Ashempisaverycheapcommodity，andasthespinningofhempiseasilylearned，particularlywhenitisdesignedforverycoarseandordinarymanufactures，15，000poundsofthatarticlewerepurchasedinthepalatinate，andtransportedtoMunich；
andseveralhundredspinningwheels，properforspinningit，wereprovided；andseveralgoodspinners，asinstructors，wereengaged，andinreadiness，whenthishouseofindustrywasopenedforthereceptionofthepoor。
Flaxandwoolwerelikewiseprovided，andsomefewgoodspinnersofthosearticleswereengagedasinstructors；butbyfarthegreaternumberofthepoorbeganwithspinningofhemp；andsogreatwastheirawkwardnessatfirst，thattheyabsolutelyruinedalmostalltherawmaterialsthatwereputintotheirhands。
Byanexactcalculationofprofitandloss，itwasfoundthatthemanufactoryactuallylostmorethan3000florinsuponthearticlesofhempandflax，duringthefirstthreemonths；butwewerenotdiscouragedbytheseunfavourablebeginnings；theywereindeedeasytobeforeseen，consideringthesortofpeoplewehadtodealwith，andhownecessaryitwastopaythemataveryhighrateforthelittleworktheywereabletoperform，inordertoperseverewithcheerfulnessinacquiringmoreskillandaddressintheirlabour。Iftheestablishmentwassupportedatsomelittleexpenceinthebeginning，itafterwardsrichlyrepaidtheseadvances，aswillbeseeninthesequelofthisaccount。
AstheclothingofthearmywasthemarketuponwhichI
principallydepended，indisposingofthemanufactureswhichshouldbemadeinthehouse，thewoollenmanufactorywasanobjectmostnecessarytobeattendedto，andfromwhichI
expectedtoderivemostadvantagetotheestablishment；butstillitwasnecessarytobeginwiththemanufactureofhempandflax，notonlybecausethosearticlesarelessvaluablethanwool，andthelossarisingfromtheirbeingspoiledbytheawkwardnessofbeginnersisoflessconsequence，butalsoforanotherreason，whichappearstometobeofsomuchmoreimportanceastorequireaparticularexplanation。
Itwashintedabovethatitwasfoundnecessary，inordertoencouragebeginnersintheseindustriouspursuits，topaythemataveryhighrateforthelittleworktheywereabletoperform；
buteverybodyknowsthatnomanufacturecanpossiblysubsistlong，whereexorbitantpricesarepaidforlabour；anditiseasytoconceivewhatdiscontentanddisgustwouldbeoccasionedamongtheworkmenuponloweringthepriceswhichhadforalengthoftimebeengivenforlabour，Byemployingthepoorpeopleinquestionatfirstinthemanufacturesofhempandflax，manufactureswhichwerenotintendedtobecarriedontoanyextent，itwaseasyafterwards，whentheyhadacquiredacertaindegreeofaddressintheirwork，totakethemfromthesemanufactures，andputthemtospinningofwool，worsted，orcotton；carehavingbeentakentofixthepriceoflabourintheselast-mentionedmanufacturesatareasonablerate。
Thedroppingthemanufactureofanyparticulararticlealtogether，orpursuingitlessextensively，couldproducenobadeffectuponthegeneralestablishment；buttheloweringofthepriceoflabour，inanyinstance，couldnotfailtoproducemany。
Itisnecessary，inanundertakinglikethis，cautiouslytoavoideverythingthatcouldproducediscouragementanddiscontentamongthoseuponwhoseindustryalonesuccessmustdepend。
Itiseasytoconceivethatsogreatanumberofunfortunatebeings，ofallagesandsexes，takenasitwereoutoftheirveryelement，andplacedinasituationsoperfectlynewtothem，couldnotfailtobeproductiveofveryinterestingsituations。
WouldtoGodIwereabletodojusticetothissubject！butnolanguagecandescribetheaffectingscenestowhichIwasawitnessuponthisoccasion。
Theexquisitedelightwhichasensiblemindmustfeel，uponseeingmanyhundredsofwretchedbeingawakingfromastateofmiseryandinactivity，asfromadream；andapplyingthemselveswithcheerfulnesstotheemploymentsofusefulindustry；——uponseeingthefirstdawnofplacidcontentbreakuponacountenancecoveredwithhabitualgloom，andfurrowedanddistortedbymisery；——
thisiseasiertobeconceivedthandescribed。
Duringthefirstthreeorfourdaysthatthesepoorpeoplewereassembled，itwasnotpossibleentirelytopreventconfusion：
therewasnothinglikemutinousresistanceamongthem；buttheirsituationwassonewtothem，andtheyweresoveryawkwardinit，thatitwasdifficulttobringthemintoanytolerableorder。
Atlength，however，bydistributingtheminthedifferenthalls，andassigningtoeachhisparticularplace，theplacesbeingalldistinguishedbynumbers，theywerebroughtintosuchorderastoenabletheinspectors，andinstructors，tobegintheiroperations。
Thosewhounderstoodanykindofwork，wereplacedintheapartmentswheretheworktheyunderstoodwascarriedon；andtheothers，beingclassedaccordingtotheirsexes，andasmuchaspossibleaccordingtotheirages，wereplacedundertheimmediatecareofthedifferentinstructors。Bymuchthelargernumberwereputtospinningofhemp；——others，andparticularlytheyoungchildrenfromfourtosevenyearsofage，weretaughttoknit，andtosew；andthemostawkwardamongthemen，andparticularlytheold，thelame，andtheinfirm，wereputtothecardingofwool。
Oldwomen，whosesightwastooweaktospin，orwhosehandstrembledwithpalsy，weremadetospoolyarnfortheweavers；
andyoungchildren，whoweretooweaktolabour，wereplaceduponseatserectedforthatpurposeroundtheroomswhereotherchildrenworked。
Asitwaswinter，fireswerekeptineverypartofthebuilding，frommorningtillnight；andalltheroomswerelighteduptillnineo’clockintheevening。Everyroomandeverystair-casewasneatlysweptandcleanedtwiceaday；oneearlyinthemorning，beforethepeoplewereassembled，andoncewhiletheywereatdinner——Carewastaken，byplacingventilators，andoccasionallyopeningthewindows，tokeeptheairoftheroomsperfectlysweet，andfreefromalldisagreeablesmells；andtheroomsthemselveswerenotonlyneatlywhite-washedandfittedup，andarrangedineveryrespectwithelegance，butcarewastakentocleanthewindowsveryoften；——tocleanthecourtyardeveryday；——
andeventoclearawaytherubbishfromthestreetinfrontofthebuilding，toaconsiderabledistanceoneveryside。
Thosewhofrequentedthisestablishmentwereexpectedtoarriveatthefixedhourinthemorning，whichhourvariedaccordingtotheseasonoftheyear；iftheycametoolate，theyweregentlyreprimanded；andiftheypersistedinbeingtardy，withoutbeingabletogiveasufficientexcusefornotcomingsooner，theywerepunishedbybeingdeprivedoftheirdinner，whichotherwisetheyreceivedeverydaygratis。
Atthehourofdinner，alargebellwasrunginthecourt，whenthoseatworkinthedifferentpartsofthebuildingrepairedtothedining-hall；wheretheyfoundawholesomeandnourishingrepast；consistingofaboutAPOUNDANDAQUARTER，Avoirdupoisweight，ofaveryrichsoupofpeasandbarley，mixedwithcuttingsoffinewhitebread；andapieceofexcellentryebread，weighingSEVERNOUNCES；whichlasttheycommonlyputintheirpockets，andcarriedhomefortheirsupper。Childrenwereallowedthesameportionasgrownpersons；andamother，whohadoneormoreyoungchildren，wasallowedaportionforeachofthem。
Thosewho，fromsickness，orotherbodilyinfirmities，werenotabletocometothework-house；——asalsothosewho，onaccountofyoungchildrentheyhadtonurse，orsickpersonstotakecareof，founditmoreconvenienttoworkattheirownlodgings，andofthesethereweremany，werenotonthataccountdeprivedoftheirdinners。Uponrepresentingtheircasestothecommittee，ticketsweregrantedthem，uponwhichtheywereauthorizedtoreceivefromthepublickitchen，daily，thenumberofportionsspecifiedintheticket；andthesetheymightsendforbyachild，orbyanyotherpersontheythoughtpropertoemploy；itwasnecessary，howeverthattheticketshouldalwaysbeproduced，otherwisetheportionswerenotdelivered。Thisprecautionwasnecessary，topreventabusesonthepartofthepoor。
Manyotherprecautionsweretakentopreventfraudsonthepartofthoseemployedinthekitchen，andinthevariousotherofficesanddepartmentsconcernedinfeedingthepoor。
Thebread-corn，peas，barley，etc。werepurchasedinthepublicmarketinlargequantities，andattimeswhenthosearticlesweretobehadatreasonableprices，andwerelaidupinstore-roomsprovidedforthatpurpose，underthecareofthestore-keeperoftheMilitaryWork-house。
Thebakerreceivedhisflourbyweightfromthestore-keeper，andinreturndeliveredacertainfixedquantityofbread。
Eachloaf，whenwellbaked，andafterwardsdried，duringfourdays，inabread-roomthroughwhichtheairhadafreepassage，weighedtwopoundstenouncesAvoirdupois。Suchaloafwasdividedintosixportions；andlargebasketsfilledwiththesepiecesbeingplacedinthepassageleadingtothedining-hall，theportionsweredeliveredouttothepoorastheypassedtogointothehall，eachpersonwhopassedgivingamedaloftintothepersonwhogavehimthebread，inreturnforeachportionreceived。
Thesemedals，whichweregivenouttothepooreachdayinthehallswheretheyworked，bythesteward，orbytheinspectorsofthehall，servedtopreventfraudsinthedistributionofthebread；thepersonwhodistributeditbeingobligedtoproducethemasvouchersofthequantitygivenouteachday。
Thosewhohadreceivedtheseportionsofbread，heldthemupintheirhandsupontheircomingintothedining-hall，asasignthattheyhadarighttoseatthemselvesatthetables；andasmanyportionsofbreadastheyproduced，somanyportionsofsouptheywereentitledtoreceive；andthoseportionswhichtheydidnoteattheywereallowedtocarryaway；sothatthedeliveryofbreadwasacheckuponthedeliveryofsoup，andVICEVERSA。
Thekitchenwasfittedupwithallpossibleattention，aswelltoconveniences，astotheeconomyoffuel。Thiswillreadilybebelievedbythosewhoareinformed，thatthewholeworkofthekitchenisperformed，withgreatease，bythreecook-maids；andthatthedailyexpenceforfire-woodamountstonomorethantwelvecreutzers，orFOUR-PENCEHALFPENNYsterling，whendinnerisprovidedfor1000people。ThenumberofpersonswhoarefedDAILYfromthiskitchenis，atamedium，insummer，aboutONETHOUSAND，rathermorethanless，andinwinter，about1200。
Frequently，however，therehavebeenmorethan1500attable。
Asaparticularaccountofthiskitchen，withdrawings；togetherwithanaccountofanumberofnewandveryinterestingexperimentsrelativetotheeconomyoffuel，willbeannexedtothiswork，Ishalladdnothingmorenowuponthesubject；exceptitbethecertificate，whichmaybeseenintheAppendix，No。IV；
whichIhavethoughtprudenttopublish，inordertopreventmybeingsuspectedofexaggerationindisplayingtheadvantagesofmyeconomicalarrangements。
Theassertion，thatawarmdinnermaybecookedfor1000persons，atthetriflingexpenceoffour-pencehalfpennyforfuel；andthat，too，wherethecord，fivefeeteightinchesandnine-tenthslong，fivefeeteightinchesandnine-tenthshigh，andfivefeetthreeinchesandtwo-tenthswide，Englishmeasure，ofpine-wood，ofthemostindifferentquality，costsabovesevenshillings；
andwherethecordofhardwood，suchasbeechandoak，ofequaldimensions，costsmorethantwicethatsum，mayappearincredible；
yetIwillventuretoassert，andIherebypledgemyselfwiththepublictoprove，thatinthekitchenoftheMilitaryAcademyatMunich，andespeciallyinakitchenlatelybuiltundermydirectionatVerona，intheHospitaloflaPieta，Ihavecarriedtheeconomyoffuelstillfurther。
TopreventfraudsinthekitchenoftheinstitutionforthepooratMunich，theingredientsaredeliveredeachdaybythestore-keeper，tothechiefcook；andapersonofconfidence，notbelongingtothekitchen，attendsattheproperhourtoseethattheyareactuallyused。Someoneoftheinspectors，orotherchiefofficeroftheestablishment，alsoattendsatthehourofdinner，toseethatthevictualsfurnishedtothepooraregood；
welldressed；andproperlyservedup。
Asthedining-hallisnotlargeenoughtoaccommodateallthepooratonce，theydineincompaniesofasmanyascanbeseatedtogether，about150；thosewhoworkinthehousebeingservedfirst，andthenthosewhocomefromthetown。
Thoughmostofthosewhoworkintheirownlodgingssendfortheirdinners，yettherearemanyothers，andparticularlysuchasfromgreatageorotherbodilyinfirmitiesarenotabletowork，whocomefromthetowneverydaytothepublichalltodine；andasthesearefrequentlyobligedtowaitsometimeatthedoor，beforetheycanbeadmittedintothedining-hall；——thatistosay，tillallthepoorwhoworkinthehousehavefinishedtheirdinners；——fortheirmorecomfortableaccommodation，alargeroom，providedwithastoveforheatingitinwinter，hasbeenconstructed，adjoiningtothebuildingoftheinstitution，butnotwithinthecourt，wherethesepoorpeopleassemble，andareshelteredfromtheinclemencyoftheweatherwhiletheywaitforadmittanceintothedining-hall。
Topreserveorderanddecorumatthesepublicdinners，andtopreventcrowdingandjostlingatthedoorofthedining-hall，thesteward，orsomeotherofficerofthehouseofsomeauthority，isalwayspresentinthehallduringdinner；andtwoprivatesofthepoliceguards，whoknowmostofthepoorpersonally，takepostatthedoorofthehall，oneoneachsideofit；andbetweenthemthepoorareobligedtopasssinglyintothehall。
Assoonasacompanyhavetakenplacesatthetable，thesoupbeingalwaysservedoutandplaceduponthetablesbeforetheyareadmitted，uponasignalgivenbytheofficerwhopresidesatthedinner，theyallrepeatashortprayer。PerhapsIoughttoaskpardonformentioningsoold-fashionedacustom；butIownI
amold-fashionedenoughmyselftolikesuchthings。
Asanaccountindetailwillbegiveninanotherplace，oftheexpenceoffeedingthesepoorpeople，Ishallonlyobservehere，thatthisexpensewasconsiderablylessenedbythevoluntarydonationsofbread，andoffalmeat，whichweremadebythebakersandbutchersofthetownandsuburbs。Thebeggars，notsatisfiedwiththemoneywhichtheyextortedfromallranksofpeoplebytheirunceasingimportunity，hadcontrivedtolaycertainclassesoftheinhabitantsunderregularperiodicalcontributionsofcertaincommodities；andespeciallyeatables；whichtheycollectedinkind。Ofthisnaturewerethecontributionswhichwereleviedbythemuponthebakers，butchers，keepersofeating-houses，ale-housekeepers，brewers，etc。allofwhomwereobliged，atstatedperiods；——oncea-weekatleast；——oroftener；——
todelivertosuchofthebeggarsaspresentedthemselvesatthehourappointed，veryconsiderablequantitiesofbread，meat，soup，andothereatables；andtosuchalengthweretheseshamefulimpositionscarried，thataconsiderabletrafficwasactuallycarriedonwiththearticlessocollected，betweenthebeggars，andanumberofpettyshop-keepers，orhucksters，whopurchasedthemofthebeggars，andmadeabusinessofsellingthembyretailtotheindigentandindustriousinhabitants。
Andthoughtheseabuseswerewellknowntothepublic，yetthiscustomhadsolongexisted，andsoformidablewerethebeggarsbecametotheinhabitants，thatitwasnomeanssafe，oradvisable，torefusetheirdemands。
Uponthetownbeingclearedofbeggars，theseimpositionsceasedofcourse；andtheworthycitizens，whowererelievedfromthisburthen，feltsosensiblytheservicethatwasrenderedthem，that，toshowtheirgratitude，andtheirdesiretoassistinsupportingsousefulanestablishment，theyvoluntarilyoffered，inadditiontotheirmonthlysubscriptionsinmoney，tocontributeeverydayacertainquantityofbread，meat，soup，etc。
towardsfeedingthepoorintheMilitaryWork-house。Andthesearticleswerecollectedeverydaybytheservantsoftheestablishment；whowentroundthetownwithsmallcarts，neatlyfittedup，andelegantlypainted，anddrawnbysinglesmallhorses，neatlyharnessed。
Asinthese，aswellasinallothercollectionsofpubliccharity，itwasnecessarytoarrangematterssothatthepublicmightsafelyplacethemostperfectconfidenceinthosewhowerechargedwiththesedetails；thecollectionsweremadeinamannerinwhichitwasEVIDENTLYIMPOSSIBLEforthoseemployedinmakingthemtodefraudthepoorofanypartofthatwhichtheircharitableandmoreopulentfellow-citizensdesignedfortheirrelief——Andtothiscircumstanceprincipallyitmay，Ibelieve，beattributed，thatthesedonationshaveforsuchalengthoftimemorethanfiveyears，continuedtobesoconsiderable。
Inthecollectionofthesoup，andtheoffalmeatatthebutchers’
shops，asthosearticleswerenotveryvaluableandnoteasilyconcealedordisposedof，noparticularprecautionswerenecessary，otherthansendingroundPUBLICLYandataCERTAINHOURthecartsdestinedforthosepurposes。Uponthatforcollectingthesoup，whichwasuponfourwheels，wasalargecaskneatlypaintedwithaninscriptiononeachsideinlargeletters，“forthe“Poor。”
Thatforthemeatheldalargetubwithacover，paintedwiththesamecolours，andmarkedonbothsideswiththesameinscription。
Besidethistub，othersmallertubs，paintedinlikemanner，andbearingthesameinscription，“forthePoor。”wereprovidedandhungupinconspicuoussituationsinallthebutchers’shopsinthetown。Indoingthis，twoobjectswerehadinview，firsttheconvenienceofthebutchers；thatincuttinguptheirmeattheymighthaveaconvenientplacetolaybythatwhichtheyshoulddestineforthepoortillitshouldbecalledfor；andsecondly，togiveanopportunitytothosewhoboughtmeatintheirshopstothrowinanyoddscraps，orbones，theymightreceive，andwhichtheymightnotthinkworththetroubleofcarryinghome。
Theseoddpiecesaremorefrequentlytobemetwithinthelotswhicharesoldinthebutchers’shopsinMunichthaninalmostanyothertown；forthepriceofmeatisfixedbyauthority，thebutchershavearighttosellthewholecarcase，thebadpieceswiththegood，sothatwitheachgoodlotthereiswhatinthiscountryiscalledthezugewicht，thatistosay，anindifferentscrapofoffalmeat，orpieceofbone，tomakeuptheweight；——
andtheserefusepieceswereveryoftenthrownintothepoor’stub；andafterbeingproperlycleanedandboiled，servedtomaketheirsoupmuchmoresavouryandnourishing。
Inthecollectionofthedailydonationsofbread，asthatarticleismorevaluable，andmoreeasilyconcealedanddisposedof，moreprecautionswereusedtopreventfraudsonthepartsoftheservantswhoweresentroundtomakethecollection。
Thecartwhichwasemployedforthispurposewasfurnishedwithalargewoodenchest，firmlynaileddownuponit，andprovidedwithagoodlockandkey；andthischest，whichwasneatlypainted，andembellishedwithainscription，wassocontrived，bymeansofanopeninginthetopofalargeverticalwoodentubefixedinitslid，andmadeintheformofamouse-trap，thatwhenitwaslocked，asitalwayswaswhenitwassentroundforthedonationsofbread，aloafofbread，oranythingofthatsize，couldbeputintoit；butnothingcouldbetakenoutofitbythesameopening。Uponthereturnofthecart，thebread-chestwasopenedbythesteward，whokeepsthekeyofit；anditscontents，afterbeingenteredinaregisterkeptforthatpurpose，weredeliveredovertothecareofthestore-keeper。
Thebreadcollectedwascommonlysuchasnothavingbeensoldintime，hadbecometooold，hard，andstaleforthemarket；
butwhich，beingcutfine，ahandfulofitputintoabasinofgoodpease-soup，wasagreatadditiontoit。
Theamountofthesecharitabledonationsinkind，maybeseeninthetransactionsoftheoriginalreturns，whichareannexedintheAppendix，No。III。
Thecollectionsofsoupwerenotlongcontinued，itbeingfoundtobeingeneralofmuchtooinferioraqualitytobemixedwiththesoupmadeinthekitchenofthepoor-house；butthecollectionsofbread，andofmeat，continuetothistime，andarestillveryproductive。
Butthegreatestresourceinfeedingthepoor，isonewhichIambutjustbeginningtoavailmyselfof，——theuseofpotatoes[10]。
Ofthissubject，however，Ishalltreatmorelargelyhereafter。
Theabove-mentionedprecautionsusedinmakingcollectionsinkind，mayperhapsappeartrifling，andsuperfluous；theywereneverthelessverynecessary。Itwasalsofoundnecessarytochangeallthepoor’s-boxesinthechurches，topreventtheirbeingrobbed；forthoughinthosewhichwerefirstputup，theopeningswerenotonlysmall，butendedinacurvedtube，sothatitappearedalmostimpossibletogetanyofthemoneyoutoftheboxbythesameopeningbywhichitwasputintoit；yetmeanswerefound，byintroducingintotheopeningthinpiecesofelasticwood，coveredwithbird-lime，torobtheboxes。Thiswaspreventedinthenewboxes，bycausingthemoneytodescendthroughasortofbag，withaholdinthebottomofit，orratheraflexibletube，madeofchain-work，withironwire，suspendedinthemiddleofthebox。
CHAPTER。VI。
Apologyforthewantofmethodintreatingthesubjectunderconsideration。
Ofthevariousmeansusedforencouragingindustryamongthepoor。
Oftheinternalarrangementandgovernmentofthehouseofindustry。
Whycalledthemilitarywork-house。
Ofthemannerinwhichthebusinessiscarriedonthere。
Ofthevariousmeansusedforpreventingfraudsincarryingonthebusinessinthedifferentmanufactures。
Oftheflourishingstateofthosemanufactures。
Thoughallthedifferentpartsofawellarrangedestablishmentgoontogether，andharmonize，likethepartsofapieceofmusicinfullscore，yet，indescribingsuchanestablishment，itisimpossibletowritelikethemusician，inscore，andtomakeallthepartsofthenarrativeadvancetogether。Variousmovements，whichexisttogether，andwhichhavethemostintimateconnectionanddependenceuponeachother，mustneverthelessbedescribedseparately；andthegreatestcareandattention，andfrequentlynosmallshareofaddress，arenecessaryinthemanagementofsuchdescriptions，torenderthedetailsintelligible；andtogivethewholeitsfulleffectoforder；——dependence；——
connection；——andharmony。Andinnocasecanthesedifficultiesbegreater，thanindescriptionslikethoseinwhichIamnowengaged；wherethenumberoftheobjects，andofthedetails，issogreat，thatitisdifficulttodeterminewhichshouldbeattendedtofirst；andhowfaritmaysafelybepursued，withoutdangeroftheothersbeingtoofarremovedfromtheirproperplaces；——orexcluded；——orforgotten。
Thevariousmeasuresadopted，andprecautionstaken，inarrestingthebeggars，——incollectinganddistributingalms，——inestablishingorderandpoliceamongthem，——infeedingandclothingthepoor，——
andinestablishingvariousmanufacturesforgivingthememployment，areallsubjectswhichdeserve，andrequire，themostparticularexplanation；yetthosearenotonlyoperationswhichwerebegunatthesametime；andcarriedontogether；buttheyaresodependentuponeachother，thatitisalmostimpossibletohaveacompleteideaoftheone，withoutbeingacquaintedwiththeothers；oroftreatingoftheone，withoutmentioningtheothersatthesametime——This，therefore，mustbemyexcuse，ifIamtaxedwithwantofmethod，orofperspicuityinthedescriptions；andthisbeingpremised，Ishallproceedtogiveanaccountofthevariousobjectsandoperationswhichyetremaintobedescribed。
Ihavealreadyobservedhownecessaryitwastoencourage，byeverypossiblemeans，aspiritofindustryandemulationamongthose，who，fromleadingalifeofindolenceanddebauchery，weretobemadeusefulmembersofsociety；andIhavementionedsomeofthemeasureswhichwereadoptedforthatpurpose。Itremainsformetopursuethisinterestingsubject，andtotreatit，inallitsdetails，withthatcareandattentionwhichitsimportancesojustlydemands。
Thoughaverygenerouspricewaspaidforlabour，inthedifferentmanufacturesinwhichthepoorwereemployed，yet，thatalonewasnotenoughtointerestthemsufficientlyintheoccupationsinwhichtheywereengaged。Toexcitetheiractivity，andinspirethemwithatruespiritofperseveringindustry，itwasnecessarytofirethemwithemulation；——toawakeninthemadormantpassion，whoseinfluencetheyhadneverfelt；——theloveofhonestfame；——
andardentdesiretoexcel；——theloveofglory；——orbywhatothermorehumbleorpompousnamethispassion，themostnoble，andmostbeneficentthatwarmsthehumanheart，canbedistinguished。
Toexciteemulation；——praise；——distinctions；——rewardsarenecessary；andthesewereallemployed。Thosewhodistinguishedthemselvesbytheirapplication，——bytheirindustry，——bytheiraddress，——werepubliclypraisedandencouraged；——broughtforward，andplacedinthemostconspicuoussituations；——pointedouttostrangerswhovisitedtheestablishment；andparticularlynamedandproposedasmodelsforotherstocopy。Aparticulardress，asortofuniformfortheestablishment，which，thoughveryeconomical，asmaybeseenbythedetailswhichwillbegivenofitinanotherplace，wasneverthelesselegant，wasprovided；andthisdress，asitwasgivenoutgratis，andonlybestoweduponthosewhoparticularlydistinguishedthemselves，wassoonlookeduponasanhonourablemarkofapprovedmerit；andservedverypowerfullytoexciteemulationamongthecompetitors，Idoubtwhethervanity，inanyinstance，eversurveyeditselfwithmoreself-gratification，thandidsomeofthesepoorpeoplewhentheyfirstputontheirnewdress。
Hownecessaryisittobeacquaintedwiththesecretspringsofactioninthehumanheart，todirecteventhelowestandmostunfeelingclassofmankind！——Themachineisintrinsicallythesameinallsituations；——thegreatsecretis，FIRSTTOPUTITINTUNE，beforeanattemptismadetoplayuponit。Thejarringsoundsofformervibrationsmustfirstbestilled，otherwisenoharmonycanbeproduced；butwhentheinstrumentisinorder，thenotesCANNOTFAILtoanswertothetouchofaskilfulmaster。
Thougheverythingwasdonethatcouldbedevisedtoimpressthemindsofallthose，oldandyoung，whofrequentedthisestablishment，withsuchsentimentsaswerenecessaryinordertotheirbecominggoodandusefulmembersofsociety；andintheseattemptsIwascertainlysuccessful，muchbeyondmymostsanguineexpectations；
yetmyhopeswerechieflyplacedontherisinggeneration。
Thechildren，therefore，ofthepoor，wereobjectsofmypeculiarcareandattention。Toinducetheirparentstosendthemtotheestablishment，evenbeforetheywereoldenoughtodoanykindofwork，whentheyattendedattheregularhours，theynotonlyreceivedtheirdinnergratis，buteachofthemwaspaidTHREE
CREUTZERSadayfordoingnothing，butmerelybeingpresentwhereothersworked。
Ihavealreadymentionedthatthesechildren，whoweretooyoungtowork，wereplaceduponseatsbuiltroundthehallswhereotherchildrenworked。Thiswasdoneinordertoinspirethemwithadesiretodothat，whichotherchildren，apparentlymorefavoured，——morecaressed，——andmorepraisedthanthemselves，werepermittedtodo；andofwhichtheywereobligedtobeidlespectators；
andthishadthedesiredeffect。
Asnothingissotedioustoachildasbeingobligedtositstillinthesameplaceforaconsiderabletime，andastheworkwhichtheothermorefavouredchildrenwereengagedin，waslightandeasy，andappearedratheramusingthanotherwise，beingthespinningofhempandflax，withsmalllightwheels，turnedwiththefoot，thesechildren，whowereobligedtobespectatorsofthisbusyandentertainingscene，becamesouneasyintheirsituations，andsojealousofthosewhowerepermittedtobemoreactive，thattheyfrequentlysolicitedwiththegreatestimportunitytobepermittedtowork，andoftencriedmostheartilyifthisfavourwasnotinstantlygrantedthem。
Howsweetthesetearsweretome，caneasilybeimagined！
Thejoytheyshoweduponbeingpermittedtodescendfromtheirbenches，andmixwiththeworkingchildrenbelow，wasequaltothesolicitudewithwhichtheyhaddemandedthatfavour。
Theywereatfirstmerelyfurnishedwithawheel，whichtheyturnedforseveraldayswiththefoot，withoutbeingpermittedtoattemptanythingfurther。Assoonastheywerebecomedexterousinthesimpleoperation，andhabithadmadeitsoeasyandfamiliartothemthatthefootcouldcontinueitsmotionmechanically，withouttheassistanceofthehead；——tilltheycouldgoonwiththeirwork，eventhoughtheirattentionwasemployeduponsomethingelse；——tilltheycouldanswerquestions，andconversefreelywiththoseaboutthemuponindifferentsubjects，withoutinterruptingorembarrassingtheregularmotionofthewheel，then，——andnottillthen，——theywerefurnishedwithhemporflax，andweretaughttospin。
Whentheyhadarrivedatacertaindegreeofdexterityinspinninghempandflax，theywereputtospinningofwool；
andthiswasalwaysrepresentedtothem，andconsideredbythem，asanhonorablepromotion。Uponthisoccasiontheycommonlyreceivedsomepublicreward，anewshirt，——apairofshoes，——
orperhapstheuniformoftheestablishment，asanencouragementtothemtopersevereintheirindustrioushabits。
Asconstantapplicationtoanyoccupationfortoogreatalengthoftimeisapttoproducedisgust，andinchildrenmightevenbedetrimentaltohealth，besidethehourofdinner，anhourofrelaxationfromwork，fromeighto’clocktillnine，intheforenoon，andanotherhour，fromthreeo’clocktillfour，intheafternoon，wereallowedthem，andthesetwohourswerespentinaschool；which，forwantofroomelsewhereinthehouse，waskeptinthedining-hall，wheretheyweretaughtreading，writing，andarithmetic，byaschool-masterengagedandpaidforthatpurpose[11]。Intothisschoolotherpersonswhoworkedinthehouse，ofamoreadvancedage，wereadmitted，iftheyrequestedit；
butfewgrownpersonsseemeddesirousofavailingthemselvesofthispermission。Astothechildren，theyhadnochoiceinthematter；thosewhobelongedtotheestablishmentwereobligedtoattendtheschoolregularlyeveryday，morningandevening。Theschoolbooks，paper，pens，andink，werefurnishedattheexpenceoftheestablishment。
Todistinguishthoseamongthegrownpersonsthatworkedinthehouse，whoshowedthegreatestdexterityandindustryinthedifferentmanufacturesinwhichtheywereemployed，thebestworkmanwereseparatedfromtheothers，andformeddistinctclasses，andwereevenassignedseparateroomsandapartments。
Thisseparationwasproductiveofmanyadvantages；for，besidethespiritofemulationwhichitexcited，andkeptalive，ineverypartoftheestablishment，ifaffordedanopportunityofcarryingonthedifferentmanufacturesinaveryadvantageousmanner。Themostdexterousamongthewool-spinners，forinstance，werenaturallyemployeduponthefinestwool，suchaswasusedinthefabricationofthefinestandmostvaluablegoods；anditwasverynecessarythatthesespinnersshouldbeseparatedfromtheothers，whoworkeduponcoarsermaterials；otherwise，inthemanipulationsofthewool，asparticlesofitareunavoidablydispersedaboutinalldirectionswhenitisspun，thecoarserparticlesthusmixingwiththefinewouldgreatlyinjurethemanufacture。Itwaslikewisenecessary，forasimilarreason，toseparatethespinnerswhowereemployedinspinningwoolofdifferentcolours。Butasthese，andmanyotherlikeprecautionsarewellknowntoallmanufacturers，itisnotnecessarythatI
shouldinsistuponthemanyfartherinthisplace；norindeedisitnecessarythatIshouldenterintoallthedetailsofanyofthemanufacturescarriedonintheestablishmentIamdescribing。
Itwillbequitesufficient，ifImerelyenumeratethem，andothers，whowereemployedincarryingthemon。
Intreatingthissubjectitwillhoweverbenecessarytogobackalittle，andgiveamoreparticularaccountoftheinternalgovernmentsofthisestablishment；andfirstofallImustobserve，thatthegovernmentoftheMilitaryWork-house，asitiscalled，isquitedistinctfromthegovernmentoftheinstitutionforthepoor；theWork-housebeingmerelyamanufactory，likeanyothermanufactory，supporteduponitsownprivatecapital；whichcapitalhasnoconnectionwhateverwithanyfunddestinedforthepoor。
Itisunderthesoledirectionofitsownparticulargovernorsandoverseers，andiscarriedonatthesoleriskoftheowner。
Theinstitutionforthepoor，ontheotherhand，ismerelyaninstitutionofcharity，joinedtoageneraldirectionofthepolice，asfarasitrelatestopaupers。Thecommittee，ordeputation，asitiscalled，whichisattheheadofthisinstitution，hasthesoledirectionofallfundsdestinedforthereliefofthepoorinMunich，andthedistributionofalms。Thisdeputationhaslikewisethedirectionofthekitchen，andbake-house，whichareestablishedintheMilitaryWork-house；andofthedetailsrelativetothefeedingofthepoor；foritisfromthefundsdestinedforthereliefofthepoorthattheseexpencesaredefrayed：thedeputationisalsoinconnectionwiththeMilitaryWork-houserelativetotheclothingofthepoor，andthedistributionofrewardstothoseofthemwhoparticularlydistinguishedthemselvesbytheirgoodbehaviourandtheirindustry，butthisismerelyamercantilecorrespondence。
Thedeputationhasnorighttointerfereinanywaywhateverintheinternalmanagementofthisestablishment，consideredasamanufactory。Inthisrespectitistoallintentsandpurposesaperfectlydistinctandindependentestablishment。
Butnotwithstandingthis，thetwoestablishmentsaresodependentoneachotherinmanyrespects，thatneitherofthemcouldwellsubsistalone。
TheMilitaryWork-housebeingprincipallydesignedasamanufactoryforclothingthearmy，itscapital，whichatfirstconsistedinabout150，000florins，butwhichhassinceincreasedtoabove250，000florins，wasadvancedbythemilitarychest，andhenceitis，thatitwascalledtheMilitaryWork-house，andputunderthedirectionofthecouncilofwar。
Fortheinternalmanagementoftheestablishment，aspecialcommissionwasnamed，consistingof，onecounsellorofwar，ofthedepartmentofmilitaryeconomy，oroftheclothingofthearmy，——onecaptain，whichlastisinspectorofthehouse，andhasapartmentsinit，wherehelodges；——andthestore-keeperofthemagazineofmilitaryclothing。
Thesecommissioners，whohavethemagazineofmilitaryclothingatthesametimeundertheirdirection，have，undermyimmediatesuperintendence，thesolegovernmentanddirectionofthisestablishment；——ofalltheinferiorofficers；——servants；——
manufacturers；——andworkmen，belongingtoit；andofallmercantileoperations；——contracts；——purchases；——sales；，etc。Anditiswiththesecommissionersthattheregimentscorrespond，inordertobefurnishedwithclothing，andothernecessaries；andintotheirhandstheypaytheamountofthedifferentarticlesreceived。
Thecashbelongingtothisestablishmentisplacedinachestfurnishedwiththreeseparatelocks，ofoneofwhicheachofthecommissionersarejointly，andseverally，answerableforthecontentsofthechest。
Thesecommissionersholdtheirsessionsregularlytwiceaweek，oroftenerifcircumstancesrequireit，inaroomintheMilitaryWork-housedestinedforthatpurpose，wherethecorrespondence，andallaccountsanddocumentsbelongingtotheestablishment，andotherrecords，arekept；andwherethesecretaryofthecommissionconstantlyattends。
Whenverylargecontractsaremadeforthepurchaseofrawmaterials，particularlywhentheyaremadewithforeigners，theconditionsarefirstsubmittedbythecommissionerstothecouncilofwarfortheirapprobation；butinallconcernsoflessmoment，andparticularlyinallthecurrentbusinessoftheestablishment；——intheordinarypurchases，——sales，——andothermercantiletransactions；thecommissionersactbytheirownimmediateauthority：butallthetransactionsofthecommissionersBEINGENTEREDREGULARLYINTHEIRJOURNALS，andthemostparticularaccountofallsales，andpurchases，andotherreceiptsandexpendituresbeingkept；andinventoriesbeingtakeneveryyear，ofallrawmaterials；——manufacturesuponhand；——andothereffects，belongingtotheestablishment；andanannualaccountofprofitandloss，regularlymadeout；allpeculation，andotherabuses，aremosteffectuallyprevented。
Thesteward，orstore-keeperofrawmaterials，asheiscalled，hasthecareofallrawmaterials，andofallfinishedmanufacturesdestinedforprivatesale。Theformerarekeptinmagazines，orstore-rooms，ofwhichhealonehasthekeys，——
thelatterarekeptinroomssetapartasastore，——orshop，——
wheretheyareexposedforpublicinspection，andsale。
Topreventabusesinthesalesofthesemanufactures，theirprices，whicharedetermineduponacalculationofwhattheycost，andacertainpercent。addedfortheprofitsofthehouse，aremarkeduponthegoods，andareneveraltered；andaregularaccountiskeptofall，evenofthemostinconsiderablearticlessold，inwhichnotonlythecommodity，withitsquality，quantity，anprice，isspecified；butthenameofthepurchaser，andthedayofthemonthwhenthepurchasewasmade，arementioned。
Allarticlesofclothingdestinedforthearmywhicharemadeupinthehouse；aswellasallgoodsinthepiece，destinedformilitaryclothing，arelodgedintheMilitaryMagazine；whichissituatedatsomedistancefromtheMilitaryWork-house；andisunderthecareandinspectionoftheMilitarystore-keeper。
FromthisMilitaryMagazine，whichmaybeconsideredasanappendixtotheMilitaryWork-house，andisinfactunderthesamedirection，theregimentsaresuppliedwitheveryarticleoftheirclothing。Butinorderthatthearmyaccountsmaybemoresimple，andmoreeasilychecked，andthatthetotalannualexpenceofeachregimentmaybemorereadilyascertained，theregimentspay，atcertainfixedprices，forallthearticlestheyreceivefromtheMilitaryMagazine，andchargesuchexpendituresintheannualaccountwhichtheysendintotheWarOffice。
Theorderobservedwithregardtothedeliveryoftherawmaterialsbythestore-keeperorstewardoftheMilitaryWork-housetothoseemployedinmanufacturingthem，isasfollows：
Inthemanufacturesofwool，forinstance，hedeliverstothemaster-clothieracertainquantity，commonly100pounds，ofwool，ofacertainqualityanddescription；takenfromacertaindivision，orbin，intheMagazine；bearingacertainnumber；
inordertoitsbeingsorted。Andasaregisteriskeptofthewoolthatisputintothesebinsfromtimetotime，andasthelotsofwoolarealwayskeptseparate，itisperfectlyeasyatanytimetodeterminewhen，——andwhere，——andfromwhom，thewooldeliveredtothesortedwaspurchased；andwhatwaspaidforit；
andconsequently，totracethewoolfromthestockwhereitwasgrown，totheclothintowhichitwasformed；andeventothepersonwhoworeit。Andsimilararrangementsareadoptedwithregardtoallotherrawmaterialsusedinthevariousmanufactures。
Theadvantagesarisingfromthisarrangementaretooobvioustorequirebeingparticularlymentioned。Itnotonlypreventsnumberlessabusesonthepartofthoseemployedinthevariousmanufactures，butaffordsareadymethodofdetectinganyfraudsonthepartofthosefromwhomtherawmaterialsarepurchased。
Thewoolreceivedbythemaster-clothierisbyhimdeliveredtothewool-sorterstobesorted。Topreventfraudsonthepartofthewool-sorters，notonlyallthewool-sortersworkinthesameroom，undertheimmediateinspectionofthemasterwool-sorter，butacertainquantityofeachlotofwoolbeingsortedinthepresenceofsomeoneofthepublicofficersbelongingtothehouse，itisseenbytheexperimenthowmuchpercent。islostbyseparationofdirtandfilthinsorting；andthequantityofsortedwoolofthedifferentqualities，whichthesorterisobligedtodeliverforeachHUNDREDPOUNDSweightofwoolreceivedfromthemagazine，isfromhencedetermined。
Thegreatsecretofthewoollenmanufactoryisinthesortingofthewool，andifthisisnotparticularlyattendedto；thatistosay，ifthedifferentkindsofwoolofvariousqualitieswhicheachfleecenaturallycontains，arenotcarefullyseparated；
andifeachkindofwoolisnotemployedforthatpurpose，andFORTHATALONE，forwhichitisbestcalculated，nowoollenmanufactorycanpossiblysubsistwithadvantages。
Eachfleeceiscommonlyseparatedintofiveorsixdifferentparcelsofwool，ofdifferentqualities，bythesortersintheMilitaryWork-house；andoftheseparcels，someareemployedforwarp；——othersforwool；——othersforcombing；——andthatwhichisverycoarseandindifferent，forcoarsemittensforthepeasants；——forthelistsofbroadcloths，etc。
Thewool，whensorted，isdeliveredbackbythemaster-clothiertothesteward，whonowplacesitinthesorted-woolmagazines，whereitiskeptinseparatebins，accordingtoitsdifferentqualitiesanddestinations，tillitisdeliveredouttobemanufactured。Asthesebinsareallnumbered，andasthequalityanddestinationofthewoolwhichislodgedineachbinisalwaysthesame，itissufficientindescribingthewoolafterwardsasitpassesthroughthehandsofthedifferentmanufacturers，merelytomentionITSNUMBER；thatistosay，thenumberofthebinthesorted-woolmagazinefromwhenceitwastaken。
Asamoreparticularaccountofthesevariousmanipulations，andthemeansusedtopreventfrauds，maynotonlybeinterestingtoallwhoarecuriousinthesematters，butmayalsobeofrealusetosuchasmayengageinsimilarundertakings，Ishalltakethelibertytoenlargealittleuponthissubject。
Fromthemagazineofsortedwool，themaster-clothierreceivesthissortedwoolagain，inordertoitsbeingwolfed，——greased，——carded；——andspun，underhisinspection，andthendeliveredintothestore-roomofwoollenyarn。Aswoollenyarnhereceivesitagain，anddeliversittothecloth-weaver——Thecloth-weaverreturnsitinclothtothesteward——Thestewarddeliversittothefuller；——thefullertothecloth-shearer；——thecloth-shearertothecloth-presser；——andthecloth-pressertothesteward；——
andbythislastitisdeliveredintotheMilitaryMagazine，ifdestinedforthearmy；ifnot，itisplacedintheshopforsale。
Themaster-clothierisanswerableforallthesortedwoolhereceives，tillhedeliversittotheclerkofthewool-spinners；
andallhisaccountsaresettledwiththestewardonceaweek——
Theclerkofthespinnersisanswerableforthecardedandcombedwoolhereceivesfromthemaster-clothier，tillitisdeliveredinyarninthestore-room；andhisaccountsarelikewisesettledwiththemaster-clothier，andwiththeclerkofthestore-room，whoiscalledtheclerkofthecontrol，onceaweek。
Thespinnerswagesarepaidbytheclerkofthecontrol，uponthespin-ticket，signedbytheclerkofthespinners；inwhichticket，thequantity，andqualityoftheyarnspunbeingspecified，togetherwiththenameofthespinner，theweeklydeliveryofyarnbytheclerkofthespinnersintothestore-room，mustanswertothespin-ticketsreceivedandpaidbytheclerkofthecontrol。Moreeffectuallytopreventfrauds，eachdeliveryofyarntotheclerkofthespinnersisboundupinaseparatebundle，towhichisattachedanabstractofthespin-ticket，inwhichabstractisspecified，thenameofthespinner；——thedateofthedelivery；——thenumberofthespin-ticket；——andthequantityandqualityoftheyarn。Thisarrangementnotonlyfacilitatesthesettlementoftheweeklyaccountbetweentheclerkofthespinnersandtheclerkofthecontrol，whentheformermakeshisweeklydeliveryofyarnintothestore-room，butrendersiteasyalsotodetectanyfraudscommittedbythespinners。
Thewagesofthespinnersareregulatedbythefinenessoftheyarn；thatis，bythenumberofskains，orratherknots，whichtheyspinfromthepoundofwool。Eachknotiscomposedof100
threads，andeachthread，orturnofthereel，istwoBavarianyardsinlength；andtopreventfraudsinreeling，clock-reels，provedandsealed，arefurnishedbytheestablishmenttoallthespinners。Itispossible，however，notwithstandingthisprecaution，forthespinnerstocommitfrauds，bybindingupknotscontainingasmallernumberofthreadsthan100——Itistruetheyhavelittletemptationtodoso，forastheirwagesareinfactpaidbytheWEIGHToftheyarndelivered，andthenumberofknotsservingmerelytodeterminethepriceBYTHEPOUNDwhichtheyhavearighttoreceive，andadvantagestheycanderivefromfraudscommittedinreelingareverytriflingindeed。
Buttriflingastheyare，suchfraudswouldnodoubtsometimesbecommitted，wereitnotknownthatitisabsolutelyIMPOSSIBLEforthemtoescapedetection。
Notonlytheclerkofthespinnersexaminestheyarnwhenhereceivesit，andcountsthethreadsinanyoftheknotswhichappeartobetoosmall，butthenameofthespinner，withanoteofthequantityofknots，accompaniestheyarnintothestore-room，aswasbeforeobserved，andfromthencetothespooler，bywhomitiswoundoff；anyfraudscommittedinreelingcannotfailtobebroughthometothespinner。
Thebundlesofcardedwooldeliveredtothespinners，thoughtheyarecalledpounds，arenotexactpounds。Theycontaineachasmuchmorethanapound，asisnecessary，allowingforwastageinspinning，inorderthattheyarnwhenspunmayweighapound。
Iftheyarnisfoundtobewantinginweight，aproportionaldeductionismadefromthewagesofthespinner；whichdeduction，topreventfrauds，amountstoatriflemorethanthevalueoftheyarnwhichiswanting。
Fraudsinweavingarepreventedbydeliveringtheyarntotheweaversbyweight，andreceivingtheclothbyweightfromtheloom。
Intheotheroperationsofthemanufactures，suchasfulling，shearing，pressing，etc。nofraudsaretobeapprehended。
Similarprecautionsaretakentopreventfraudsinthelinen；——
cotton；——andothermanufacturescarriedoninthehouse；andsoeffectualarethemeansadopted，thatduringmorethanfiveyearssincetheestablishmentwasinstituted，noonefraudoftheleastconsequencehasbeendiscovered；theevidentimpossibilityofescapingdetectioninthosepractices，havingpreventedtheattempt。
Throughtheabove-mentioneddetailsmaybesufficienttogivesomeideaofthegeneralorderwhichreignsineverypartofthisextensiveestablishment；yet，assuccessinanundertakingofthiskinddependsessentiallyoncarryingonthebusinessinallitsvariousbranchesinthemostmethodicalmanner，andrenderingoneoperationacheckupontheother，aswellasinmakingthepersonsemployedabsolutelyresponsibleforallfraudsandneglectscommittedintheirvariousdepartments，IshalleitheraddintheAppendix，orpublishseparately，afullaccountoftheinternaldetailsofthevarioustradesandmanufacturescarriedonintheMilitaryWork-house，andcopiesofallthedifferenttickets，——returns，——tables，——accounts，etc。madeuseofincarryingonthebusinessofthisestablishment。
ThoughtheseaccountswillrenderthisworkmorevoluminousthanIcouldhavewished，yet，assuchdetailscanhardlyfailtobeveryusefultothose，who，eitheruponalarger，orsmallerscale，mayengageinsimilarundertakings，Ihavedeterminedtopublishthem。
ToshowthattheregulationsobservedincarryingonthevarioustradesandmanufacturesintheMilitaryWork-housearegood，itwill，Iflattermyself，bequitesufficienttorefertotheflourishingstateoftheestablishment；——toitsgrowingreputation；——toitsextensiveconnections，whichreacheventoforeigncountries；——tothepunctualitywithwhichallitsengagementsarefulfilled；——toitsunimpeachedcredit；——andtoitsgrowingwealth。
Notwithstandingallthedisadvantagesunderwhichitlabouredinitsinfantstate，thenetprofitsarisingfromitduringthesixyearsithasexisted，amounttoabove100，000florins；aftertheexpencesofeverykind，——salaries，——wages，——repairs，etc。havebeendeducted；inconsequenceoftheaugmentationoftheamountoftheordersreceivedandexecutedthelastyear，didnotfallmuchshortofHALFAMILLIONofflorins。
Itmaybepropertoobserve，that，notthewholearmyoftheElector，butonlythefifteenBavarianregiments，arefurnishedwithclothingfromtheMilitaryWork-houseatMunich。ThetroopsofthePalatinate，andthoseoftheDuchiesofJuliersandBergen，receivetheirclothingfromasimilarestablishmentatManheim。
TheMilitaryWork-houseatManheimwasindeederectedseveralmonthsbeforethatatMunich；butasitisnotimmediatelyconnectedwithanyinstitutionforthepoor，——asthepoorarenotfedinit，——andasitwasmyfirstattempt，orcoupd’essai，——
itis，inmanyrespects，inferiorinitsinternalarrangementstothatatMunich。Ihavethereforechosenthislastforthesubjectofmydescriptions；andwouldproposeitasamodelforimitation，inpreferencetotheother。
Asboththeseestablishmentsowetheirexistencetomyself，andastheybothremainundermyimmediatesuperintendence，itmayverynaturallybeasked，whythatatManheimhasnotbeenputuponthesamefootingwiththatatMunich？——Myanswertothisquestionwouldbe，thatavarietyofcircumstances，tooforeigntomypresentsubjecttobeexplainedhere，preventedtheestablishmentoftheMilitaryWork-houseatManheimbeingcarriedtothatperfectionwhichIcouldhavewished[12]。
ButitistimethatIshouldreturntothepoorofMunich；
forwhosecomfortandhappinessIlabouredwithsomuchpleasure，andwhosehistorywilleverremainbyfarthemostinterestingpartofthispublication。
CHAPTER。VII。
Afurtheraccountofthepoorwhowerebroughttogetherinthehouseofindustry：——andoftheinterestingchangewhichwasproducedintheirmannersanddispositions。
Variousproofsthatthemeansusedformakingthemindustrious，comfortable，andhappy，weresuccessful。
Theawkwardnessofthesepoorcreatures，whentheywerefirsttakenfromthestreetsasbeggars，andputtowork，mayeasilyconceived；butthefacilitywithwhichtheyacquiredaddressinthevariousmanufacturesinwhichtheywereemployed，wasveryremarkable，andmuchexceededmyexpectation。Butwhatwasquitesurprising，andatthesametimeinterestinginthehighestdegree，wastheapparentandrapidchangewhichwasproducedintheirmanners，——intheirgeneralbehaviour，——andevenintheveryairoftheircountenances，uponbeingalittleaccustomedtotheirnewsituations。Thekindusagetheymetwith，andthecomfortstheyenjoyed，seemedtohavesoftenedtheirhearts，andawakenedinthemsentimentsasnewandsurprisingtothemselves，astheywereinterestingtothoseaboutthem。
Themelancholygloomofmisery，andairofuneasinessandembarrassment，disappearedbylittleandlittlefromtheircountenances，andweresucceededbyatimiddawnofcheerfulness，renderedmostexquisitelyinterestingbyacertainmixtureofsilentgratitude，whichnolanguagecandescribe。
Intheinfancyofthisestablishment，whenthesepoorcreatureswerefirstbroughttogether，Iusedveryfrequentlytovisitthem，——tospeakkindlytothem，——andtoencouragethem；——andI
seldompassedthroughthehallswheretheywereatwork，withoutbeingawitnesstothemostmovingscenes。
Objects，formerlythemostmiserableandwretched，whomIhadseenforyearsasbeggarsinthestreets；-youngwomen，——perhapstheunhappyvictimsofseduction，who，havinglosttheirreputation，andbeingturnedadriftintheworld，withoutafriendandwithoutahome，werereducedtothenecessityofbegging，tosustainamiserableexistence，nowrecognizedmeastheirbenefactor；and，withtearsdroppingfastfromtheircheeks，continuedtheirworkinthemostexpressivesilence。
Iftheywereasked，whatthematterwaswiththem？theiranswerwas，“nichts““nothing；“accompaniedbyalookofaffectionateregardandgratitude，soexquisitelytouchingasfrequentlytodrawtearsfromthemostinsensibleofthebystanders。
Itwasnotpossibletobemistakenwithrespecttotherealstateofthemindsofthesepoorpeople；everythingaboutthemshowedthattheyweredeeplyaffectedwiththekindnessshownthem；——
andthattheirheartswerereallysoftened，appeared，notonlyfromtheirunaffectedexpressionsofgratitude，butalsofromtheeffusionsoftheiraffectionateregardforthosewhoweredeartothem。Inshort，neverdidIwitnesssuchaffectingscenesaspassedbetweensomeofthesepoorpeopleandtheirchildren。
Itwasmentionedabovethatthechildrenwereseparatedfromthegrownpersons。Thiswasthecaseatfirst；butassoonasorderwasthoroughlyestablishedineverypartofthehouse，andthepoorpeoplehadacquiredacertaindegreeofaddressintheirwork，andevidentlytookpleasureinit，asmanyofthosewhohadchildrenexpressedanearnestdesiretohavethemnearthem，permissionwasgrantedforthatpurpose；andthespinninghalls，bydegrees，werefilledwiththemostinterestinglittlegroupsofindustriousfamilies，whoviedwitheachotherindiligenceandaddress；andwhodisplayedascene，atoncethemostbusy，andthemostcheerful，thatcanbeimagined。
Anindustriousfamilyiseverapleasingobject；buttherewassomethingpeculiarlyinterestingandaffectinginthegroupsofthesepoorpeople。Whetheritwas，thatthosewhosawthemcomparedtheirpresentsituationwiththestateofmiseryandwretchednessfromwhichtheyhadbeentaken；——orwhetheritwasthejoyandexultationwhichwereexpressedinthecountenancesofthepoorparentsincontemplatingtheirchildrenallbusilyemployedaboutthem；——ortheairofself-satisfactionwhichtheselittleurchinsputon，attheconsciousnessoftheirowndexterity，whiletheypursuedtheirworkwithredoubleddiligenceuponbeingobserved，thatrenderedthescenesosingularlyinteresting，——
Iknownot；butcertainitis，thatfewstrangerswhovisitedtheestablishment，cameoutofthesehallswithoutbeingmuchaffected。
Manyhumaneandwell-disposedpersonsareoftenwithheldfromgivingalms，onaccountofthebadcharacterofbeggarsingeneral；
butthiscircumstance，thoughitoughtundoubtedlytobetakenintoconsiderationindeterminingthemodeofadministeringourcharitableassistance，shouldcertainlynotpreventourinterestingourselvesinthefateoftheseunhappybeings。
Onthecontrary，itoughttobeanadditionalincitementtoustorelievethem；——fornothingismorecertain，thanthattheircrimesareveryoftentheEFFECTS，nottheCAUSESoftheirmisery；andwhenthisisthecase，byremovingthecause，theeffectswillcease。
Nothingismoreextraordinaryandunaccountable，thantheinconsistencyofmankindineverything；eveninthepracticeofthatdivinevirtuebenevolence；andmostofourmistakesarisemorefromindolenceandfrominattention，thanfromanythingelse。
Thebusypartofmankindaretoointentupontheirownprivatepursuits；andthosewhohaveleisure，aretooaversefromgivingthemselvestrouble，toinvestigateasubjectbuttoogenerallyconsideredastiresomeanduninteresting。Butifitbetrue，thatwearereallyhappyonlyinproportionasweoughttobeso；——
thatis，inproportionasweareinstrumentalinpromotingthehappinessofothers；nostudysurelycanbesointeresting，asthatwhichteachesushowmosteffectuallytocontributetothewell-beingofourfellow-creatures。
IfLOVEbeblind，SELF-LOVEiscertainlyveryshort-sighted；
andwithouttheassistanceofreasonandreflection，isbutabadguideinthepursuitofhappiness。
Thosewhotakepleasureindepreciatingallthesocialvirtueshaverepresentedpityasamereselfishpassion；andtherearesomecircumstanceswhichappeartojustifythisopinion。
Itiscertainthatthemisfortunesofothersaffectus，notinproportiontotheirgreatness，butinproportiontotheirnearnesstoourselves；ortothechancesthattheymayreachusinourturns。Arichmanisinfinitelymoreaffectedatthemisfortuneofhisneighbour，who，bythefailureofabankerwithwhomhehadtrustedthegreaterpartofhisfortune；——byanunluckyrunatplay，——orbyotherlosses，isreducedtoastateofaffluence，tothenecessityoflayingdownhiscarriage；——
leavingthetown；——andretiringintothecountryuponafewhundredsa-year；——thanbythetotalruinoftheindustrioustradesmanovertheway，whoisdraggedtoprison，andhisnumerousfamilyofyoungandhelplesschildrenlefttostarve。
Buthoweverselfishpitymaybe，BENEVOLENCEcertainlyspringsfromamorenobleorigin。Itisagood-natured，——generoussentiment，whichdoesnotrequirebeingputtothetortureinordertobestimulatedtoaction。Anditisthissentiment，notpity，orcompassion，whichIwouldwishtoexcite。
Pityisalwaysattendedwithpain；andifoursufferingsatbeingwitnessesofthedistressesofothers，sometimesforceustorelievethem，wecanneitherhavemuchmerit，noranylastingsatisfaction，fromsuchinvoluntaryactsofcharity；buttheenjoymentswhichresultfromactsofgenuinebenevolenceareaslastingastheyareexquisitelydelightful；andthemoretheycontributetothatinwardpeaceofmindandself-approbation，whichaloneconstituterealhappiness。Thisisthe“soul’scalmsun-shine，andtheheart-feltjoy。”whichisvirtue’sprize。
Toinducemankindtoengageinanyenterprise，itisnecessary，first，toshowthatsuccesswillbeattendedwithrealadvantage；
andsecondly，thatismaybeobtainedwithoutmuchdifficulty。
Therewardsattendantuponactsofbenevolencehavesooftenbeendescribedandcelebrated，ineverycountryandineverylanguage，thatitwouldbepresumptioninmetosupposeIcouldaddanythingnewuponasubjectalreadydiscussedbythegreatestmastersofrhetoric，andembellishedwithalltheirresistiblecharmsofeloquence；butasEXAMPLEOFSUCCESSaresometimesmoreefficaciousinstimulatingmankindtoaction，thanthemostsplendidreasoningsandadmonitions，itisuponmySUCCESSintheenterpriseofwhichIhaveundertakentogiveanaccount，thatmyhopesofengagingotherstofollowsuchanexamplearechieflyfounded；andhenceitis，thatIsooftenreturntothatpartofmysubject，andinsistwithsomuchperseveranceuponthepleasurewhichthissuccessaffordedme。IamawarethatI
exposemyselftobeingsuspectedofostentation，particularlybythosewhoarenotabletoenterfullyintomysituationandfeelings；butneitherthis，noranyotherconsideration，shallpreventmefromtreatingthesubjectinsuchamannerasmayappearbestadaptedtorendermylaboursofpublicutility。
WhyshouldInotmentioneventhemarksofaffectionateregardandrespectwhichIreceivedfromthepoorpeopleforthosehappinessIinterestedmyself，andthetestimoniesofthepublicesteemwithwhichIwashonored？——Willitbereckonedvanity，ifImentiontheconcernwhichthePoorofMunichexpressedinsoaffectingamannerwhenIwasdangerouslyill？——thattheywentpubliclyinabodyinprocessiontothecathedralchurch，wheretheyhaddivineserviceperformed，andputuppublicprayersformyrecovery？——thatfouryearsafterwards，onhearingthatIwasagaindangerouslyillatNaples。they，oftheirownaccord，setapartanhoureachevening，aftertheyhadfinishedtheirworkintheMilitaryWork-house，toprayforme？
WillitbethoughtimpropertomentiontheaffectingreceptionI
metwithfromthem，atmyfirstvisittotheMilitaryWork-houseuponmyreturntoMunichlastsummer，afteranabsenceoffifteenmonths；ascenewhichdrewtearsfromallwhowerepresent？——andmustIrefutemyselfthesatisfactionofdescribingthefeteI
gavetheminreturn，intheEnglishGarden，atwhich1800poorpeopleofallages，andabove30，000oftheinhabitantsofMunich，assisted？andallthispleasureImustforego，merelythatImaynotbethoughtvainandostentatious？——Beitsothen；——butIwouldjustbegleavetocallthereader’sattentiontomyfeelingsupontheoccasion；andthenlethimaskhimself，ifanyearthlyrewardcanpossiblybesupposedgreater；——anyenjoymentsmorecomplete，thanthoseIreceived。Lethimfiguretohimself，ifhecan，mysituation，sickinbed，wornoutbyintenseapplication，anddying，aseverybodythought，amartyrinthecausetowhichIhaddevotedmyself；——lethimimagine，Isay，myfeelings，uponhearingtheconfusednoiseoftheprayersofamultitudeofpeople，whowerepassingbyinthestreets，uponbeingtold，thatitwasthePoorofMunich，manyhundredsinnumber，whoweregoinginprocessiontothechurchtoputuppublicprayersforme：——publicprayersforme！——foraprivateperson！——astranger！——aprotestant！——Ibelieveitisthefirstinstanceofthekindthateverhappened；——andIdareventuretoaffirmthatnoproofcouldwellbestrongerthanthis，thatthemeasuresadoptedformakingthesepoorpeoplehappy，werereallysuccessful；——andletitberemembered，thatthisfactiswhatI
ammostanxioustomakeappear，INTHECLEARESTANDMOST
SATISFACTORYMANNER。
CHAPTER。VIII。
Ofthemeansusedforthereliefofthosepoorpersonswhowerenotbeggars。
Ofthelargesumsofmoneydistributedtothepoorinalms。
Ofthemeansusedforrenderingthosewhoreceivedalmsindustrious。
Ofthegeneralutilityofthehouseofindustrytothepoor，andthedistressedofalldenominations。
Ofpublickitchensforfeedingthepoor，unitedwithestablishmentsforgivingthememployment；andofthegreatadvantageswhichwouldbederivedfromformingthemineveryparish。
OfthemannerinwhichthepoorofMunicharelodged。
IngivinganaccountofthePoorofMunich。Ihavehithertoconfinedmyselfchieflytooneclassofthem，——thebeggars；butI
shallnowproceedtomentionbrieflythemeasureswhichwereadoptedtorelieveothers，whoneverwerebeggars，fromthosedistressesanddifficultiesinwhichpovertyandtheinabilitytoprovidethenecessariesoflifehadinvolvedthem。
AnestablishmentforthePoorshouldnotonlyprovideforthereliefandsupportofthosewhoaremostforwardandclamorousincallingoutforassistance；——humanityandjusticerequirethatpeculiarattentionshouldbepaidtothosewhoarebashfulandsilent——Tothose，who，inadditiontoallthedistressesarisingfrompovertyandwant，feel，thatisstillmoreinsupportabletotheirunfortunateandhopelesssituation。
Allthosewhostoodinneedofassistancewereinvitedandencouragedtomakeknowntheirwantstothecommitteeplacedattheheadoftheinstitution；andinnocasewasthenecessaryassistancerefused——Thatthisreliefwasgenerouslybestowed，willnotbedoubtedbythosewhoareinformedthatthesumsdistributedinalms，INREADYMONEYtothePoorofMunichinFIVE
YEARS，exclusiveoftheexpencesincurredinfeedingandclothingthem，amountedtoaboveTWOHUNDREDTHOUSANDFLORINS[13]。
ButthesumsofmoneydistributedamongthePoorinalmswasnottheonly，andperhapsnotthemostimportantassistancethatwasgiventhem——THEYWERETAUGHTANDENCOURAGEDTOBEINDUSTRIOUS；
andtheyprobablyderivedmoreessentialadvantagesfromthefruitsoftheirindustry，thanfromallthecharitabledonationstheyreceived。
Allwhowereabletoearnanythingbytheirlabour，werefurnishedwithwork，andeffectualmeasurestakentoexcitethemtobeindustrious——Infixingtheamountofthesumsinmoney，whichtheyreceiveweeklyuponstateddays，carewasalwaystakentofindouthowmuchthepersonapplyingforreliefwasinaconditiontoearn，andonlyjustsomuchwasgranted，as，whenaddedtotheseearnings，wouldbesufficienttoprovidethenecessariesoflife，orsuchofthemaswerenototherwisefurnishedbytheinstitution——Buteventhisprecautionwouldnotalonehavebeensufficienttohaveobligedthosewhoweredisposedtobeidle，tobecomeindustrious；for，withtheassistanceofthesmallallowanceswhichweregranted，theymighthavefoundmeans，bystealing，orotherfraudulentpractices，tohavesubsistedwithoutworking，andthesumsallowedthemwouldhaveonlyservedasanencouragementtoidleness——Thisevil，whichisalwaysmuchtobeapprehendedinestablishmentsforthePoor，andwhichisalwaysmostfatalinitsconsequences，iseffectuallypreventedatMunichbythefollowingsimplearrangement：——Alongandnarrowslipofpaper，uponwhichisprinted，betweenparallellines，intwoormorecolumns，alltheweeksintheyear，orratherthemonth，andthedayofthemonth，wheneachweekbegins，is，inthebeginningofeveryyear，giventoeachpoorperformentitledtoreceivealms；andthenameoftheperson，——withthenumberhisnamebearsinthegenerallistofthePoor；——theweeklysumgrantedtohim，——andthesumheisabletoearnweeklybylabour，areenteredinwritingattheheadofthislistoftheweeks——Thispaper，whichmustalwaysbeproducedbythepoorpersonasoftenasheappliesforhisweeklyallowanceofalms，servestoshowwhetherhehas，orhasnotfulfilledtheconditionsuponwhichtheallowancewasgrantedhim；——
thatistosay，whetherhehasbeenindustrious，andhasearnedbyhislabour，andreceived，thesumheoughttoearnweekly——
Thisfactisascertainedinthefollowingmanner：whenthepoorpersonfrequentsthehouseofindustryregularly，orwhenheworksathome，anddeliversregularlyattheendofeveryweek，theproduceofthelabourheisexpectedtoperform；whenhehasthusfulfilledtheconditionsimposedonhim，thecolumn，orratherparallel，inhispaper，whichmaybecalledhiscertificateofindustry，answeringtotheweekinquestion，ismarkedwithastamp，keptforthatpurposeattheMilitaryWork-house；or，ifheshouldbepreventedbyillness，oranyotheraccident，fromfulfillingthoseconditions，inthatcase，insteadofthestamp，theweekmustbemarkedbythesignatureofthecommissaryofthedistricttowhichthepoorpersonbelongs——
But，ifthecertificatebenotmarked，eitherbythestampofthehouseofindustry，orbythesignatureofthecommissaryofthedistrict，theallowancefortheweekinquestionisnotissued。
Itiseasytobeimaginedhoweffectuallythisarrangementmustoperateasachecktoidleness——But，notsatisfiedwithdiscouragingandpunishingidleness，wehaveendeavoured，byallthemeansinourpower，andmoreespeciallybyrewardsandhonorabledistinctionsofeverykind，toencourageextraordinaryexertionsofindustry。SuchofthePoorwhoearnmoreintheweekthanthesumimposedonthem，arerewardedbyextraordinarypresents，inmoney，orinsomeusefulandvaluablearticleofclothing；ortheyareparticularlyrememberedatthenextpublicdistributionofmoney，whichismadetwiceayeartothePoor，toassisttheminpayingtheirhouse-rent：andsofaristhisfrombeingmadeapretextfordiminishingtheirweeklyallowanceofalms，thatitisratherconsideredasareasonforaugmentingthem。
Therearegreatnumbersofpersons，ofvariousdescriptions，inallplaces，andparticularlyingreattowns，who，thoughtheyfindmeansjusttosupportlife，andhavetoomuchfeelingevertosubmittothedisgraceofbecomingaburthenuponthepublic，areyetveryunhappy，andconsequentlyobjectshighlydeservingofthecommiserationandfriendlyaidofthehumaneandgenerous——
itishardlypossibletoimagineasituationmoretrulydeplorablethanthatofapersonborntobetterprospects，reducedbyunmeritedmisfortunestopoverty，anddoomedtopasshiswholelifeinonecontinuedandhopelessstrugglewithwant，shame，anddespair。
Anyreliefwhichitispossibletoaffordtodistressthatappearsunderthisrespectableandmostinterestingform，oughtsurelynevertobewithheld——Butthegreatestcareandprecautionarenecessaryingivingassistancetothosewhohavebeenrenderedirritableandsuspiciousbymisfortunes，andwhohavetoomuchhonestpridenottofeelthemselvesdegradedbyacceptinganobligationtheynevercanhopetorepay。
TheestablishmentofthehouseofindustryatMunichhasbeenameansofaffordingveryessentialrelieftomanydistressedfamilies，andsinglepersonsinindigentcircumstances，who，otherwise，mostprobablyneverwouldhavereceivedanyassistance——
Manypersonsofdistinguishedbirth，andparticularlywidowsandunmarriedladieswithverysmallfortunes，frequentlysendprivatelytothishouseforrawmaterials，——flaxorwool，——whichtheyspin，andreturninyarn，——linenforsoldiersshirts，whichtheymakeup，etc。andreceiveinmoney，commonlythroughthehandsofamaid-servant，whoisemployedasamessengerupontheseoccasions，theamountofthewagesattheordinarypricepaidbythemanufactory，forthelabourperformed。