ManyacommonsoldierintheElector’sservicewearsshirtsmadeupprivatelybythedelicatehandsofpersonswhowereneverseenpubliclytobeemployedinsuchcoarsework；——andmanyacomfortablemealhasbeenmadeinthetownofMunich，inprivate，bypersonsaccustomedtomoresumptuousfare，uponthesoupdestinedforthePoor，andfurnishedgratisfromthepublickitchenofthehouseofindustry。Manyotherswhostandinneedofassistance，will，intime，Ihope，getthebetteroftheirpride，andavailthemselvesoftheseadvantages。
TorenderthisestablishmentforthePooratMunichperfect，somethingisstillwanting——Thehouseofindustryistooremotefromthecenterofthetown，andmanyofthePoorliveatsuchadistancefromit，thatmuchtimeislostingoingandreturning——
Itissituated，itistrue，nearlyinthecenterofthedistrictinwhichmostofthePoorinhabit，butstilltherearemanywhodonotderivealltheadvantagesfromittheyotherwisewoulddowereitadjacenttotheirdwellings。Theonlywaytoremedythisimperfectionwouldbe，toestablishseveralsmallerpublickitchensindifferentpartsofthetown，withtwoorthreeroomsadjoiningtoeach，wherethePoormightwork——Theymighttheneitherfetchtherawmaterialsfromtheprincipalhouseofindustry，orbefurnishedwiththembythepersonswhosuperintendthosesubordinatekitchens；andwhomightserveatthesametimeasstewardsandinspectorsoftheworkingrooms，underthedirectionandcontroloftheofficerswhoareplacedattheheadofthegeneralestablishment。Thisarrangementisincontemplation，andwillbeputinexecutionassoonasconvenienthousescanbeprocuredandfittedupforthepurpose。
Inlargecities，thesepublickitchens，androomsadjoiningtothemforworking，shouldbeestablishedineveryparish；and，itisscarcelytobeconceivedhowmuchthisarrangementwouldcontributetothecomfortandcontentmentofthePoor，andtotheimprovementoftheirmorals。Theseworkingroomsmightbefittedupwithneatness；andevenwithelegance；andmadeperfectlywarm，clean，andcomfortable，ataverysmallexpence；
and，ifnothingweredonetodisgustthePoor，eitherbytreatingthemharshly，orusingFORCEtoobligethemtofrequenttheseestablishments，theywouldsoonavailthemselvesoftheadvantagesheldouttothem；andthetranquillitytheywouldenjoyinthesepeacefulretreats，would，bydegrees，calmtheagitationoftheirminds，——removetheirsuspicions，——andrenderthemhappy，——grateful，anddocile。
Thoughitmightnotbepossibletoprovideanyotherlodgingsforthemthanthemiserablebarrackstheynowoccupy，yet，astheymightspendthewholeoftheday，frommorningtilllateatnight，inthesepublicrooms，andhavenooccasiontoreturntotheirhomestillbed-time，theywouldnotexperiencemuchinconveniencefromthebadnessoftheaccommodationattheirowndwellings。
Shouldanybeattachedwithsickness，theymightbesenttosomehospital，orroomsbeprovidedforthem，aswellasfortheoldandinfirm，adjacenttothepublicworkingrooms。Certainhoursmightalsobesetapartforinstructingthechildren，daily，inreadingandwriting，inthedining-hall，orinsomeotherroomconvenientforthatpurpose。
Theexpenceofformingsuchanestablishmentineveryparishwouldnotbegreat，inthefirstoutset，andtheadvantagesderivedfromitwouldverysoonrepaythatexpence，withinterest——
ThePoormightbefedfromapublickitchenforLESSTHANHALF
whatitwouldcostthemtofeedthemselves；——theywouldturntheirindustrytobetteraccount，byworkinginapublicestablishment，andunderproperdirection，thanbyworkingathome；——aspiritofemulationwouldbeexcitedamongthem，andtheywouldpasstheirtimemoreagreeablyandcheerfully——
Theywouldbeentirelyrelievedfromtheheavyexpenseoffuelforcooking；and，inagreatmeasure，fromthatforheatingtheirdwellings；and，beingseldomathomeintheday-time，wouldwantlittlemorethanaplacetosleepin；sothattheexpenceoflodgingmightbegreatlydiminished——Itisevident，thatallthesesavingtogetherwouldoperateverypowerfullytolessenthepublicexpenceforthemaintenanceofthePoor；and，werepropermeasuresadopted，andpursuedwithcareandperseverance，Iampersuadedtheexpencewouldatlastbereducedtolittleornothing。
WithregardtothelodgingsforthePoor，Iamclearlyofopinionthatitisingeneralbest，particularlyingreattowns，thattheseshouldbeleftforthemselvestoprovide。Thistheycertainlywouldlikebetterthanbeingcrowdedtogether，andconfinedlikeprisonersinpoor-housesandhospitals；
andIreallythinkthedifferenceintheexpencewouldbeinconsiderable；andthoughtheymightbelesscomfortablyaccommodated，yettheinconveniencewouldbeamplycompensatedBYTHECHARMSWHICHLIBERTYDISPENSES。
InMunich，almostallthePoorprovidetheirownlodgings；
andtwiceayearhavecertainallowancesinmoney，toassisttheminpayingtheirrent——Manyamongthemwhoaresingle，haveindeed，nolodgingstheycancalltheirown。Theygotocertainpublic-housestosleep，wheretheyarefurnishedwithwhatiscalledabed，inagarret，foronecreutzer，equaltoaboutone-thirdofapenny，a-night；andfortwocreutzersa-nighttheygetaplaceinatolerablygoodbedinadecentroominapublic-houseofmorerepute。
Thereare，however，amongthePoor，manywhoareinfirm，andnotabletoshiftforthemselvesinthepublic-houses，andhavenotfamilies，ornearrelations，totakecareofthem。Forthese，aparticulararrangementhaslatelybeenmadeatMunich。Suchofthemashavefriendsoracquaintancesintownwithwhomtheycanlodge，arepermittedtodoso；butiftheycannotfindoutlodgingsthemselves，theyhavetheoption，eithertobeplacedinsomeprivatefamilytobetakencareof，orgotoahomewhichhaslatelybeenpurchasedandfittedupasanhospitalforlodgingthem[14]。
Thishouseissituatedinafineairysituation，onasmalleminenceuponthebanksoftheIsar，andoverlooksthewholeofthetown；——theplaininwhichitissituated；——andtheriver——
Itisneatlybuilt，andhasaspaciousgardenbelongingtoit。
Thereareseventeengoodroomsinthehouse；inwhichitissupposedabouteightypersonsmaybelodged。Thesewillallbefedfromonekitchen；andsuchofthemwhoareveryinfirm，willhaveotherslessinfirmplacedinthesameroomwiththem，toassistthem，andwaituponthem——Thecultivationofthegardenwillbetheiramusement，andtheproduceofittheirproperty——
Theywillbefurnishedwithworksuitabletotheirstrength；
andforallthelabourtheyperform，willbepaidinmoney，whichwillbeleftattheirowndisposal——Theywillbefurnishedwithfood，medicine，andclothing，gratis；andtothosewhoarenotabletoearnanythingbylabour，asmallsumofmoneywillbegivenweekly，toenablethemtopurchasetobacco，snuff，oranyotherarticleofhumbleluxurytowhichtheymayhavebeenaccustomed。
Icouldhavewishedthatthisasylumhadbeennearertothehouseofindustry。Itisindeednotveryfarfromit，perhapsnotmorethan400yards；butstillthatistoofar——Haditbeenunderthesameroof，oradjoiningtoit，thosewhoarelodgedinitmighthavebeenfedfromthepublickitchenofthegeneralestablishment，andhavebeenundertheimmediateinspectionoftheprincipalofficersofthehouseofindustry。Itwouldlikewisehaverenderedtheestablishmentveryinterestingtothosewhovisitit；whichisanobjectofmorerealimportancethancanwellbeimaginedbythosewhohavenothadoccasiontoknowhowmuchtheapprobationandapplauseofthepublicfacilitatedifficultenterprizes。
Themeansofunitingtherationalamusementofsociety，withthefurtheranceofschemescalculatedforthepromotionofpublicgood，isasubjecthighlydeservingtheattentionofallwhoareengagedinpublicaffairs。
CHAPTER。IX。
OfthemeansusedforextendingtheinfluenceoftheinstitutionforthepooratMunich，tootherpartsofBavaria。
OftheprogresswhichsomeoftheimprovementsintroducedatMunicharemakinginothercountries。
ThoughtheinstitutionofwhichIhaveundertakentogiveanaccount，wasconfinedtothecityofMunichanditssuburbs，yetmeasuresweretakentoextenditsinfluencetoallpartsofthecountry。
Theattempttoputanendtomendicityinthecapital，andtogiveemploymenttothePoor，havingbeencompletelysuccessful，thiseventwasformallyannouncedtothepublic，inthenews-papers；
andothertownswerecalledupontofollowtheexample。Notonlyanarrativeindetail，wasgivenofallthedifferentmeasurespursuedinthisimportantundertaking，buteverykindofinformationandassistancewasaffordedonthepartoftheinstitutionatMunich，toallwhomightbedisposedtoengageinformingsimilarestablishmentsinotherpartsofthecountry。
Copiesofallthedifferentlists，returns，certificates，etc。
usedinthemanagementofthePoor，weregivengratistoall，strangersaswellasinhabitantsofthecountry，whoappliedforthem；andnoinformationrelativetotheestablishment，ortoanyofitsdetails，waseverrefused。Thehouseofindustrywasopeneverydayfrommorningtillnighttoallvisitors；andpersonswereappointedtoaccompanystrangersintheirtourthroughthedifferentapartments，andtogivethefullestinformationrelativetothedetails，andeventoallthesecretsofthevariousmanufacturescarriedon；andprintedcopiesofthedifferenttables，tickets，checks，etc。madeuseofincarryingonthecurrentbusinessofthehouse，werefurnishedtoeveryonewhoaskedforthem；togetherwithanaccountofthemannerinwhichthesewereused，andoftheothermeasuresadoptedtopreventfraudsandpeculationinthevariousbranchesofthisextensiveestablishment。
AsfewmanufacturesinBavariaarecarriedontoanyextent；
themoreindigentoftheinhabitantsare，ingeneral，sototallyunacquaintedwitheverykindofworkinwhichthePoorcouldbemostusefullyemployed，thatthatcircumstancealoneisagreatobstacletothegeneralintroductionthroughoutthecountryofthemeasuresadoptedinMunichforemployingthePoor。Toremovethisdifficulty，thedifferenttownsandcommunitieswhoaredesirousofformingestablishmentsforgivingemploymenttothePoor，areinvitedtosendpersonsproperlyqualifiedtothehouseofindustryatMunich，wheretheymaybetaught，gratis，spinning，initsvariousbranches；knitting；sewing，etc。inordertoqualifythemtobecomeinstructorstothePoorontheirreturnhome。
Andeveninstructorsalreadyformed，andpossessingalltherequisitequalificationsforsuchanoffice，areofferedtobefurnishedbythehouseofindustryinMunichtosuchcommunitiesasshallapplyforthem。
Anotherdifficulty，apparentlynotlessweightythanthatjustmentioned，butwhichismoreeasilyandmoreeffectuallyremoved，istheembarrassmentmanyofthesmallercommunitiesarelikelytobeunderinprocuringrawmaterials，andinsellingtoadvantagethegoodsmanufactured，or，asiscommonlythecase，
INPARTONLYMANUFACTURED，bythePoor。Theyarn，forinstance，whichisspunbytheminacountry-townorvillage，farremovedfromanymanufactureofcloth，maylieonhandalongtimebeforeitcanbesoldtoadvantage。Toremedythis，thehouseofindustryatMunichisorderedtofurnishrawmaterialstosuchcommunitiesasshallapplyforthem，andreceiveinreturnthegoodsmanufactured，atthefullpricespaidforthesamearticlesinMunich。Notonlythesemeasures，andmanyothersofasimilarnature，aretaken，tofacilitatetheintroductionofindustryamongthePoorthroughoutthecountry；buteveryencouragementisheldouttoinduceindividualstoexertthemselvesinthislaudableundertaking。Thosecommunitieswhicharethefirsttofollowtheexampleofthecapital，arehonourablymentionedinthenews-papers；andsuchindividualsasdistinguishedthemselvesbytheirzealandactivityuponthoseoccasions，arepraisedandrewarded。
Aworthycurate，Mr。Lechner，preacherinoneofthechurchesinMunich，who，ofhisownaccord，hadtakenuponhimselftodefendthemeasuresadoptedwithregardtothePoor，andtorecommendtheminthemostearnestmannerfromthepulpit，wassentforbytheElector，intohiscloset，andthankedforhisexertions。
Thistransactionbeingimmediatelymadeknown，anaccountofithavingbeenpublishedinthenews-papers，tendednotalittletoengagetheclergyinallpartsofthecountrytoexertthemselvesinsupportoftheinstitution。
ItisnotmyintentiontoinsinuatethattheclergyinBavariastoodinneedofanysuchmotivetostimulatethemtoactioninacausesoimportanttothehappinessandwell-beingofmankind，andconsequentlysonearlyconnectedwiththesacreddutiesoftheiroffice；——onthecontrary，Ishouldbewantingincandour，aswellasgratitude，wereInottoembracethisopportunityofexpressingpublicity，theobligationsIfeelmyselfundertothemfortheirsupportandassistance。
Thenumberofexcellentsermonswhichhavebeenpreached，inordertorecommendthemeasuresadoptedbythegovernmentformakingprovisionforthePoor，showhowmuchthisusefulandrespectablebodyofmenhavehaditathearttocontributetothesuccessofthisimportantmeasure；andtheirreadinesstoco-operatewithme，aProtestant，uponalloccasionswheretheirassistancehasbeenasked，notonlydoeshonourtotheliberalityoftheirsentiments，butcallsformypersonalacknowledgments，andparticularthanks。
IshallconcludethisEssaywithanaccountoftheprogresswhichsomeoftheimprovementsintroducedatMunicharenowmakinginothercountries。DuringmylatejourneyinItalyfortherecoveryofmyhealth，IvisitedVerona；andbecomingacquaintedwiththeprincipaldirectorsoftwolargeandnoblehospitals，laPieta，andlaMisericorde，inthatcity，theformercontainingabout350，andthelatternear500Poor，Ihadfrequentoccasionstoconversewiththemuponthesubjectofthoseestablishments，andtogivethemanaccountofthearrangementsthathadbeenmadeinMunich。Ilikewisetookthelibertyofproposingsomeimprovements，andparticularlyinregardtothearrangementsforfeedingthesePoor；andinthemanagementofthefiresemployedforcooking。Fire-wood，theonlyfuelusedinthatcountry，isextremelyscarceanddear，andmadeaveryheavyarticleintheexpencesofthoseinstitutions。
Thoughthisscarcityoffuel，whichhadprevailedforagesinthatpartofItaly，hadrendereditnecessarytopayattentiontotheeconomyoffuel，andhadoccasionedsomeimprovementstobemadeinthemanagementofheat；yetIfound，uponexaminingthekitchensofthesetwohospitals，andcomparingthequantitiesoffuelconsumedwiththequantitiesofvictualscooked，thatSEVERN-EIGHTHSofthefire-woodtheywerethenconsumingmightbesaved[15]。Havingcommunicatedtheresultofthoseenquiriestothedirectorsofthesetwohospitals，andofferedmyservicetoalterthekitchens，andarrangethemupontheprinciplesofthatinthehouseofindustryatMunich，whichIdescribedtothem，
theyacceptedmyoffer，andthekitchenswererebuiltundermyimmediatedirection；andhavebothsucceeded，evenbeyondmymostsanguineexpectations。ThatofthehospitaloflaPietaisthemostcompletekitchenIhaveeverbuilt；andIwouldrecommenditasamodel，inpreferencetoanyIhaveeverseen。
Ishallgiveamoreparticulardescriptionofit，withplansandestimates，inmyEssayontheManagementofHeat。
DuringthetimeIwasemployedinbuildingthenewkitcheninthehospitaloflaPieta，IhadanopportunityofmakingmyselfacquaintedwithallthedetailsoftheclothingofthePoorbelongingtothatestablishment；andIfoundthatverygreatsavingsmightbemadeinthatarticleofexpence。Imadeaproposaltothedirectorsofthathospital，tofurnishthemwithclothingfortheirPoor，readymadeup，fromthehouseofindustryatMunich；anduponmyreturntoMunichIsentthemTWELVEcompletesuitsofclothingofdifferentsizesasasample，andaccompaniedthemwithanestimateofthepricesatwhichwecouldaffordtodeliverthematVerona。
Thesuccessofthislittleadventurehasbeenveryflattering，andhasopenedaveryinterestingchannelforcommerce，andfortheencouragementofindustryinBavaria。Thissampleofclothingbeingapproved，and，withalltheexpencesofcarriageadded，beingfoundtobenearTWENTYPERCENT。cheaperthanthatformerlyused，ordershavebeenreceivedfromItalybythehouseofindustryatMunich，toaconsiderableamount，forclothingthePoor。InthebeginningofSeptemberlast，afewdaysbeforeIleftMunichtocometoEngland，Ihadthepleasuretoassistinpackingupandsendingoff，overtheAlps，bytheTyrol，SIX
HUNDREDarticlesofclothingofdifferentkindsforthePoorofVerona；andhopesoontoseethePoorofBavariagrowingrich，bymanufacturingclothingforthePoorofItaly。
ENDOFTHEFIRSTESSAY。
FootnotestoEssayI。
[1]
Thispaper，asitcouldafterwardsbemadeuseofformakingcartridges，infactcostnothing。
[2]
Acreutzeris11/33ofanEnglishpenny。
[3]
Particularlocalreasons，whichitisnotnecessaryheretoexplain，havehithertopreventedtheestablishmentofmilitarygardensinthesetwogarrisontowns。
[4]
Thewholeamountofthisburdenwasnotmorethan30，000florins，orabout2721L。sterlingayear。
[5]
Mons。Dallarmi。
[6]
TheannualamountofthesevariousreceiptsmaybeseenintheaccountspublishedintheAppendix。
[7]
Almostallthegreatlaw-givers，andfoundersofreligions，fromtheremotestantiquity，seemtohavebeenawareoftheinfluenceofcleanlinessuponthemoralcharacterofman；andhavestronglyinculcatedit。Inmanycasesithasbeeninterwovenwiththemostsolemnritesofpublicandprivateworship，andissostillinmanycountries。TheideathatthesoulisdefiledanddepravedbyeverythingUNCLEAN，orwhichdefiesthebody，hascertainlyprevailedinallages；andhasbeenparticularlyattendedtobythosegreatbenefactorsofmankind，who，bytheintroductionofPEACEandORDERinsociety，havelabouredsuccessfullytopromotethehappinessoftheirfellow-creatures。
Orderanddisorder——peaceandwar——healthandsickness，cannotexisttogether；butCOMFORTandCONTENTMENT，andtheinseparablecompanionsofHAPPINESSandVIRTUE，canonlyarisefromorder，peace，andhealth。
[8]
UponthisoccasionImustnotforgettomentionacuriouscircumstance，whichcontributedverymuchtowardsclearingthetowneffectuallyofbeggars。Itbeingfoundthatsomeofthemosthardenedofthesevagabondswereattemptingtoreturntotheiroldpractices，andthattheyfoundmeanstoescapethepatroles，bykeepingasharplook-out，andavoidingthem，toholdthemmoreeffectuallyincheck，thepatrolessentoutuponthisservicewereorderedtogowithoutarms。Inconsequenceofthisarrangement，thebeggarsbeingnolongerabletodistinguishwhowereinsearchofthem，andwhowerenot，sawapatroleineverysoldiertheymetwithinthestreets，andofthesethereweregreatnumbers，Munichbeingagarrisontown，andfromthenceforwardtheywerekeptinawe。
[9]
Uponanewdivisionofthetown，whenthesuburbswereincluded，thenumberofsubdivisionsabtheilungswereaugmentedtotwentythree。
[10]
Thiswaswritteninthesummeroftheyear1795。
[11]
Asthesechildrenwerenotshutupandconfinedlikeprisonersinthehouseofindustry，butalllodgedinthetown，withtheirparentsorfriends，theyhadmanyopportunitiestorecreatethemselves，andtakeexerciseintheopenair；notonlyonholidays，ofwhichthereareaverylargenumberindeedkeptinBavaria；butalsoonworking-days，incomingandgoingtoandfromthehouseofindustry。Hadnotthisbeenthecase，areasonabletimewouldcertainlyhavebeenallowedthemforplayandrecreation。ThecadetsbelongingtotheMilitaryAcademyatMunichareallowednolessthanTHREEHOURSadayforexerciseandrelaxation，vizONEHOURimmediatelyafterdinner，whichisdevotedtomusic，andTWOHOURS，laterintheafternoon，forwalkinginthecountry，orplayingintheopenfieldsnearthetown。
[12]
SincethepublicationofthefirsteditionoftheEssay，theAuthorhasreceivedanaccountofthetotaldestructionoftheMilitaryWork-houseatManheim。Itwassetonfire，andburnttotheground，duringthelastsiegeofthatcitybytheAustriantroops。
[13]
Above18，000poundssterling。
[14]
Thecommittee，attheheadoftheestablishment，hasbeenenabledtomakethispurchase，bylegaciesmadetotheinstitution。
Theselegacieshavebeennumerous，andareincreasingeveryday；
whichclearlyshows，thatthemeasuresadoptedwithregardtothePoorhavemetwiththeapprobationofthepublic。
[15]
IfounduponexaminingthefamouskitchenofthegreathospitalatFlorence，thatthewasteoffuelthereisstillgreater。
CONTENTSofESSAYII。
oftheFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESonwhichGENERALESTABLISHMENTSfortheRELIEFofthePOORmaybeformedinallCountries。
CHAPTER。I。
GeneralViewoftheSubject。
DeplorableStateofthosewhoarereducedtoPoverty。
NoBodyofLawscanbesoframedastoprovideeffectuallyfortheirWants。
OnlyadequateReliefthatcanbeaffordedthemmustbederivedfromthevoluntaryAssistanceoftheHumaneandBenevolent，HowthatAssistanceistobesecured。
ObjectionstotheExpenseoftakingcareofthePooranswered。
OftheMeansofintroducingaSchemefortheReliefofthePoor。
CHAPTER。II。
OftheExtentofanEstablishmentforthePoor。
OftheDivisionofaTownorCityintoDistricts。
OftheMannerofcarryingontheBusinessofapublicEstablishmentforthePoor。
OftheNecessityofnumberingalltheHousesinaTownwhereanEstablishmentforthePoorisformed。
CHAPTER。III。
GeneralDirectionoftheAffairsofanInstitutionforthePoorattendedwithnogreatTrouble。
OfthebestMethodofcarryingonthecurrentBusiness，andofthegreatUseofprintedForms，orBlanks。
OfthenecessaryQualificationsofthosewhoareplacedattheHeadofanEstablishmentfortheReliefofthePoor。
GreatImportanceofthisSubject。
CrueltyandImpolicyofputtingthePoorintotheHandsofPersonstheycannotrespectandlove。
ThePersonspointedoutwhoaremoreimmediatelycalledupontocomeforwardwithSchemesfortheReliefofthePoor，andtogivetheiractiveAssistanceincarryingthemintoEffect。
CHAPTER。IV。
OftheNecessityofeffectualMeasuresforintroducingaSpiritofIndustryamongthePoorinforminganEstablishmentfortheirReliefandSupport。
OftheMeanswhichmaybeusedforthatPurpose；andforsettingonfootaSchemeforforminganEstablishmentforfeedingthePoor。
CHAPTER。V。
OftheMeanswhichmaybeusedbyIndividualsinaffluentCircumstancesfortheReliefofthePoorintheirNeighbourhood。
ESSAYII。
CHAPTER。I。
GeneralViewoftheSubject。
DeplorableStateofthosewhoarereducedtoPoverty。
NoBodyofLawscanbesoframedastoprovideefficaciouslyfortheirWants。
OnlyadequateReliefthatcanbeaffordedthemmustbederivedfromthevoluntaryAssistanceoftheHumaneandBenevolent。
HowthatAssistanceistobesecured。
ObjectionstotheExpenceoftakingcareofthePooransweredOftheMeansofintroducingaSchemefortheReliefofthePoor。
ThoughthefundamentalprinciplesuponwhichtheEstablishmentforthePooratMunichisfounded，aresuchasIcanventuretorecommend；andnotwithstandingthefullestinformationrelativetoeverypartofthatEstablishmentmay，Ibelieve，becollectedfromtheaccountofitwhichisgivenintheforegoingEssay；
yet，asthisinformationissodispersedindifferentpartsofthework，andsoblendedwithavarietyofotherparticulars，thatthereaderwouldfindsomedifficultyinbringingthewholeintooneview，andarrangingitsystematicallyinacompletewhole；Ishallendeavourbrieflytoresumethesubject，andgivetheresultofallmyenquiriesrelativetoit，inamoreconcise，methodical，andusefulform：andasfromtheexperience，IhavehadinprovidingforthewantsofthePoor，andreclaimingtheindolentandvicioustohabitsofusefulindustry，Imayventuretoconsidermyselfauthorisedtospeakwithsomedegreeofconfidenceuponthesubject；insteadofmerelyrecapitulatingwhathasbeensaidoftheEstablishmentforthePooratMunich，whichwouldbeatbestbutatiresomerepetition，Ishallnowallowmyselfagreaterrangeintheseinvestigations，andshallgivemyopinionswithoutrestraintwhichmaycomeunderconsideration。AndthoughthesystemIshallpropose，isfoundeduponthesuccessfulexperimentsmadeatMunich，asmaybeseenbycomparingitwiththedetailsofthatEstablishment；yet，asadifferenceinthelocalcircumstancesunderwhichanoperationisperformed，mustnecessarilyrequirecertainmodificationsoftheplan，Ishallendeavourtotakeduenoticeofeverymodificationwhichmayappeartometobenecessary[1]。
BeforeIenteruponthosedetails，itmaybepropertotakeamoreextensivesurveyofthesubject，andinvestigatethegeneralandfundamentalPrinciplesonwhichanEstablishmentfortheReliefofthePoor，ineverycountry，oughttobefounded。
AtthesametimeIshallconsiderthedifficultieswhicharegenerallyunderstoodtobeinseparablefromsuchanundertaking，andendeavourtoshowthattheyarebynomeansinsurmountable。
ThatdegreeofpovertywhichinvolvesinittheinabilitytoprocurethenecessariesoflifewithoutthecharitableassistanceofthePublic，is，doubtless，theheaviestofallmisfortunes；
asitnotonlybringsalongwithitthegreatestphysicalevils，pain，——anddisease，butisattendedbythemostmortifyinghumiliation，andhopelessdespondency。Itis，moreover，anincurableevil；andisratherirritatedthanalleviatedbytheremediescommonlyappliedtoremoveit。Theonlyalleviation，ofwhichitiscapable，mustbederivedfromthekindandsoothingattentionsofthetrulybenevolent。Thisistheonlybalmwhichcansooththeanguishofawoundedheart，orallaytheagitationsofamindirritatedbydisappointment，andrenderedferociousbydespair。
Andhenceitevidentlyappearsthatnobodyoflaws，howeverwiselyframed，can，inanycountry，effectuallyprovideforthereliefofthePoor，withoutthevoluntaryassistanceofindividuals；
forthoughtaxesmaybeleviedbyauthorityofthelawsforthesupportofthePoor，yet，thosekindattentionswhicharesonecessaryinthemanagementofthePoor，aswelltoreclaimthevicious，astocomfortandencouragethedespondent——thosedemonstrationsofconcernwhicharealwayssogreataconsolationtopersonsindistress——cannotbeCOMMANDEDBYFORCE。Onthecontrary，everyattempttouseFORCEinsuchcases，seldomfailstoproduceconsequencesdirectlycontrarytothoseintended[2]。
ButiftheonlyeffectualreliefforthedistressofthePoor，andthesovereignremedyforthenumerousevilstosocietywhicharisefromtheprevalenceofmendicity，indolence，poverty，andmisery，amongthelowerclassesofsociety，mustbederivedfromthecharitableandvoluntaryexertionsofindividuals；——
astheassistanceofthePubliccannotbeexpected，unlessthemostunlimitedconfidencecanbeplaced，notonlyinthewisdomofthemeasuresproposed，butalso，andMOREESPECIALLY，intheUPRIGHTNESS，ZEAL，andPERFECTDISINTERESTEDNESSofthepersonsappointedtocarrythemintoexecution；itisevidentthatthefirstobjecttobeattendedto，informingaplanofprovidingforthePoor，istomakesucharrangementsaswillCOMMANDTHE
CONFIDENCEOFTHEPUBLIC，andfixituponthemostsolidanddurablefoundation。
Thiscanmostcertainly，andmosteffectuallybedone；
firstbyengagingpersonsofhighrankandthemostrespectablecharactertoplacethemselvesattheheadoftheEstablishment：
secondly，byjoining，inthegeneraladministrationoftheaffairsoftheEstablishment，acertainnumberofpersonschosenfromthemiddlingclassofsociety；reputabletradesmen，ineasycircumstances；——headsoffamilies；——andothersofknownintegrityandofhumanedispositions[3]：
thirdly，byengagingallthosewhoareemployedintheadministrationoftheaffairsofthePoor，toservewithoutfeeorreward：
fourthly，bypublishing，atstatedperiods，suchparticularandauthenticaccountsofallreceiptsandexpenditures，thatnodoubtcanpossiblybeentertainedbythePublicrespectingtheproperapplicationofthemoniesdestinedforthereliefofthePoor：
fifthly，bypublishinganalphabeticallistofallwhoreceivealms；inwhichlistshouldbeinserted，notonlythenameoftheperson，hisage；condition；andplaceofabode；butalsotheamountoftheweeklyassistancegrantedtohim；inorderthatthosewhoentertainanydoubtsrespectingthemannerinwhichthePoorareprovidedfor，mayhavetheopportunityofvisitingthemattheirhabitations，andmakingenquiryintotheirrealsituations：
andlastly，theconfidenceofthePublic，andthecontinuanceoftheirsupport，willmosteffectuallybesecuredbyapromptandsuccessfulexecutionoftheplanadopted。
Thereisscarcelyagreaterplaguethatcaninfestsociety，thanswarmsofbeggars；andtheinconvenienciestoindividualsarisingfromthemaresogenerally，andsoseverelyfelt，thatrelieffromsogreatanevilcannotfailtoproduceapowerfulandlastingeffectuponthemindsofthePublic，andtoengageallrankstouniteinthesupportofmeasuresasconducivetothecomfortofindividuals，astheyareessentialtothenationalhonorandreputation。AndevenincountrieswherethePoordonotmakeapracticeofbegging，theknowledgeoftheirsufferingsmustbepainfultoeverybenevolentmind；andthereisnoperson，Iwouldhope，socalloustothefeelingsofhumanity，asnottorejoicemostsincerelywheneffectualreliefisafforded。
ThegreatestdifficultyattendingtheintroductionofanymeasurefoundeduponthevoluntarysupportofthePublic，formaintainingthePoor，andputtinganendtomendicity，isanopiniongenerallyentertained，thataveryheavyexpencewouldbeindispensablynecessarytocarryintoexecutionsuchanundertaking。Butthisdifficultymaybespeedilyremovedbyshowing，whichmayeasilybedone，thattheexecutionofawell-arrangedplanforprovidingforthePoor，andgivingusefulemploymenttotheidleandindolent，sofarfrombeingexpensive，must，intheend，beattendedwithaveryconsiderablesaving，notonlytothePubliccollectively，butalsotoindividuals。
Thosewhonowextorttheirsubsistencebybeggingandstealing，are，infact，alreadymaintainedbythePublic。Butthisisnotall；theyaremaintainedinamannerthemostexpensiveandtroublesome，tothemselvesandthePublic，thatcanbeconceived；
andthismaybesaidofallthePooringeneral。
Apoorperson，wholivesinpovertyandmisery，andmerelyfromhandtomouth，hasnotthepowerofavailinghimselfofanyofthoseeconomicalarrangements，inprocuringthenecessariesoflife，whichother，inmoreaffluentcircumstances，mayemploy；
andwhichmaybeemployedwithpeculiaradvantageinapublicEstablishment——Addedtothis，thegreaterpartofthePoor，aswellthosewhomakeaprofessionofbegging，asotherwhodonot，mightbeusefullyemployedinvariouskindsoflabour；
andsupposingthem，onewithanother，tobecapableofearningONLYHALFasmuchasisnecessarytotheirsubsistence，thiswouldreducethepresentexpencetothePublicfortheirmaintenanceatleastonehalf；andthishalfmightbereducedstillmuchlower，byaproperattentiontoorderandeconomyinprovidingfortheirsubsistence。
Weretheinhabitantsofalargetownwheremendicityisprevalent，tosubscribeonlyhalfthesumsannually，whichareextortedfromthembybeggars，Iamconfidentitwouldbequitesufficient，withaproperarrangement，forthecomfortablesupportofthePoorofalldenominations。
Notonlythosewhowereformerlycommonstreet-beggars，butallothers，withoutexception，whoreceivealms，inthecityofMunichanditssuburbs，amountingatthistimetomorethan1800
persons，aresupportedalmostentirelybyvoluntarysubscriptionsfromtheinhabitants；andIhavebeenassuredbynumbersofthemostopulentandrespectablecitizens，thatthesumsannuallyextortedfromthemformerlybybeggarsalone，exclusiveofprivatecharities，amountedtomorethanthreetimesthesumsnowgivenbythemtothesupportofthenewinstitution。Iinsistthemoreuponthispoint，asIknowthatthegreatexpencewhichhasbeensupposedtobeindispensablynecessarytocarryintoexecutionanyschemeforeffectuallyprovidingforthePoor，andputtinganendtomendicity，hasdeterredmanywell-disposedpersonsfromengaginginsousefulanenterprise。Ihaveonlytoaddmymostearnestwishes，thatwhatIhavesaidanddone，mayremoveeverydoubt，andre-animatethezealofthePublic，inacauseinwhichthedearestinterestsofhumanityaresonearlyconcerned。
Inalmosteverypublicundertaking，whichistobecarriedintoeffectbytheunitedvoluntaryexertionsofindividuals，withouttheinterferenceofgovernment，thereisadegreeofawkwardnessinbringingforwardthebusiness，whichitisdifficulttoavoid，andwhichisfrequentlynotalittleembarrassing。ThiswilldoubtlessbefeltbythosewhoengageinformingandexecutingschemesforprovidingforthePoorbyprivatesubscription；
theyshouldnot，however，sufferthemselvestobediscouragedbyadifficultywhichmaysoeasilybesurmounted。
IntheintroductionofeveryschemeforforminganEstablishmentforthePoor，whetheritbeproposedtodefraytheexpensebyvoluntarysubscriptions，orbyataxleviedforthepurpose，itwillbeproperfortheauthorsorpromotersofthemeasuretoaddressthePublicuponthesubject；toinformthemofthenatureofthemeasuresproposed；——oftheirtendencytopromotethepublicwelfare，andtopointoutthevariouswaysinwhichindividualsmaygivetheirassistancetorendertheschemesuccessful。
TherearefewcitiesinEurope，Ibelieve，inwhichthestateofthePoorwouldjustifysuchanaddressasthatwhichwaspublishedatMunichupontakingupthebeggarsinthattown；
butsomethingofthekind；withsuchalterationsaslocalcircumstancesmayrequire，Iampersuaded，wouldinmostcasesproducegoodeffects。WithregardtotheassistancethatmightbebegivenbyindividualstocarryintoeffectaschemeforprovidingforthePoor，thoughmeasuresforthatpurposemay，andoughttobesotaken，thatthePublicwouldhavelittleornotroubleintheirexecution，yettherearemanythingswhichindividualsmustbeinstructedcautiouslytoavoid；otherwisetheenterprisewillbeextremelydifficult，itnotimpracticable；
and，aboveallthings，theymustbewarnedagainstgivingalmstobeggars。
Thoughnothingwouldbemoreunjustandtyrannical，thantopreventthegenerousandhumanefromcontributingtothereliefofthePoorandnecessitous，yet，asgivingalmstobeggarstendssodirectlyandsopowerfullytoencourageidlenessandimmorality，todiscouragetheindustriousPoor，andperpetuatemendicity，withallitsattendantevils，toomuchpainscannotbetakentoguardthePublicagainstapracticesofatalinitsconsequencestosociety。
AllwhoaredesirousofcontributingtothereliefofthePoor，shouldbeinvitedtosendtheircharitabledonationstobedistributedbythosewho，beingattheheadofapublicInstitutionestablishedfortakingcareofthePoor，mustbesupposedbestacquaintedwiththeirwants。Or，ifindividualsshouldpreferdistributingtheirowncharities，theyoughtatleasttotakethetroubletoenquireafterfitobjects；andtoapplytheirdonationsinsuchamannerasnottocounteractthemeasuresofapublicandusefulEstablishment。
But，beforeIenterfartherintothesedetails，itwillbenecessarytodeterminetheproperextentandlimitsofanEstablishmentforthePoor；andshowhowatownorcityoughttobedividedindistricts，inordertofacilitatethepurposesofsuchaninstitution。
CHAPTER。II。
OftheExtentofanEstablishmentforthePoor。
OftheDivisionofaTownorCityintoDistricts。
OftheMannerofcarryingontheBusinessofapublicEstablishmentforthePoor。
OftheNecessityofnumberingalltheHousesinaTownwhereanEstablishmentforthePoorisformed。
Howeverlargeacitymaybe，inwhichanEstablishmentforthePooristobeformed，Iamclearlyofopinion，thatthereshouldbebutONEESTABLISHMENT；——withONEcommitteeforthegeneralmanagementofallitsaffairs；——andONEtreasurer。Thisunityappearsessentiallynecessary，notonlybecause，whenallthepartstendtoonecommoncentre，andactinuniontothesameend，underonedirection，theyarelessliabletobeimpededintheiroperations，ordisorderedbycollision；——butalsoonaccountofTHEVERYUNEQUALDISTRIBUTIONOFWEALTH，aswellasofmiseryandpoverty，inthedifferentdistrictsofthesametown。
SomeparishesingreatcitieshavecomparativelyfewPoor，whileothers，perhapslessopulent，areoverburthenedwiththem；
andthereseemstobenogoodreasonwhyahouse-keeperinanytownshouldbecalledupontopaymoreorlessforthesupportofthePoor，becausehehappenstoliveononesideofastreetortheother。Addedtothis，therearecertaindistrictsinmostgreattownswherepovertyandmiseryseemtohavefixedtheirhead-quarters，andwhereitwouldbeIMPOSSIBLEfortheinhabitantstosupporttheexpenceofmaintainingtheirPoor。
Wherethatisthecase，asmeasuresforpreventingmendicityineverytownmustbegeneral，inordertotheirbeingsuccessful，theenterprise，FROMTHATCIRCUMSTANCEALONE，wouldberenderedimpracticable，weretheassistanceofthemoreopulentdistrictstoberefused。
Thereisadistrict，forinstance，belongingtoMunich，theAu，
averylargeparish，whichmaybecalledtheSt。Giles’softhatcity，wherethealmsannuallyreceivedareTWENTYTIMESasmuchasthewholedistrictcontributestothefundsofthepublicInstitutionforthePoor——Theinhabitantsoftheotherparishes，however，haveneverconsidereditahardshiptothem，thatthePooroftheAushouldbeadmittedtosharethepublicbounty，incommonwiththePooroftheotherparishes。
Everytownmustbedivided，accordingtoitsextent，intoagreaterorlessnumberofdistricts，orsubdivisions；andeachofthesemusthaveacommitteeofinspection，orratheracommissary，withassistants，whomustbeentrustedwiththesuperintendanceandmanagementofallaffairsrelativetothereliefandsupportofthePoorwithinitslimits。
Inverylargecities，asthedetailsofageneralEstablishmentforthePoorwouldbeverynumerousandextensive，itwouldprobablyfacilitatethemanagementoftheaffairsoftheEstablishment，if，besidethesmallestsubdivisionsordistricts，therecouldbeformedotherlargerdivisions，composedofacertainnumberofdistricts，andputunderthedirectionofparticularcommittees。
Themostnatural，andperhapsthemostconvenientmethodofdividingalargecityortown，forthepurposeofintroducingageneralEstablishmentforthePoor，wouldbe，toformoftheparishestheprimarydivisions；andtodivideeachparishintosomanysubdivisions，ordistricts，asthateachdistrictmayconsistoffrom3000to4000inhabitants。Thoughtheimmediateinspectionandgeneralsuperintendanceoftheaffairsofeachparishweretobelefttoitsownparticularcommittee，yetthesupremecommitteeattheheadofthegeneralInstitutionshouldnotonlyexerciseacontrollingpowerovertheparochialcommittees，buttheselastshouldnotbeempoweredtolevymoneyupontheparishioners，bysettingonfootvoluntarysubscriptions，orotherwise；ortodisposeofanysumsbelongingtothegeneralInstitution，exceptincasesofurgentnecessity；——norshouldtheybepermittedtointroduceanynewarrangementswithrespecttothemanagementofthePoor，withouttheapprobationandconsentofthesupremecommittee：themostperfectuniformityinthemodeoftreatingthePoor，andtransactingallpublicbusinessrelativetotheInstitution，beingindispensablynecessarytosecuresuccesstotheundertaking，andfixtheEstablishmentuponafirmanddurablefoundation。
Forthesamereasons，allmoniescollectedintheparishesshouldnotbereceivedanddisposedofbytheirparticularcommittees，butoughttobepaidintothepublictreasuryoftheInstitution，andcarriedtothegeneralaccountofreceipts；——and，inlikemanner，thesumsnecessaryforthesupportofthePoorineachparishshouldbefurnishedfromthegeneraltreasury，ontheordersofthesupremecommittee。
Withregardtotheapplicationsofindividualsindistressforassistance，allsuchapplicationsoughttobemadethroughthecommissaryofthedistricttotheparochialcommittee；——andwherethenecessityisnoturgent，andparticularlywherepermanentassistanceisrequired，thedemandshouldbereferredbytheparochialcommitteetothesupremecommittee，fortheirdecision。
Incasesofurgentnecessity，theparochialcommittees，andeventhecommissariesofdistricts，shouldbeauthorizedtoadministerrelief，exofficio，andwithoutdelay；forwhichpurposetheyshouldbefurnishedwithcertainsumsinadvance，tobeafterwardsaccountedforbythem。
Thatthesupremecommitteemaybeexactlyinformedoftherealstateofthoseindistresswhoapplyforrelief，everypetition，forwardedbyaparochialcommittee，orbyacommissaryofadistrict，wheretherearenoparochialcommittees，shouldbeaccompaniedwithanexactanddetailedaccountofthecircumstancesofthepetitioner，signedbythecommissaryofthedistricttowhichhebelongs，togetherwiththeamountoftheweeklysum，orotherrelief，whichsuchcommissarymaydeemnecessaryforthesupportofthepetitioner。
TosavethecommissariesofdistrictsthetroubleofwritingthedescriptionsofthePoorwhoapplyforassistance，printedforms，similartothatwhichmaybeenseenintheAppendix，No。V。maybefurnishedtothem；——andotherprintedforms，ofalikenature，maybeintroducedwithgreatadvantageinmanyothercafesinthemanagementofthePoor。
Withregardtothemannerinwhichthesupremeandparochialcommitteesshouldbeformed；——howevertheymaybecomposed，itwillbeindispensablyrequisite，forthepreservationoforderandharmonyinallthedifferentpartsoftheEstablishment，thatonememberatleastofeachparochialcommitteebepresent，andhaveaseat，andvoice，asamemberofthesupremecommittee。
And，thatallthemembersofeachparochialcommitteemaybeequallywellinformedwithregardtothegeneralaffairsoftheEstablishment，itmayperhapsbeproperthatthosemembersattendedthemeetingsofthesupremecommitteeinrotation。
Forsimilarreasonsitmaybepropertoinvitethecommissariesofdistrictstobepresentinrotationatthemeetingsofthecommitteesoftheirrespectiveparishes，wherethereareparochialcommitteesestablished，orotherwise，atthemeetingsofthesupremecommittee[4]。
Itis，however，onlyinverylargecitiesthatIwouldrecommendtheformingparochialcommittees。Inalltownswheretheinhabitantsdonotamounttomorethan100，000souls，Iamclearlyofopinionthatitwouldbebestmerelytodividethetownintodistricts，withoutregardtothelimitsofparishes；
andtodirectalltheaffairsoftheinstitutionbyonesimplecommittee。ThismodewasadoptedatMunich，andfoundtobeeasyinpractice，andsuccessful；anditisnotwithoutsomedegreeofdiffidence，Iown，thatIhaveventuredtoproposeadeviationfromaplan，whichhasnotyetbeenjustifiedbyexperience。
Buthoweveratownmaybedividedintodistricts，itwillbeabsolutelynecessarythatALLthehousesberegularlynumbered，andanaccuratelistmadeoutofallthepersonswhoinhabitthem。Theproprietyofthismeasureistooapparenttorequireanyparticularexplanation。ItisoneoftheveryfirststepsthatoughttobetakenincarryingintoexecutionanyplanforforminganEstablishmentforthePoor；itbeingasnecessarytoknowthenamesandplacesofabodeofthose，who，byvoluntarysubscription，orotherwise，assistinrelievingthePoor，astobeacquaintedwiththedwellingsoftheobjectsthemselves；andthismeasureisasindispensablenecessarywhenaninstitutionforthePoorisformedinasmallcountry-townorvillage，aswhenitisformedinthelargestcapital。
Inmanycases，itisprobable，theestablishedlawsofthecountryinwhichaninstitutionforthePoormaybeformed，andcertainusages，theinfluenceofwhichmayperhapsbestillmorepowerfulthanthelaws，mayrendermodificationsnecessary，whichitisutterlyimpossibleformetoforesee；stillthegreatfundamentalprinciplesuponwhicheverysensibleplanforsuchanEstablishmentmustbefounded，appeartometobecertainandimmutable；andwhenrightlyunderstood，therecanbenogreatdifficultyinaccommodatingtheplantoallthoseparticularcircumstancesunderwhichitmaybecarriedintoexecution，withoutmakinganyessentialalteration。
CHAPTER。III。
GeneralDirectionoftheAffairsofanInstitutionforthePoorattendedwithnogreatTrouble。
OfthebestMethodofcarryingonthecurrentBusiness，andthegreatUseofprintedForms，orBlanks。
OfthenecessaryqualificationsofthosewhoareplacedattheHeadofanEstablishmentfortheReliefofthePoor。
GreatImportanceofthisSubject。
CrueltyandImpolicyofputtingthePoorintotheHandsofPersonstheycannotrespectandlove。
ThePersonspointedoutwhoaremoreimmediatelycalledupontocomeforwardwithSchemesfortheReliefofthePoor，andtogivetheiractiveAssistanceincarryingthemintoEffect。
Whateverthenumberofdistrictsintowhichacityisdivided，maybe，orthenumberofcommitteesemployedinthemanagementofapublicEstablishmentforthereliefofthePoor，itisindispensablynecessarythatallindividualswhoareemployedintheundertakingbepersonsofknownintegrity；——forcourageisnotmorenecessaryinthecharacterofageneral，thanunshakenintegrityinthecharacterofagovernorofapubliccharity。
Iinsistthemoreuponthispointasthewholeschemeisfoundeduponthevoluntaryassistanceofindividuals，andthereforetoensureitssuccessthemostunlimitedconfidenceofthepublicmustbereposedinthosewhoaretocarryitintoexecution；
besides，Imayadd，thatthemannerinwhichthefundsofthevariouspublicEstablishmentsforthereliefofthePooralreadyinstitutedhavebeencommonlybeenadministeredinmostcountries，doesnottendtorendersuperfluoustheprecautionsIproposeforsecuringtheconfidenceofthepublic。
TheprecedingobservationsrespectingtheimportanceofemployingnonebutpersonsofknownintegrityattheheadofaninstitutionforthereliefofthePoor，relateschieflytothenecessityofencouragingpeopleinaffluentcircumstances，andthepublicatlarge，touniteinthesupportofsuchanEstablishment——Thereisalsoanotherreason，perhapsequallyimportant，whichrendersitexpedienttoemploypersonsofthemostrespectablecharacterinthedetailsofaninstitutionofpubliccharity，——thegoodeffectssuchachoicemusthaveuponthemindsandmoralsofthePoor。
Personswhoarereducedtoindigentcircumstances，andbecomeobjectsofpubliccharity，comeunderthedirectionofthosewhoareappointedtotakecareofthemwithmindsweakenedbyadversity，andsouredbydisappointment；andfindingthemselvesseparatedfromtherestofmankind，andcutofffromallhopeofseeingbetterdays，theynaturallygrowpeevish，anddiscontented，suspiciousofthosesetoverthem，andofoneanother；andthekindesttreatment，andmostcarefulattentiontoeverycircumstancethatcanrendertheirsituationsupportable，arethereforerequired，topreventtheirbeingveryunhappy。
Andnothingsurelycancontributemorepowerfullytosoothethemindsofpersonsinsuchunfortunateandhopelesscircumstances，thantofindthemselvesunderthecareandprotectionofpersonsofgentlemanners；——humanedispositions；——andknownprobityandintegrity；suchasevenTHEY，——withalltheirsuspicionsaboutthem，mayventuretoloveandrespect，Whoeverhastakenthepainstoinvestigatethenatureofthehumanmind，andexamineattentivelythosecircumstancesuponwhichhumanhappinessdepends，mustknowhownecessaryitistohappiness，thatthemindshouldhavesomeobjectuponwhichtoplaceitsmoretenderaffections——somethingtolove，——tocherish，——toesteem，——torespect，——andtovenerate；andtheseresourcesareneversonecessaryasinthehourofadversityanddiscouragement，wherenorayofhopeislefttocheertheprospect，andstimulatetofreshexertion。
ThelotofthePoor，particularlyofthosewho，fromeasycircumstancesandareputablestationinsociety，arereducedbymisfortunes，oroppression，tobecomeaburthenonthePublic，istrulydeplorable，afterallthatcanbedoneforthem：——
andwereweseriouslytoconsidertheirsituation，Iamsureweshouldthinkthatwecouldneverdotoomuchtoalleviatetheirsufferings，andsoothetheanguishofwoundswhichcanneverbehealed。
Forthecommonmisfortunesoflife，HOPEisasovereignremedy。
Butwhatremedycanbeappliedtoevils，whichinvolveeventhelossofhopeitself？andwhatcanthosehavetohope，whoareseparatedandcutofffromsociety，andforeverexcludedfromallshareintheaffairsofmen？Tothem，honours；——distinctions；——
praise；——andevenpropertyitself；——allthoseobjectsoflaudableambitionwhichsopowerfullyexcitetheactivityofmanincivilsociety，andcontributesoessentiallytohappiness，byfillingthemindwithpleasingprospectsoffutureenjoyments，arebutemptynames；orrather，theyaresubjectsofnever-ceasingregretanddiscontent。
Thatgloommustindeedbedreadful，whichoverspreadsthemind，whenHOPE，thatbrightluminaryofthesoul，whichenlightensandcheersit，andexcitesandcallsforthintoactionallitsbestfaculties，hasdisappeared！
Therearemany，itistrue，who，fromtheirindolenceorextravagance，orothervicioushabits，fallintopovertyanddistress，andbecomeaburthenonthepublic，whoaresovileanddegenerateasnottofeelthewretchednessoftheirsituation。
Butthesearemiserableobjects，whichthetrulybenevolentwillregardwithaneyeofpeculiarcompassion；——theymustbeveryunhappy，fortheyareveryvicious；andnothingshouldbeomitted，thatcantendtoreclaimthem；——butnothingwilltendsopowerfullytoreformthem，askindusagefromthehandsofpersonstheymustlearntoloveandtorespectatthesametime。
IfIamtooprolixuponthishead，Iamsorryforit。Itisastrongconvictionofthegreatimportanceofthesubject，whichcarriesmeaway，andmakesme，perhaps，tiresome，whereIwouldwishmosttoavoidit。ThecareofthePoor，however，Imustconsiderasamatterofveryseriousimportance。Itappearstometobeoneofthemostsacreddutiesimposeduponmeninastateofcivilsociety；——oneofthosedutiesimposedimmediatelybythehandofGodhimself，andofwhichtheneglectnevergoesunpunished。
WhatIhavesaidrespectingthenecessaryqualificationsofthoseemployedintakingcareofthePoor，Ihopewillnotdeterwell-disposedpersons，whoarewillingtoassistinsousefulanundertaking，fromcomingforwardwithpropositionsfortheinstitutionofpublicEstablishmentsforthatpurpose；orfromofferingthemselvescandidatesforemploymentsinthemanagementofsuchEstablishments。Thequalificationspointedout，integrity，andagentleandhumanedisposition，——honesty，andagoodheart；——
aresuchasanyonemayboldlylayclaimto，withoutfearofbeingtaxedwithvanityorostentation——Andifindividualsinprivatestations，onanyoccasionarecalledupontolayasidetheirbashfulnessandmodestdissidence，andcomeforwardintopublicview，itmustsurelybe，whenbytheirexertionstheycanessentiallycontributetopromotemeasureswhicharecalculatedtoincreasethehappinessandprosperityofsociety。
Itisavulgarsaying，that，whatiseverybody’sbusiness，isnobody’sbusiness；anditisverycertainthatmanyschemes，evidentlyintendedforthepublicgood，havebeenneglected，merelybecausenobodycouldbeprevailedontostandforwardandbethefirsttoadoptthem。ThisdoubtlesshasbeenthecaseinregardtomanyjudiciousandwellarrangedproposalsforprovidingforthePoor；andwillprobablybesoagain。Ishallendeavour，however，toshow，thatthoughinundertakingsinwhichthegeneralwelfareofsocietyisconcerned，personsofallranksandconditionsarecalledupontogivethemtheirsupport，yet，intheINTRODUCTIONofsuchmeasuresasarehererecommended，——
aschemeofprovidingforthePoor，——therearemanywho，bytheirrankandpeculiarsituations，areclearlypointedoutasthemostpropertotakeupthebusinessatitscommencement，andbringitforwardtomaturity；aswellastotakeanactivepartinthedirectionandmanagementofsuchaninstitutionafterithasbeenestablished：anditappearstome，thatthenatureandtheendoftheundertakingevidentlypointoutthepersonswhoaremoreparticularlycalledupontosetanexampleonsuchanoccasion。
IfthecareofthePoorbeanobjectofgreatnationalimportance，——ifitbeinseparablyconnectedwiththepeaceandtranquillityofsociety，andwiththegloryandprosperityofthestate；——
iftheadvantageswhichindividualsshareinthepublicwelfareareinproportiontothecapitaltheyhaveatstakeinthisgreatnationalfund——thatistosay，inproportiontotheirrank，property，andconnexions，orgeneralinfluence；——asitisjustthateveryoneshouldcontributeinproportiontotheadvantageshereceives；itisevidentwhooughttobethefirsttocomeforwarduponsuchanoccasion。
Butitisnotmerelyonaccountofthesuperiorinteresttheyhaveinthepublicwelfare，thatpersonsofhighrankandgreatproperty，andsuchasoccupyplacesofimportanceinthegovernment，areboundtosupportmeasurescalculatedtorelievethedistressesofthePoor；——thereisstillanothercircumstancewhichrendersitindispensablynecessarythattheyshouldtakeanactivepartinsuchmeasures，andthatis，theinfluencewhichtheirexamplemusthaveuponothers。
Itisimpossibletopreventthebulkofmankindfrombeingswayedbytheexampleofthosetowhomtheyaretaughttolookupastheirsuperiors；itbehoves，therefore，allwhoenjoysuchhighprivileges，toemployalltheinfluencewhichtheirrankandfortunegivethem，topromotethepublicgood。Andthismayjustlybeconsideredasadutyofapeculiarkind；——aPERSONAL
serviceattachedtothestationtheyholdinsociety，andwhichcannotbecommuted。
Butiftheobligationswhichpersonsofrankandpropertyareunder，tosupportmeasuresdesignedforthereliefofthePoor，aresobinding，howmuchmoresomusttheybeuponthosewhohavetakenuponthemselvesthesacredofficeofpublicteachersofvirtueandmorality；——theMinistersofamostholyreligion；——
areligionwhosefirstpreceptsinculcatecharityanduniversalbenevolence，andwhosegreatobjectis，unquestionably，thepeace，order，andhappinessofsociety。
Iftherebeanywhosepeculiarprovinceitistoseekforobjectsindistressandwant，andadministertothemrelief；——iftherebeanywhoareboundbytheindispensabledutiesoftheirprofessiontoencouragebyeverymeansintheirpower，andmoreespeciallybyEXAMPLE，thegeneralpracticeofcharity；itis，doubtless，theMinistersofthegospel。Andsuchistheirinfluenceinsociety，arisingfromthenatureoftheiroffice，thattheirexampleisamatterofVERYSERIOUSIMPORTANCE。
Littlepersuasion，Ishouldhope，wouldbenecessarytoinducetheclergy，inanycountry，togivetheircordialandactiveassistanceinrelievingthedistressesofthePoor，andprovidingfortheircomfortandhappiness，byintroducingorderandusefulindustryamongthem。
Anotherclassofmen，whofromthestationtheyholdinsociety，andtheirknowledgeofthelawsofthecountry，maybehighlyusefulincarryingintoeffectsuchanundertaking，arethecivilmagistrates；and，howeveracommitteeforthegovernmentanddirectionofanEstablishmentforthePoormayinotherrespectsbecomposed，Iamclearlyofopinion，thattheChiefMagistrateofthetown，orcity，wheresuchanEstablishmentisformed，oughtalwaystobeoneofitsmembers。TheClergymanoftheplacewhoishighestinrankordignityought，likewise，tobeanother；andifhebeaBishop，orArchbishop，hisassistanceisthemoreindispensable。
Butaspersonswhoholdofficesofgreattrustandimportanceinthechurch，aswellasunderthecivilgovernment，maybesomuchengagedinthedutiesoftheirstations，asnottohavesufficientleisuretoattendtoothermatters；itmaybenecessary，whensuchdistinguishedpersonslendtheirassistanceinthemanagementofanEstablishmentforthereliefofthePoor，thateachofthembepermittedtobringwiththemapersonofhisownchoiceintothecommittee，toassisthiminthebusiness。
TheBishop，forinstance，maybringhischaplain；——theMagistrate，hisclerk；——theNobleman，orprivategentleman，hisson，orfriend，etc。Butinsmalltowns，oftwoorthreeparishes，andparticularlyincountry-townsandvillages，whichdonotconsistofmorethanoneortwoparishes，asthedetailsinthemanagementoftheaffairsofthePoorinsuchcommunitiescannotbeextensive，themembersofthecommitteemaymanagethebusinesswithoutassistants。Andindeedinallcases，eveningreatcities，whenageneralEstablishmentforthePoorisformeduponagoodplan，thedetailsoftheexecutiveandmorelaboriouspartsofthemanagementofitwillbesodividedamongthecommissariesofthedistricts，thatthemembersofthesupremecommitteewillhavelittlemoretodothanjustholdthereins，anddirectthemovementofthemachine。Caremusthoweverbetakentopreservethemostperfectuniformityinthemotionsofallitsparts，otherwiseconfusionmustensue；hencethenecessityofdirectingthewholefromonecenter。
AstheinspectionofthePoor；——thecareofthemwhentheyaresick；——thedistributionofthesumsgrantedinalmsfortheirsupport；——thefurnishingthemwithclothes；——andthecollectionofthevoluntarysubscriptionsoftheinhabitants，——willbeperformedbythecommissariesofthedistricts，andtheirassistants；——andasallthedetailsrelativetogivingemploymenttothePoor，andfeedingthem，maybemanagedbyparticularsubordinatecommittees，appointedforthosepurposes，thecurrentbusinessofthesupremecommitteewillamounttolittlemorethantheexerciseofageneralsuperintendance。
Thiscommittee，itistrue，mustdetermineuponalldemandsfromthePoorwhoapplyforassistance；butaseverysuchdemandwillbeaccompaniedwiththemostparticularaccountofthecircumstancesofthepetitioner，andthenatureandamountofassistancenecessarytohisrelief，certifiedbythecommissaryofthedistrictinwhichthepetitionerresides，——andalsobytheparochialcommittee，wheresuchareestablished，——thematterwillbesopreparedanddigested，thatthemembersofthesupremecommitteewillhaveverylittletroubletodecideonthemeritsofthecase，andtheassistancetobegranted。
Thisassistancewillconsist——inacertainsumtobegivenWEEKLY
inalmstothepetitioner，bythecommissaryofthedistrict，outofthefundsoftheInstitution；——inanallowanceofbreadonly；——inapresentofcertainarticlesofclothing，whichwillbespecified；——or，perhaps，merelyinanorderforbeingfurnishedwithwood，clothing，orfuel，fromthepublickitchensormagazinesoftheEstablishment，ATTHEPRIMECOSTofthosearticles，ASANASSISTANCEtothepetitioner，andtopreventtheNECESSITYOFHISBECOMINGABURTHENONTHEPUBLIC。
ThemannerlastmentionedofassistingthePoor，——thatoffurnishingthemwiththenecessariesoflifeatlowerpricesthanthoseatwhichtheyaresoldinthepublicmarkets，isamatterofsuchimportance，thatIshalltakeoccasiontotreatofitmorefullyhereafter。
Withrespecttothepetitionspresentedtothecommittee；——
whateverbetheassistancedemanded，thepetitionreceivedoughttobeaccompaniedbyaduplicate；totheendthat，thedecisionofthecommitteebeingenteredupontheduplicate，aswellasupontheoriginal，andtheduplicatesentbacktothecommissaryofthedistrict，thebusinessmaybefinishedwiththeleasttroublepossible；andevenwithoutthenecessaryofanymoreformalorderrelativetothematterbeinggivenbythecommittee。
IhavealreadymentionedthegreatutilityofPRINTEDFORMS，forpetitions，returns，etc。incarryingonthebusinessofanEstablishmentforthePoor，andIwouldagainmostearnestlyrecommendthegeneraluseofthem。Thosewhohavenothadexperienceinsuchmatters，canhavenoideahowmuchtheycontributetopreserveorder，andfacilitateandexpeditebusiness。TothegeneralintroductionoftheminthemanagementoftheaffairsoftheInstitutionforthePooratMunich，I
attribute，morethantoanythingelse，theperfectorderwhichhascontinuedtoreignthroughouteverypartofthatextensiveEstablishment，fromitsfirstexistencetothepresentmoment。
IncarryingonthebusinessofthatEstablishment，printedformsorblanksareused，notonlyforpetitions；——returns；——listsofthePoor；——descriptionsofthePoor；——listsoftheinhabitants；——
listsofsubscriberstothesupportofthePoor；——ordersuponthebankerortreasureroftheInstitution；——butalsoforthereportsofthemonthlycollectionsmadebythecommissariesofdistricts；——theaccountssentinbythecommissaries，oftheextraordinaryexpencesincurredinaffordingassistancetothosewhostandinneedofimmediaterelief；——thebanker’sreceipts；——
andeventhebooksinwhicharekepttheaccountsofthereceiptsandexpendituresoftheEstablishment。
Inregardtotheproperformsfortheseblanks；astheymustdepend，inagreatmeasure，uponlocalcircumstances，nogeneraldirectionscanbegiven，otherthan，inallcases，theshortestformsthatcanbedrawnup，consistentwithperspicuity，arerecommended；andthatthesubject-matterofeachparticularorsinglereturn，maybesodisposedastobeeasilytransferredtosuchgeneraltables，orgeneralaccounts，asthenatureofthereturnandothercircumstancesmayrequire。Careshouldlikewisebetakentomakethemofsuchaform，SHAPEanddimension，thattheymayberegularlyfoldedup，anddocketed，inordertotheirbeingpreservedamongthepublicrecordsoftheInstitution。
CHAPTER。IV。
OftheNecessityofeffectualMeasuresforintroducingaSpiritofIndustryamongthePoorinforminganEstablishmentfortheirReliefandSupport。
OftheMeanswhichmaybeusedforthatPurpose；andforsettingonfootaSchemeforforminganEstablishmentforfeedingthePoor。
AnobjectoftheveryfirstimportanceinforminganEstablishmentforthereliefandsupportofthePoor，istotakeeffectualmeasuresforintroducingaspiritofindustryamongthem；foritismostcertain，thatallsumsofmoney，orotherassistance，giventothePoorinalms，whichdonottendtomakethemindustrious，nevercanfailtohaveacontrarytendency，andtooperateasanencouragementtoidlenessandimmorality。
Andasthemeritofanactionistobedeterminedbythegooditproduces，thecharityofanationoughtnottobeestimatedbythemillionswhicharepaidinPoor’staxes，butbythepainswhicharetakentoseethatthesumsraisedareproperlyapplied。
AstheprovidingusefulemploymentforthePoor，andrenderingthemindustrious，is，andeverhasbeen，agreatDESIDERATUMinpoliticaleconomy，itmaybepropertoenlargealittlehere，uponthatinterestingsubject。