflifeistheonlylimitwhichwisemenassigntothehearingofsuchdiscourses。Butnevermindaboutus；takeheartyourselfandanswerthequestioninyourownway：Whatsortofcommunityofwomenandchildrenisthiswhichistoprevailamongourguardians？andhowshallwemanagetheperiodbetweenbirthandeducation，whichseemstorequirethegreatestcare？
Tellushowthesethingswillbe。
Yes，mysimplefriend，buttheansweristhereverseofeasy；manymoredoubtsariseaboutthisthanaboutourpreviousconclusions。
Forthepracticabilityofwhatissaidmaybedoubted；andlookedatinanotherpointofview，whetherthescheme，ifeversopracticable，wouldbeforthebest，isalsodoubtful。HenceIfeelareluctancetoapproachthesubject，lestouraspiration，mydearfriend，shouldturnouttobeadreamonly。
Fearnot，hereplied，foryouraudiencewillnotbeharduponyou；
theyarenotscepticalorhostile。
Isaid：Mygoodfriend，Isupposethatyoumeantoencouragemebythesewords。
Yes，hesaid。
Thenletmetellyouthatyouaredoingjustthereverse；theencouragementwhichyouofferwouldhavebeenallverywellhadI
myselfbelievedthatIknewwhatIwastalkingabout：todeclarethetruthaboutmattersofhighinterestwhichamanhonoursandlovesamongwisemenwholovehimneedoccasionnofearorfalteringinhismind；buttocarryonanargumentwhenyouareyourselfonlyahesitatingenquirer，whichismycondition，isadangerousandslipperything；andthedangerisnotthatIshallbelaughedat（ofwhichthefearwouldbechildish），butthatIshallmissthetruthwhereIhavemostneedtobesureofmyfooting，anddragmyfriendsaftermeinmyfall。AndIprayNemesisnottovisituponmethewordswhichIamgoingtoutter。ForIdoindeedbelievethattobeaninvoluntaryhomicideisalesscrimethantobeadeceiveraboutbeautyorgoodnessorjusticeinthematteroflaws。AndthatisariskwhichIwouldratherrunamongenemiesthanamongfriends，andthereforeyoudowelltoencourageme。
Glauconlaughedandsaid：Wellthen，Socrates，incaseyouandyourargumentdousanyseriousinjuryyoushallbeacquittedbeforehandoftheandshallnotbeheldtobeadeceiver；takecouragethenandspeak。
Well，Isaid，thelawsaysthatwhenamanisacquittedheisfreefromguilt，andwhatholdsatlawmayholdinargument。
Thenwhyshouldyoumind？
Well，Ireplied，IsupposethatImustretracemystepsandsaywhatIperhapsoughttohavesaidbeforeintheproperplace。Thepartofthemenhasbeenplayedout，andnowproperlyenoughcomestheturnofthewomen。OfthemIwillproceedtospeak，andthemorereadilysinceIaminvitedbyyou。
Formenbornandeducatedlikeourcitizens，theonlyway，inmyopinion，ofarrivingatarightconclusionaboutthepossessionanduseofwomenandchildrenistofollowthepathonwhichweoriginallystarted，whenwesaidthatthemenweretobetheguardiansandwatchdogsoftheherd。
True。
Letusfurthersupposethebirthandeducationofourwomentobesubjecttosimilarornearlysimilarregulations；thenweshallseewhethertheresultaccordswithourdesign。
Whatdoyoumean？
WhatImeanmaybeputintotheformofaquestion，Isaid：Aredogsdividedintohesandshes，ordotheybothshareequallyinhuntingandinkeepingwatchandintheotherdutiesofdogs？ordoweentrusttothemalestheentireandexclusivecareoftheflocks，whileweleavethefemalesathome，undertheideathatthebearingandsucklingtheirpuppiesislabourenoughforthem？
No，hesaid，theysharealike；theonlydifferencebetweenthemisthatthemalesarestrongerandthefemalesweaker。
Butcanyouusedifferentanimalsforthesamepurpose，unlesstheyarebredandfedinthesameway？
Youcannot。
Then，ifwomenaretohavethesamedutiesasmen，theymusthavethesamenurtureandeducation？
Yes。
Theeducationwhichwasassignedtothemenwasmusicandgymnastic。
Yes。
Thenwomenmustbetaughtmusicandgymnasticandalsotheartofwar，whichtheymustpractiselikethemen？
Thatistheinference，Isuppose。
Ishouldratherexpect，Isaid，thatseveralofourproposals，iftheyarecarriedout，beingunusual，mayappearridiculous。
Nodoubtofit。
Yes，andthemostridiculousthingofallwillbethesightofwomennakedinthepalaestra，exercisingwiththemen，especiallywhentheyarenolongeryoung；theycertainlywillnotbeavisionofbeauty，anymorethantheenthusiasticoldmenwhoinspiteofwrinklesanduglinesscontinuetofrequentthegymnasia。
Yes，indeed，hesaid：accordingtopresentnotionstheproposalwouldbethoughtridiculous。
Butthen，Isaid，aswehavedeterminedtospeakourminds，wemustnotfearthejestsofthewitswhichwillbedirectedagainstthissortofinnovation；howtheywilltalkofwomen’sattainmentsbothinmusicandgymnastic，andaboveallabouttheirwearingarmourandridinguponhorseback！
Verytrue，hereplied。
Yethavingbegunwemustgoforwardtotheroughplacesofthelaw；atthesametimebeggingofthesegentlemenforonceintheirlifetobeserious。Notlongago，asweshallremindthem，theHelleneswereoftheopinion，whichisstillgenerallyreceivedamongthebarbarians，thatthesightofanakedmanwasridiculousandimproper；andwhenfirsttheCretansandthentheLacedaemoniansintroducedthecustom，thewitsofthatdaymightequallyhaveridiculedtheinnovation。
Nodoubt。
Butwhenexperienceshowedthattoletallthingsbeuncoveredwasfarbetterthantocoverthemup，andtheludicrouseffecttotheoutwardeyevanishedbeforethebetterprinciplewhichreasonasserted，thenthemanwasperceivedtobeafoolwhodirectstheshaftsofhisridiculeatanyothersightbutthatoffollyandvice，orseriouslyinclinestoweighthebeautifulbyanyotherstandardbutthatofthegood。
Verytrue，hereplied。
First，then，whetherthequestionistobeputinjestorinearnest，letuscometoanunderstandingaboutthenatureofwoman：Isshecapableofsharingeitherwhollyorpartiallyintheactionsofmen，ornotatall？Andistheartofwaroneofthoseartsinwhichshecanorcannotshare？Thatwillbethebestwayofcommencingtheenquiry，andwillprobablyleadtothefairestconclusion。
Thatwillbemuchthebestway。
Shallwetaketheothersidefirstandbeginbyarguingagainstourselves；inthismannertheadversary’spositionwillnotbeundefended。
Whynot？hesaid。
Thenletusputaspeechintothemouthsofouropponents。Theywillsay：’SocratesandGlaucon，noadversaryneedconvictyou，foryouyourselves，atthefirstfoundationoftheState，admittedtheprinciplethateverybodywastodotheoneworksuitedtohisownnature。’Andcertainly，ifIamnotmistaken，suchanadmissionwasmadebyus。’Anddonotthenaturesofmenandwomendifferverymuchindeed？’Andweshallreply：Ofcoursetheydo。Thenweshallbeasked，’Whetherthetasksassignedtomenandtowomenshouldnotbedifferent，andsuchasareagreeabletotheirdifferentnatures？’
Certainlytheyshould。’Butifso，haveyounotfallenintoaseriousinconsistencyinsayingthatmenandwomen，whosenaturesaresoentirelydifferent，oughttoperformthesameactions？’
——Whatdefencewillyoumakeforus，mygoodSir，againstanyonewhoofferstheseobjections？
Thatisnotaneasyquestiontoanswerwhenaskedsuddenly；andI
shallandIdobegofyoutodrawoutthecaseonourside。
Thesearetheobjections，Glaucon，andtherearemanyothersofalikekind，whichIforesawlongago；theymademeafraidandreluctanttotakeinhandanylawaboutthepossessionandnurtureofwomenandchildren。
ByZeus，hesaid，theproblemtobesolvedisanythingbuteasy。
Whyyes，Isaid，butthefactisthatwhenamanisoutofhisdepth，whetherhehasfallenintoalittleswimmingbathorintomid—ocean，hehastoswimallthesame。
Verytrue。