410。Beltane。Seeon319above。
415。Rootshim。Seeoni。142above。
416。Breadalbane。ThedistrictnorthofLochLomondandaroundLochTay。TheseatoftheEarlofBreadalbaneisTaymouthCastle，nearthenorthernendofLochTay。
ForMenteith，seeoni。89above。
419。GlenFruin。AvalleytothesouthwestofLochLomond。TheruinsofthecastleofBenuchara，orBannochar（seeon422justbelow），stilloverhangtheentrancetotheglen。
GlenLussisanothervalleydrainingintothelake，afewmilesfromGlenFruin，andRoss—dhuisontheshoreofthelake，midwaybetweenthetwo。Herestandsatower，theonlyremnantoftheancientcastleofthefamilyofLuss，whichbecamemergedinthatofColquhoun。
422。ThebestofLochLomond，etc。Scotthasthefollowingnotehere：
\"TheLennox，asthedistrictiscalledwhichencirclesthelowerextremityofLochLomond，waspeculiarlyexposedtotheincursionsofthemountaineers，whoinhabitedtheinaccessiblefastnessesattheupperendofthelake，andtheneighboringdistrictofLochKatrine。Thesewereoftenmarkedbycircumstancesofgreatferocity，ofwhichthenotedconflictofGlenFruinisacelebratedinstance。Thiswasaclan—battle，inwhichtheMacgregors，headedbyAllasterMacgregor，chiefoftheclan，encounteredtheseptofColquhouns，commandedbySirHumphryColquhounofLuss。Itisonallhandsallowedthattheactionwasdesperatelyfought，andthattheColquhounsweredefeatedwithslaughter，leavingtwohundredoftheirnamedeaduponthefield。Butpopulartraditionhasaddedotherhorrorstothetale。ItissaidthatSirHumphryColquhoun，whowasonhorseback，escapedtotheCastleofBenechra，orBannochar，andwasnextdaydraggedoutandmurderedbythevictoriousMacgregorsincoldblood。BuchananofAuchmar，however，speaksofhisslaughterasasubsequentevent，andasperpetratedbytheMacfarlanes。Again，itisreportedthattheMacgregorsmurderedanumberofyouths，whomreportoftheintendedbattlehadbroughttobespectators，andwhomtheColquhouns，anxiousfortheirsafety，hadshutupinabarntobeoutofdanger。OneaccountoftheMacgregorsdeniesthiscircumstanceentirely；
anotherascribesittothesavageandbloodthirstydispositionofasingleindividual，thebastardbrotheroftheLairdofMacgregor，whoamusedhimselfwiththissecondmassacreoftheinnocents，inexpressdisobediencetothechief，bywhomhewaslefttheirguardianduringthepursuitoftheColquhouns。ItisaddedthatMacgregorbitterlylamentedthisatrociousaction，andprophesiedtheruinwhichitmustbringupontheirancientclan……
\"TheconsequencesofthebattleofGlenFruinwereverycalamitoustothefamilyofMacgregor，whohadalreadybeenconsideredasanunrulyclan。ThewidowsoftheslainColquhouns，sixty，itissaid，innumber，appearedindolefulprocessionbeforethekingatStirling，eachridinguponawhitepalfrey，andbearinginherhandthebloodyshirtofherhusbanddisplayeduponapike。JamesVI。wassomuchmovedbythecomplaintsofthis’choirofmourningdames，’thatheletloosehisvengeanceagainsttheMacgregorswithouteitherboundsormoderation。Theverynameoftheclanwasproscribed，andthosebywhomithadbeenborneweregivenuptoswordandfire，andabsolutelyhunteddownbybloodhoundslikewildbeasts。ArgyllandtheCampbells，ontheonehand，Montrose，withtheGrahamesandBuchanans，ontheother，aresaidtohavebeenthechiefinstrumentsinsuppressingthisdevotedclan。TheLairdofMacgregorsurrenderedtotheformer，onconditionthathewouldtakehimoutofScottishground。But，touseBirrel’sexpression，hekept’aHighlandman’spromise；’and，althoughhefulfilledhiswordtotheletter，bycarryinghimasfarasBerwick，heafterwardsbroughthimbacktoEdinburgh，wherehewasexecutedwitheighteenofhisclan（Birrel’sDiary，2dOct。
1903）。TheclanGregorbeingthusdriventoutterdespair，seemtohaverenouncedthelawsfromthebenefitofwhichtheywereexcluded，andtheirdepredationsproducednewactsofcouncil，confirmingtheseverityoftheirproscription，whichhadonlytheeffectofrenderingthemstillmoreunitedanddesperate。Itisamostextraordinaryproofoftheardentandinvinciblespiritofclanship，thatnotwithstandingtherepeatedproscriptionsprovidentlyordainedbythelegislature，’forthetimeouspreventingthedisordersandoppressionthatmayfalloutbythesaidnameandclanofMacgregors，andtheirfollowers，’theywere，in1715and1745，apotentclan，andcontinuetosubsistasadistinctandnumerousrace。\"
426。Leven—glen。ThevalleyoftheLeven，whichconnectsLochLomondwiththeClyde。
431。Therosebud。Thatis，Ellen。\"NotehowthissongconnectsAllan’sforebodingswithRoderick’ssubsequentoffer\"（Taylor）。
444。Andchoruswild，etc。TheMS。has\"Thechorustothechieftain’sfame。\"
476。Weeped。Theformisusedfortherhyme。Cf。noteoni。
500above。
477。Norwhile，etc。TheMS。reads：
\"NorwhileonEllen’sfalteringtongueHerfilialgreetingseagerhung，Markednotthatawe（affection’sproof）
Stillheldyongentleyouthaloof；
No！nottillDouglasnamedhisname，AlthoughtheyouthwasMalcolmGraeme。
Thenwithflushedcheekanddowncasteye，Theirgreetingwasconfusedandshy。\"
495。Bothwell。Seeon141above。
497。Percy’sNormanpennon。TakenintheraidwhichledtothebattleofOtterburn，inNorthumberland，intheyear1388，andwhichformsthethemeoftheballadsofChevyChase。
501。Mypomp。Mytriumphalprocession；theoriginalmeaningofpomp。
504。Crescent。ThebadgeoftheBuccleuchfamily（MissYonge）。
506。Blantyre。Apriory，theruinsofwhicharestilltobeseenonaheightabovetheClyde，oppositeBothwellCastle。
521。Thedogs，etc。TheMS。has\"Thedogswithwhimperingnotesrepaid。\"
525。Unhooded。Thefalconwascarriedonthewrist，withitsheadcovered，orhooded，untilthepreywasseen，whenitwasunhoodedforflight。Cf。vi。665below。
526。Trust。Believeme。
527。LikefabledGoddess。TheMS。has\"Likefabledhuntress；\"
referringofcoursetoDiana。
534。Staturefair。Thereadingofthe1sted。andthatof1821；
\"staturetall\"inmostoftheothereds。
541。Theptarmigan。Awhitebird。
543。Menteith。Seeoni。89above。
548。BenLomond。Thisismuchthehighest（3192feet）ofthemountainsontheshoresofLochLomond。Thefollowinglinesontheascentwerescratcheduponthewindow—paneoftheoldinnatTarbetahundredyearsormoreago：
\"Trustnotatfirstaquickadventurouspace；
Sixmilesitstoppointsgradualfromitsbase；
UpthehighrisewithpantinghasteIpast，Andgainedthelonglaborioussteepatlast；
Moreprudentthou——whenonceyoupassthedeep，Withcautiousstepsandslowascendthesteep。\"
549。Notasob。Thatis，withoutpanting，orgettingoutofbreath，likethedegeneratemoderntourist。
574。Glenfinlas。AwoodedvalleybetweenBen—anandBenledi，theentrancetowhichisbetweenLochsAchrayandVennachar。ItisthesceneofScott’sballad，Glenfinlas，orLordRonald’sCoronach。AmilefromtheentrancearethefallsoftheHero’sTarge。Seeiv。84below。
577。Stillaroyalward。Stillunderage，withthekingforguardian。
583。Strath—Endrick。AvalleytothesoutheastofLochLomond，drainedbyEndrickWater。
584。Perilaught。Incuranyperil。MiltonusestheverbintransitivelyinReasonofChurchGovernment，ii。3：\"itmayperiltostainitself。\"
587。Notinaction。The1sted。has\"norinaction。\"
594。News。Nowgenerallyusedasasingular；butinoldwritersbothassingularandasplural。Cf。Shakespeare，K。John，iii。
4。164：\"atthatnewshedies；\"andId。v。7。65：\"thesedeadnews，\"etc。
601。As。Asif。Seeon56above。
606。Glozing。Thatglossesoverthetruth，notplainandoutspoken。Sometimesitmeanstoflatter，ordeceivewithsmoothwords；asinSpenser，F。Q。iii。8。14：
\"ForhecouldwellhisglozingspeechesframeTosuchvaineusesthathimbestbecame；\"
Smith，Sermons（A。D。1609）：\"Everysmoothtaleisnottobebelieved；andeveryglosingtongueisnottobetrusted；\"Milton，P。L。iii。93：\"hisglozinglies；\"Id。ix。549：\"SoglozedtheTempter；\"Comus，161：\"well—placedwordsofglozingcourtesy，\"
etc。
615。TheKing’svindictivepride，etc。Scottsayshere：\"In1529，JamesmadeaconventionatEdinburgh，forthepurposeofconsideringthebestmodeofquellingtheBorderrobbers，who，duringthelicenseofhisminority，andthetroubleswhichfollowed，hadcommittedmanyexorbitances。Accordinglyheassembledaflyingarmyoftenthousandmen，consistingofhisprincipalnobilityandtheirfollowers，whoweredirectedtobringtheirhawksanddogswiththem，thatthemonarchmightrefreshhimselfwithsportduringtheintervalsofmilitaryexecution。WiththisarrayhesweptthroughEttrickForest，wherehehangedoverthegateofhisowncastlePiersCockburnofHenderland，whohadprepared，accordingtotradition，afeastforhisreception。HecausedAdamScottofTushiclawalsotobeexecuted，whowasdistinguishedbythetitleofKingoftheBorder。ButthemostnotedvictimofjusticeduringthatexpeditionwasJohnArmstrongofGilnockie，famousinScottishsong，who，confidinginhisownsupposedinnocence，mettheKing，witharetinueofthirty—sixpersons，allofwhomwerehangedatCarlenrig，nearthesourceoftheTeviot。Theeffectofthisseveritywassuch，that，asthevulgarexpressedit，’therush—
bushkeptthecow，’and’thereafterwasgreatpeaceandrestalongtime，wherethroughtheKinghadgreatprofit；forhehadtenthousandsheepgoingintheEttrickForestinkeepingbyAndrewBell，whomadethekingasgoodcountofthemastheyhadgoneintheboundsofFife’（Pitscottie’sHistory，p。153）。\"
623。Meggat’smead。TheMeggat，orMegget，isamountainstreamflowingintotheYarrow，abranchoftheEtrrick，whichisitselfabranchoftheTweed。TheTeviotisalsoabranchoftheTweed。
627。Thedales，etc。TheMS。has\"Thedaleswhereclanswerewonttobide。\"
634。ByfateofBorderchivalry。Scottsays：\"Jameswas，infact，equallyattentivetorestrainrapineandfeudaloppressionineverypartofhisdominions。’TheKingpasttotheisles，andthereheldjusticecourts，andpunishedboththiefandtraitoraccordingtotheirdemerit。Andalsohecausedgreatmentoshowtheirholdings，wherethroughhefoundmanyofthesaidlandsinnon—entry；thewhichheconfiscateandbroughthometohisownuse，andafterwardsannexedthemtothecrown，asyeshallhear。
Synebroughtmanyofthegreatmenoftheislescaptivewithhim，suchasMudyart，M’Connel，M’LoydoftheLewes，M’Neil，M’Lane，M’Intosh，JohnMudyart，M’Kay，M’Kenzie，withmanyotherthatI
cannotrehearseatthistime。Someofthemheputinwardandsomeincourt，andsomehetookpledgesforgoodruleintimecoming。Sohebroughttheisles，bothnorthandsouth，ingoodruleandpeace；whereforehehadgreatprofit，service，andobedienceofpeoplealongtimehereafter；andaslongashehadtheheadsofthecountryinsubjection，theylivedingreatpeaceandrest，andtherewasgreatrichesandpolicybytheKing’sjustice’（Pitscottie，p。152）。\"
638。Yourcounsel。Thatis，givemeyourcounsel。Streight=
strait。
659。TheBleedingHeart。Seeon200above。
662。Quarry。Seeoni。127above。
672。Towife。Forwife。Cf。Shakespeare，Temp。ii。1。75：
\"suchaparagontotheirqueen；\"Rich。II。iv。1。306：\"Ihaveakingheretomyflatterer，\"etc。SeealsoMatt。iii。9，Luke，iii。8，etc。
674。Enow。Theoldpluralofenough；asinShakespeare，Hen。V。
iv。1。240：\"wehaveFrenchquarrelsenow，\"etc。
678。TheLinksofForth。ThewindingsoftheForthbetweenStirlingandAlloa。
679。Stirling’sporch。ThegateofStirlingCastle。
683。Blench。Start，shrink。
685。Heat。Misprinted\"heart\"inmanyeds。
690。Frompathlessglen。TheMS。has\"fromhillandglen。\"
692。Therearewhohave。Fortheellipsis，cf。Shakespeare，Temp。ii。1。262：\"TherebethatcanruleNaples，\"etc。Seealsoiii。10below。
694。Thatbeetledo’er。Cf。Hamlet，i。4。71：
\"thedreadfulsummitofthecliffThatbeetleso’erhisbaseintothesea。\"
696。Theirdangerousdream。TheMS。has\"theirdesperatedream。\"
702。Battled。Battlemented；asinvi。7below。
703。Itwaved。Thatitwaved；anellipsisverycommoninElizabethanandearlierEnglish。Cf。789below。
708。Astound。Astounded。Thiscontractionoftheparticiple（hereusedforthesakeoftherhyme）wasformerlynotuncommoninverbsendingindandt。ThusinShakespearewefindtheparticiplesbloat（Ham。iii。4。182），enshield（M。forM。ii。4。
80），taint（1Hen。VI。v。3。183），etc。
710。Crossing。Conflicting。
716。Ere。The1sted。misprints\"e’er。\"
731。Level。Aim；formerlyatechnicalterm。Cf。2Hen。IV。
iii。2。286：\"Thefoemanmaywithasgreataimlevelattheedgeofapenknife，\"etc。
747。Nighted。Benighted。Itistoberegardedasacontractionofthatword；likelatedforbelatedinMacbeth，iii。3。6，etc。
Nighted（=dark，black）inHamlet，i。2。68（\"thynightedcolour\"）isanadjectiveformedfromthenounnight。
757。Checkeredshroud。Tartainplaid。Theoriginalmeaningofshroud（seeWb。）wasgarment。
763。Parting。Departing。Seeon94above。
768。Sodeep，etc。AccordingtoLockhart，theMS。reads：
\"Thedeep—tonedanguishofdespairFlushed，infiercejealousy，toair；\"
butwesuspectthat\"Flushed\"shouldbe\"Flashed。\"
774。Solately。Atthe\"Beltanegame\"（319above）。
781。Thusastheystrove，etc。TheMS。reads：
\"Thus，astheystrove，eachbetterhandGraspedforthedaggerorthebrand。\"
786。Ihold，etc。Scotthasthefollowingnoteonthelastpageofthe1sted。：\"TheauthorhastoapologizefortheinadvertentappropriationofawholelinefromthetragedyofDouglas：’I
holdthefirstwhostrikesmyfoe。’\"
789。Hisdaughter’shand，etc。Fortheellipsisofthat，seeon703above。Deemedisoftenmisprinted\"doomed。\"
791。Sullenandslowly，etc。TheMS。reads：
\"SullenandslowtherivalsboldLoosedathishesttheirdesperatehold，Buteitherstillonotherglared，\"etc。
795。Brands。ApetwordwithScott。Notehowoftenithasbeenusedalreadyinthepoem。
798。Asfaltered。Seeon601above。
801。Pity’twere，etc。Scottsayshere：\"HardihoodwasineveryrespectsoessentialtothecharacterofaHighlander，thatthereproachofeffeminacywasthemostbitterwhichcouldbethrownuponhim。Yetitwassometimeshazardedonwhatwemightpresumetothinkslightgrounds。ItisreportedofoldSirEwenCameronofLochiel，whenupwardsofseventy，thathewassurprisedbynightonahuntingormilitaryexpedition。Hewrappedhiminhisplaid，andlaycontentedlydownuponthesnow，withwhichthegroundhappenedtobecovered。Amonghisattendants，whowerepreparingtotaketheirrestinthesamemanner，heobservedthatoneofhisgrandsons，forhisbetteraccommodation，hadrolledalargesnow—ball，andplaceditbelowhishead。Thewrathoftheancientchiefwasawakenedbyasymptomofwhatheconceivedtobedegenerateluxury。’Outuponthee，’saidhe，kickingthefrozenbolsterfromtheheadwhichitsupported，’artthousoeffeminateastoneedapillow？’Theofficerofengineers，whosecuriousLettersfromtheHighlandshavebeenmorethanoncequoted，tellsasimilarstoryofMacdonaldofKeppoch，andsubjoinsthefollowingremarks：’Thisandmanyotherstoriesareromantick；butthereisonething，thatatfirstthoughtmightseemveryromantick，ofwhichIhavebeencrediblyassured，thatwhentheHighlandersareconstrainedtolieamongthehills，incolddryweather，theysometimessoaktheplaidinsomeriverorburn（i。e。brook），andthenholdingupacornerofitalittleabovetheirheads，theyturnthemselvesroundandround，tilltheyareenvelopedbythewholemantle。
Theythenlaythemselvesdownontheheath，upontheleewardsideofsomehill，wherethewetandthewarmthoftheirbodiesmakeasteam，likethatofaboilingkettle。Thewet，theysay，keepsthemwarmbythickeningthestuff，andkeepingthewindfrompenetrating。ImustconfessIshouldhavebeenapttoquestionthisfact，hadInotfrequentlyseenthemwetfrommorningtonight，and，evenatthebeginningoftherain，notsomuchasstirafewyardstoshelter，butcontinueinitwithoutnecessity，tilltheywere，aswesay，wetthroughandthrough。
Andthatissooneffectedbytheloosenessandspunginessoftheplaiding；butthebonnetisfrequentlytakenoff，andwrunglikeadishclout，andthenputonagain。Theyhavebeenaccustomedfromtheirinfancytobeoftenwet，andtotakethewaterlikespaniels，andthisisbecomeasecondnature，andcanscarcelybecalledahardshiptothem，insomuchthatIusedtosay，theyseemedtobeoftheduckkind，andtolovewateraswell。ThoughIneversawthispreparationforsleepinwindyweather，yet，settingoutearlyinamorningfromoneofthehuts，Ihaveseenthemarksoftheirlodging，wherethegroundhasbeenfreefromrimeorsnow，whichremainedallroundthespotwheretheyhadlain’（LettersfromScotland，Lond。1754，8vo，ii。p。108）。\"
809。Hishenchman。ScottquotesagaintheLettersfromScotland（ii。159）：\"Thisofficerisasortofsecretary，andistobeready，uponalloccasions，toventurehislifeindefenceofhismaster；andatdrinking—boutshestandsbehindhisseat，athishaunch，fromwhencehistitleisderived，andwatchestheconversation，toseeifanyoneoffendshispatron。AnEnglishofficerbeingincompanywithacertainchieftain，andseveralotherHighlandgentlemen，nearKillichumen，hadanargumentwiththegreatman；andbothbeingwellwarmedwithusky[whisky]，atlastthedisputegrewveryhot。Ayouthwhowashenchman，notunderstandingonewordofEnglish，imaginedhischiefwasinsulted，andthereupondrewhispistolfromhisside，andsnappeditattheofficer’shead；butthepistolmissedfire，otherwiseitismorethanprobablehemighthavesuffereddeathfromthehandofthatlittlevermin。ButitisverydisagreeabletoanEnglishmanoverabottlewiththeHighlanders，toseeeveryoneofthemhavehisgilly，thatis，hisservant，standingbehindhimallthewhile，letwhatwillbethesubjectofconversation。\"
829。Onthemorn。Modifyingshouldcircle，notthenearerverbhadsworn。
831。TheFieryCross。Seeoniii。18below。
846。Point。Pointout，appoint。Cf。Shakespeare，Sonn。14。6：
\"NorcanIfortunetobriefminutestell，Pointingtoeachhisthunder，rain，andwind。\"
Thewordinthisandsimilarpassagesisgenerallyprinted\"’point\"bymoderneditors，butitisnotacontractionofappoint。
860。Thenplunged，etc。TheMS。has\"Hespoke，andplungedintothetide。\"
862。Steeredhim。Seeoni。142above。
865，866。Darkening……gave。Inthe1sted。theselinesarejoinedtowhatprecedes，astheyevidentlyshouldbe；inallthemorerecenteds。theyarejoinedtowhatfollows。
CantoThird。
3。Store。Seeoni。548above。
5。Thatbe。inoldEnglish，besidesthepresenttenseam，etc。，therewasalsothisformbe，fromtheAnglo—Saxonbeon。The2dpersonsingularwasbeest。The1stand3dpersonpluralbeisoftenfoundinShakespeareandtheBible。
10。Yetlivetherestill，etc。Seeonii。692above。
15。Whattime。Cf。ii。307above。
17。Thegatheringsound。Thesound，orsignal，forthegathering。Thephraseillustratesthedifferencebetweentheparticipleandtheverbalnoun（orwhateveritmaybecalled）in—ing。Cf。\"alaboringman\"and\"alaboringday\"（JuliusCaesar，i。1。4）；andseeoured。ofJ。C。p。126。
18。TheFieryCross。Scottsayshere：\"Whenachieftaindesignedtosummonhisclan，uponanysuddenorimportantemergency，heslewagoat，andmakingacrossofanylightwood，seareditsextremitiesinthefire，andextinguishedtheminthebloodoftheanimal。ThiswascalledtheFieryCross，alsoCreanTarigh，ortheCrossofShame，becausedisobediencetowhatthesymbolimplied，inferredinfamy。Itwasdeliveredtoaswiftandtrustymessenger，whoranfullspeedwithittothenexthamlet，wherehepresentedittotheprincipalperson，withasingleword，implyingtheplaceofrendezvous。Hewhoreceivedthesymbolwasboundtosenditforward，withequaldespatch，tothenextvillage；andthusitpassedwithincredibleceleritythroughallthedistrictwhichowedallegiancetothechief，andalsoamonghisalliesandneighbours，ifthedangerwascommontothem。AtsightoftheFieryCross，everyman，fromsixteenyearsoldtosixty，capableofbearingarms，wasobligedinstantlytorepair，inhisbestarmsandaccoutrements，totheplaceofrendezvous。Hewhofailedtoappearsufferedtheextremitiesoffireandsword，whichwereemblematicallydenouncedtothedisobedientbythebloodyandburntmarksuponthiswarlikesignal。Duringthecivilwarof1745—6，theFieryCrossoftenmadeitscircuit；andupononeoccasionitpassedthroughthewholedistrictofBreadalbane，atractofthirty—twomiles，inthreehours。ThelateAlexanderStewart，Esq。，ofInvernahyle，describedtomehishavingsentroundtheFieryCrossthroughthedistrictofAppine，duringthesamecommotion。ThecoastwasthreatenedbyadescentfromtwoEnglishtrigates，andthefloweroftheyoungmenwerewiththearmyofPrinceCharlesEdward，theninEngland；yetthesummonswassoeffectualthatevenoldageandchildhoodobeyedit；andaforcewascollectedinafewhours，sonumerousandsoenthusiastic，thatallattemptattheintendeddiversionuponthecountryoftheabsentwarriorswasinprudenceabandoned，asdesperate。\"
19。TheSummerdawn’sreflectedhue，etc。Mr。Ruskinsays（ModernPainters，iii。278）：\"AndthusNaturebecomesdeartoScottinathreefoldway：deartohim，first，ascontainingthoseremainsormemoriesofthepast，whichhecannotfindincities，andgivinghopeofPraetorianmoundorknight’sgraveineverygreenslopeandshadeofitsdesolateplaces；dear，secondly，initsmoorlandliberty，whichhasforhimjustashighacharmasthefencedgardenhadforthemediaeval；……anddeartohim，finally，inthatperfectbeauty，deniedalikeincitiesandinmen，forwhicheverymodernhearthadbegunatlasttothirst，andScott’s，initsfreshnessandpower，ofallmen’smostearnestly。
\"Andinthisloveofbeauty，observethattheloveofcolourisaleadingelement，hishealthymindbeingincapableoflosing，underanymodernfalseteaching，itsjoyinbrilliancyofhue……Ingeneral，ifhedoesnotmeantosaymuchaboutthings，theonecharacterwhichhewillgiveiscolour，usingitwiththemostperfectmasteryandfaithfulness。\"