Letusobservethefirstquestionthatthecommissionersaretoaskofthejurors。Whatisthenameofthemansio？Everypieceofgeldablelandisconnectedwithsomemansio，atwhichitgelds。Letusobservehowthecommissionersandthejurorsproceedinadistrictwherethevillaeandthemansionesormaneriaarebutrarelycoincident。ThejurorsoftheArmingfordhundredofCambridgeshirearespeakingoftheircountryvillbyvill。TheycometothevillofAbington。99*Abington，theysay，wasratedatfivehides。Ofthesefivehidesthekinghasahalf-hide；thisliesinLitlington。EarlRogerhasonevirgate；
thisliesinhismanorofShingay。Picotthesheriffhasahalf-virgate；thisliesandhasalwayslaininMorden。InwhatsenseimportanttothecommissionersortheirmastercanabundleofstripsscatteredaboutinthefieldsofAbingtonbesaidtolieinLitlington，inShingay，orinMorden？Weanswerthatitgeldsthere。
Hencetheimportanceofthehall。Itistheplacewheregeldisdemandedandpaid。Amanorwithoutahallisathingtobecarefullynoted，otherwisesomegeldmaybelost。100*Aman\'slandhasdescendedtohisthreesons：if\'thereisonlyonehall，\'butonedemandforgeldneedbemade；if\'eachhashishall，\'theremustbethreeseparatedemands。Whenwearetoldthattwobrothersheldlandandthateachhadhishousedomus
thoughtheydweltinonecourtcuria，aniceproblemisbeingputbeforeus：——Twohalls，oronehall——Twomanorsoronemanor？101*
ThepettymaneriaofSuffolk，whatcantheybebutholdingswhichgeldbythemselves？Theholdersofthemarenotgreatmen，theyhavenotenantsorjusttwoorthreebordiers；sometimestheycannot\'withdraw\'theirlandsfromtheirlords。Butstilltheypaytheirowntaxesattheirownhouses。
Insupposingthatforceshavebeenatworkwhichtendtomakethelordresponsibleforthetaxesofhismen，wearenotwithoutawarrantintheancientdooms。\'Ifaking\'sthegnoralordoflandlandricaneglectstopaytheRomepenny，lethimforfeittenhalf-marks，halftoChrist，halftotheking。Ifa“townsman“
withholdsthepenny，letthelordofthelandpaythepennyandtakeanoxfromtheman，andifthelordneglectstodothis，thenletChristandthekingreceivethefullb髏of12
ores。\'102*Therightofdoingjusticeisalsothedutyofdoingjustice。Itisnaturalthatthelordwithsokeshouldbecomeatax-gatherer，andhewillgladlyguaranteethetaxesiftherebyhecanpreventtheking\'sofficersfromenteringhisprecinctandmeddlingwithhisjusticiables。Atnotimehasthestatefounditeasytocollecttaxesfromthepoor；overandoveragainithasbeengladtoavailitselfofthelandlord\'sintermediation。103*
Ourtheorythatwhilethelordisdirectlyandprimarilyresponsibleforthegeldofhisvilleins，heisbutsubsidiarilyresponsibleforthegeldofthoseofhissokemenor\'freemen\'
whoaredeemedtobelongtohismanor，isfoundedinpartonwhatwetaketohavebeenthewordingofKingWilliam\'swrit，104*inpartontheformtakenbythereturnsmadethereto。Thewritdrawsamarkedlinebetweenthevilleinandthesokeman。Thekingwishestoknowhowmuchlandeachsokeman，eachliberhomo，holds；hedoesnotcarethatanydistinctionshouldbedrawnbetweenthelord\'sdemesnelandsandthelandsofthevilleins。
And，onthewhole，hiscommandsareobeyed。AtypicalentryinthesurveyofEastAngliawillfirstdescribeinonemassthelandheldbythelordandhisvilleins，willtellushowmanycarucatesthislandisratedat，howmanyteamsthereareonthedemesne，andhowmanythemenhave，thenitwillenumeratesheepandpigsandgoats，andthen，asitwereinanappendix，itwilladdthatsomanysokemenbelongtothismanorandthatbetweenthemtheyholdsomanycarucatesoracres。105*InSuffolkeventhenamesofthesehumbletenantsaresometimesrecorded。106*
Andthen，wehaveseen107*thatthereissomedoubtastowhetherornothesemenareorarenottobereckonedaspartofthemanorforallpurposes。Wehavetosaythatthemanor\'withthefreemen，\'or\'withoutthefreemen\'，isworthsomuch。
Afterall，weareonlysupposingthatthefashioninwhichthedanegeldwasputinchargeresembledinsomeofitsmainoutlinesthefashioninwhichaverysimilartaxwasputinchargeunderRichardI。In1194，theland-taxthatwasleviedforthepaymentoftheking\'sransomseemstohavebeenassessedaccordingtothehidagestatedinDomesdayBook。108*Thenin1198anewassessmentwasmade。Wearetoldthatthekingordainedthateverybaronshouldwiththesheriff\'saiddistrainhismentopaythetaxcastuponthem，andthatif，owingtothebaron\'sdefault，distresseswerenotmade，thentheamountduefromthebaron\'smenshouldbeseizedfromthebaron\'sowndemesneandheshouldbelefttorecouphimselfasbesthecould。109*NowitisaliabilityofthissortthatweareventuringtocarrybackintotheConfessor\'sday。Thelordisresponsibletothestateasprincipal，andindeedassole，debtorforsomuchofthegeldasisduefromhisdemesnelandandfromthelandofhisvillani，whileasregardsanylandsof\'freemen\'
orsokemenwhichareattachedtohismanor，hisliabilityisnotprimarynorabsolute；heisboundtotakemeasurestomakethesemenpaytheirtaxes；ifhefailsinthisduty，thentheirtaxeswillbecomeduefromhisdemesne。110*
WhenwereadthatinNottinghamshirethereliefofthethegnwhohadsixmanorsorlesswasthreemarks，whilehiswhohadmorethansixmanorswaseightpounds，111*thismayseemtohintthatsomeinferiorlimitwassettothesizeofthemanor。
Ifso，itwasdrawnataverylowpointinthescaleoftenements。Possiblysomegeneralrulehadcompelledallmenwhoheldlessthanabovateorhalf-virgateto\'add\'themselvestothemanorofsomelord。ButtheNottinghamshireruleisrudeandarbitrary。Hewhohassevenhousesagainstwhichgeldischargedisabigman。Ontheotherhand，itisprobablethattheNormanlordsbroughtwiththemsomenotion，andnotaverymodestnotion，ofwhatareasonablysufficientmaneriumshouldbe。Thekinghasinsomecasesrewardedthembyapromiseoftenortwentymanorswithoutspecifyingverycarefullywhatthosemanorsaretobelike。HehaspromisedCountEustaceahundredmanors。112*Thuswewouldexplainanotuncommonclassofentries：——\'fourteenfreemencommendedtoWulfsigeweredeliveredtoRainaldtomakeupadperficiendumthismanorofCarlington。\'113*——inBerninghamafreemanheld20acresoflandandthiswasdeliveredtoWalterGiffardtomakeupLetheringsett。\'114*——\'Peterclaimsthelandwhichbelongedtoseventeenfreemenashavingbeendeliveredtohimtomakeupthismanor。\'115*——\'ThislandwasdeliveredtoPetertomakeupsome，buthismendonotknowwhat，manor。\'116*Thesmall\'freemen\'oftheeasthavebeen\'addedto\'manorstowhichtheydidnotbelonginKingEdward\'sday。AfewofthefreemenofSuffolkstill\'remainintheking\'shand\'readytobedeliveredouttocompletethemanorsoftheirconquerors。117*HeretoowemayperhapsfindtheexplanationoftheentrywhichsaysthatHughdePortheldWallop\'forhalfamanor。\'118*Thekinghaspromisedhimadozenorscoreofmanors；andthisestateatWallopworthbutfifteenshillingsayear，reallynogentlemanwouldtakeitforamanor。
SuchthenisthebestexplanationthatwecanofferofthemaneriumofDomesdayBook。Aboutdetailswemaybewrong，butthatthistermhasatechnicalmeaningwhichisconnectedwiththelevyofthedanegeldwecannotdoubt。Itlosesthatmeaningincourseoftimebecausethedanegeldgiveswaybeforenewerformsoftaxation。Itneveragainacquiresatechnicalmeaninguntilthelatedayswhenretrospectivelawyersfindtheessenceofamanorinitscourt。119*
NOTES：
1。D。B。ii，21，26，37b，59b。
2。D。B。i。21。
3。D。B。i。45。
4。D。B。i。6b。
5。D。B。i。27。
6。D。B。i，163。
7。SointheExeterrecordD。B。iv。390：\'Tenuerunt3tegnipro4mansionibus，etRobertushabetillaspro1mansione。\'
8。D。B。i。169b。Similarinterlineationsini。98。
9。D。B。i。148；onf。149isasimilarcase。
10。D。B。i。45b。
11。D。B。i。280b。
12。InseveralpassagesinD。B。thewordseemstobemanerius。
13。D。B。ii。96b：\'Huicmanerioiacebant3liberihomines，unustenuitdim，hidametpotuitabiresinelicentiadominiipsiusmansions。\'
14。D。B。i。149，Wicombe。
15。D。B。ii。38b，Hersam。
16。D。B。i。174，b。Poiwic。
17。D。B。i。268，Gretford。
18。D。B。ii。350b。
19。D。B。ii。263：\'sedfueruntinaulaS。Edmundi。\'
20。D。B。i。337b。
21。D。B。ii。408b：\'cumsocaetsacasuperdominiumhallaetantum。\'
22。D。B。i。45，Wicheham，Werste。
23。D。B。i。20，Waliland。
24。D。B。i。11b，Acres。
25。D。B。i。26b，Eldretune。
26。D。B。i。27，Percinges。
27。D。B。i。284b，AEttune。
28。D。B。ii。29b，30b。
29。D。B。i。307b，Burghedurum；308，Ternusc。
30。D。B。i。63：\'Ipsequoquetransportavithallametaliasdomosetpecuniaminaliomanerio。\'
31。D。B。i。338b：\'AdhuiusmaneriiaulampertinentCatenaietUsun4car。terraeadgeldum。Terraad8carucas。Ibiindominio2carucaeet20villaniet15sochemanniet10bordariihabentes9carucas。Ibi360acreprati。Adeundemmaneriumiacethecsoca：——
InLinberge4car。terraeetc。\'
32。ThroughoutYorkshirethephraseiscommon，\'Totummaneriumx。
leu。long。ety。leu。lat。\'
33。D。B。i。128。
34。D。B。i。128b。
35。D。B。i。127。
36。D。B。i。128b。
37。D。B。i。180。
38。ComparethecasesinSeebohm，VillageCommunity，267。
39。D。B。i。163。
40。Ifwemistakenot，theOsleuuordeoftherecordisAshleworth，which，thoughsomemilestothenorthofGloucester，eitherstillis，orbutlatelywas，adetachedpieceoftheBerkeleyhundred。
41。D。B。i。163。
42。D。B。i。163b：\'HancterramdeditreginaRogeriodeBusleietgeldabatpro4hidisinTedechesberie。\'
43。D。B。i。87b；iv。161。
44。Eyton，Somerset，ii。34。
45。D。B。i。101b；iv。107。
46。D。B。i。41。
47。D。B。i。230。
48。D。B。i。338-9。
49。D。B。i。220，Tingdene。
50。D。B。ii。15b，17b。
51。D。B。ii。385b。
52。Theformbereuitaisexceedinglycommon，butmust，wethink，beduetoamistake；chasbeenreadast。
53。D。B。i。38b，Edlinges。Someofthe\'wicks\'seemtohavebeendairyfarms。D。B。i。58b：\'etwikade10pensiscaseorum。\'
OntheGlastonburyestateswefindpersonscalledwikarii，eachofwhomhasawika。GlastonburyRentalia，39：\'ThomasdeWikatenet5acraset50ovesmatriceset12vaccas……PhilippusdeWikatenetunumferlingumet50ovesmatriceset12vaccas。\'
Ibid。44：\'A。B。tenetunumferlingumet50ovesmatriceset12
vaccaspro1sol。prowika。\'Ibid。48：\'RicardusdeWikatenet5
acraset50ovesmatriceset12vaccas。AlanusdeWikaeodemmodo。\'Ibid。p。51。
54。D。B。i。350：\'InOsgotebietTauelebi2bo[vatae]inlandet1bo[vata]socahuiusmanerii。\'D。B。i。338b：\'HiboldestonestbereuuitanonsocaetinGrangehamsunt2car[ucatae]inlandetinSpringetorpdim。car[ucata]estinland。Reliquaomnisestsoca。\'
55。Whentherefore，asisoftenthecase，wefindthattheoccupantsof\'thesokearenotsokemenbutvilleins，thisseemstopointtoarecentdepressionofthepeasantry。
56。D。B。ii。330b：\'Inillomanerio……sunt35liberihomines……Tuncvalueruntliberihomines4libras。Maneriumcumliberishominibusvaletmodo24libras。\'
57。D。B。ii。358b：\'Hocmaneriumexceptisliberistuncvaluit30solidos。\'
58。D。B。ii。289b。
59。D。B。ii。285b。
60。D。B。iv。397；i。93b，Ichetoca。
61。D。B。iv。411；94b，Tocheswilla。
62。D。B。iv。398；i。93b，Pilloc。
63。D。B。iv。341；i。96，Sordemanneford。
64。D。B。iv。355；i。116b，Labera。
65。D。B。iv。367；i。112b。Oplomia。
66。D。B。iv。338；i。95b，Aisseforda。
67。D。B。iv。395；i。93。TerraColgrini。
68。D。B。iv。394；i。93，Rima。
69。D。B。iv。338；i。95b，Aisseforda。
70。AsthetermmaneriumisoftenrepresentedbythemereletterMorm。wewillrefertosomecasesinwhichitiswritteninfull。D。B。ii。295b：\'40acrasprounomanerio\'；Ibid。311b：
\'Ineademvillaest1liberhomode40acrisettenetpromanerio。\'
71。ThequestionwhethertheacreagestatedintheSuffolksurveyisrealorrateablecannotbebrieflydebated。Wehopetoreturntoit。
72。D。B。ii。322b，323。
73。D。B。ii。323。
74。D。B。ii。288。
75。D。B。ii。309。
76。D。B。ii。297b。
77。D。B。ii。377。
78。D。B。ii。333。
79。D。B。ii。423。
80。D。B。ii。316：\'InAldeburctenuitUluricussochemannusEdriciT。R。E。80acraspromanerio。\'Ibid。353：\'NordberiamtenuitEduinuspresbytersochemannusAbbatis30acraspromanerio。\'
81。Wehavetakenourexamplesofsmallmanorsfromtheeastandthesouth-westbecauseLittleDomesdayandtheExeterDomesdaygivedetailswhicharenottobehadelsewhere。ButinstancesmaybefoundinmanyotherpartsofEngland。ThusinSussex，i。24，twofreemenheldastwomanorslandratedatahideandsufficientforoneteam；itisnowtilledbyfourvilleins。IntheIsleofWight，D。B。i。39b，fivefreemenheldasfivemanorslandsufficientfortwoteams；itisnowtilledbyfourvilleins。InGloucestershire，D。B。i。170，isamanorworthtenshillingswithtwoserfsuponit；alsoamanorratedatonevirgate。InDerbyshire，i。274b，landsufficientforfourteamsandratedasfourcarucatehadformedeightmanors。InNottinghamshire，D。B。i。285b，landsufficientforateamandahalfandvaluedattenshillingshadformedfivemanorsforfivethegns，eachofwhomhadhishall。
82。D。B。ii。380：\'InThistledonatenet1liberhomoUlmaruscommendatusS。Eldrede60acraspromanerioet5liberihominessubse。\'
83。D。B。i。127b：\'WellesdonetenentcanoniciS。Pauli……Hocmaneriumtenantvillaniadfirmamcanonicorum。Indominionilhabetur。\'
84。D。B。235b：Billesdone，\'Indominionilfuitnecest。\'Ibid。
166b，Glouc。：\'IsdemWillelmus[deOw]tenetAlvredestone。BonditenuitT。R。E。Ibi3hidaegeldantes。Nilibiestindominio，sed5villaniet3bordariihabent3carucas。\'\'IsdemWillelmustenetOdelavestone。BrictrifiliusAlgaritenuit。Ibinilindominionisi5villanicum5carucis。\'D。B。iv396：\'Rogeriushabet1mansionemquaevocaturP……etredditgildumprodimidiavirgata；hancpotestarare1carruca。HanctenetAnschetillusdeRogerio。IbihabetAnschetillus4bordariosquitenenttotamillamterramethabentibi1carrucamet1agrumprati，etreddit10solidos。\'
85。D。B。ii。31。
86。D。B。ii。59b。
87。IleavethissentenceasitstoodbeforeMrRoundhadpublishedinhisFeudalEnglandtheresultsofhisbrilliantresearches。Ofthe\'five-hideunit\'Ialreadyknewagooddeal；
ofthe\'six-carucateunit\'Iknewnothing。
88。Round，DomesdayStudies，i。109。
89。D。B。i。35：\'InDritehamtenetRicardusfiliusGisleberti]1
hidametdimidiam。AElmartenuitdeRegeE。prounomanerio……IneadeumDritehanmest1hidaetdimidiaquamtenuitAluricdeRegeE。prounomanerio，etposteadeditillamterramuxorisuaeetfiliaeedaecclesiamdeCertesy，sicutihominesdehundredotestantur。Ricardus[filiuscalumniatur。Noniacetullimanerio，necpromaneriotenet，setGisleberti]liberatafuiteietmodo3
hidaegeldantprounahidaetdimidia。\'Tosayofthesecondofthesetwoplotsthatitneitherisamanornotyetbelongstoamanor，istosaythatitisshirkingthegeld。D。B。i。48：
\'WalerannustenetDene……Istateranonadiacetullisuomanerio。\'Heresuo=Waleranni。Waleranseemstobeholdinglandwithoutgoodtitle。
90。D。B。i。163b，Clifort。D。B。i。58b：\'InWintehamtenetHubertusdeAbbate5hidas，deterravillanorumfuerunt4，etgeldaveruntcumhidismanerii。\'
91。Thewordwarameansdefence；itcomesfromarootwhichhasgivenus，wary，warrant，warn，guarantee，weir，etc。SeeVinogradoff，Villainage，243。
92。D。B。i。212。
93。D。B。i。340，366，368。IsnotthelastpartofthewordA-S。notu，business，office？
94。D。B。i。132b：\'HocmaneriumtenuitHeraldusComesetiacuitetiacetinHiz[Hitchin，Herts]sedwarahujusmaneriiiacuitinBedefordscireT。R。E。inhundredodeManeheue。，D。B。i。190，\'HaecterraestbereuuichainNeuport[Essex]setwaraejusiacetinGrantebrige。\'WheninthesurveyofOxfordshire，i。160，itissaid，\'Ibi1hidadewarlandindominio，\'thetaxedlandiscontrastedwiththeinland，whichinthiscountyhasgoneuntaxed。
95。D。B。i。28。
96。SeethecasesofthemonksofBuryandthecanonsofS。
Petroc，above，p。82。
97。D。B。i。4b：\'Deterrahuiusmaneriiten[uit]unushomoarchiepiscopidimid。solinetcumhis6solinsgeldabatT。R。E。
quamvisnonpertineretmanerionisidescotoquialiberaterraerat。\'Thescotuminthiscontextseemstobeortoincludethegeld。CompareD。B。i。61b：\'HaecterraiacetetappreciataestinGratentunquodestinOxenfordscireettamendatscotuminBerchescire。\'D。B。ii。11：\'InColecestrahabetepiscopus14
domoset4acrasnonreddentesconsuetudinempraeterscotumnisiepiscopo。\'
98。Seeabove，p。115。
99。Hamilton，Inquisitio，60。
100。Above，p。142。
101。D。B。i。35b。
102。NorthumbrianPriests\'Law，58，59Schmid，p。369。
103。AnActof186932-3Vic。c。41allowedtheownersofcertainsmallhousestoagreetopaytherateswhichundertheordinarylawwouldbecomeduefromtheoccupiers，andauthorizedthevestriestoallowsuchownersacommissionof25percent。
Seealsotheinstructiverecitalin59Geo。III。c。12，sec。19：——
Thesmalloccupiersareevadingthepoors\'rate，andtheownersexacthigherrentsthantheywouldotherwiseget，onthegroundthattheoccupierscannotbeeffectuallyassessed。
104。Seeabove，p。47。
105。E。g。D。B。ii。389b，\'ClarumtenuitAluricuspromanerio24
car。terraeT。R。E。Tunc40villani……Tunc12carucaeindominio。Tunc36carucaehominum……Huicmaneriosemperadiacent5sochemanicumomniconsuetudine1car。terraeetdim。Semper1
carucaetdimidia。\'
106。E。g。D。B。ii。339：\'Ineademvilla14Liberihominescommendati，GodricusfaberetEdricusetUlnotusetOsulfusetUluricusetStanmarusetLeuietusetWihtricusetBlachemanusetMansunaetLeuinusetUlmarusetUlfahetaLterUlfahetLeofstanusde40acrisethabent2carucasetvalent10solidos。\'
107。Above，p。148。
108。RollsoftheKing\'sCourt，Ric。IPipeRoll。Soc。，p。
xxiv。Butapparentlytherehadbeenconsiderablerearrangementsinsomeofthecounties。
109。Hoveden，iv。46。Theimportantwordsarethese：\'Statutumetiamfuitquodquilibetbarocumvicecomitefaceretdistrictionessuperhominessuos；etsiperdefectumbaronumdistrictionesfactaenonfuissent，capereturdedominicobaronumquodsuperhominessuosrestaretreddendum，etipsibaronesadhominessuosindecaperent。\'Thebaron\'shomineswetaketobefreeholder；hewouldbeabsolutelyliableforthetaxcastuponhisvilleinage。Astothetaxof1198seeEng。Hist，Rev，iii。
501，701；iv。105，108。
110。InDial。deScac。ii。14，theauthortellsusthatuntilrecentlyifabaronwhoowedmoneytothecrownwasinsolvent，thegoodsofhisknightscouldbeseized。Theideaofsubsidiaryliabilityisnottoosubtleforthetime。
111。Above，p。140。
112。D。B。ii。9：\'setComesEustachius1exillis[hidis]tenetquenonestdesuisc。[100]mansionibus。\'
113。D。B。ii。233b。
114。D。B。ii。242b。
115。D。B。ii。258。
116。D。B。ii。258。
117。D。B。ii。447。
118。D。B。i。45b。
119。Twoobjectionstoourtheorymaybemetbyanote。1Somemanorsarefreeofgeld，andthereforetomakeourdefinitioncorrectweoughttosaythatamanorisatenementwhicheitherpaysitsgeldatasingleplaceorwhichwoulddosowereitnotfreedfromthetaxbysomespecialprivilege。Amaneriumdoesnotceasetobeamaneriumbybeingfreedfromgeld。2Inlaterdayswemaywellfindamanorholdenofanothermanor，sothataplotoflandmaybewithintwomanors。IfthisusageofthetermcanbetracedbackintoDomesdayBookourdoctrineisingreatjeopardy。Butwehavenoticednopassagewhichclearlyandunabiguouslysaysthatatractoflandwasatoneandthesametimebothamaneriumandalsoapartofanothermanerium。TothiswemustaddthatofthedistributionofmaneriaT。R。E。weonlyobtaincasualandveryimperfecttidings。IfT。R。W。afreemanhasbeen\'addedto\'amanerium，thecommissionershavenodeepinterestintheinquirywhetherT。R。E。histenementwasitselfanindependentmanerium。Agreatsimplificationhasbeeneffectedandthenumberofmaneriahasbeenlargelyreduced。
7。ManorandVillAfterwhathasnowbeensaid，itisneedlesstorepeatthatinDomesdayBookthemaneriumandthevillaareutterlydifferentthings。1*Inagivencasethetwomaycoincide，andthroughoutagreattractofEnglandsuchcaseswerecommonandwemayevensaythattheywerenormal。Butintheeastthiswasnotso。Wemayeasilyfindavillagewhichtakenasawholehasbeenutterlyfreefromseignorialdomination。OrwellinCambridgeshirewillbeagoodexample。2*
InKingEdward\'sdaythisvillofOrwellwasratedat4
hides：probablyitwassomewhatunderratedforatthedateofthesurveyitwasdeemedcapableoffindinglandfornearly6teams。
ThefollowingtablewillshowwhoheldthefourhidesbeforetheConquest：——
H。V。A。
Twosokemen，menofEdiththeFair2/3
Asokeman，manofAbpStigand11/3
Asokeman，manofRobertWimarc\'sson11/3
Asokeman，manoftheKing2/3
Asokeman，manofEarlAElfgar11/3
Asokeman，manofEarlWaltheof3
Asokeman，manoftheKing1/3
Sigar，amanofAEsgartheStaller11/3
Turbert，amanofEdiththeFair31/45
Achil，amanofEarlHarold1
AsokemanoftheKing1
St。MaryofChatteris1/3
St。MaryofChatteris1/4
40
03*
Itwillbeseenthateightofthemostexaltedpersonsintheland，theking，thearchbishop，threeearls，tworoyalmarshalsorstallers，andthatmysteriousladyknownasEdiththeFair，tosaynothingofthechurchofChatteris，hadacertaininterestinthislittleCambridgeshirevillage。Butthenhowslightaninterestitwas！Everyoneofthetenantswasfreeto\'withdrawhimself，\'\'togiveorsellhisland。\'Nowwecannotsaythatallofthemwerepeasants。AchilthemanofHaroldseemstohavehadotherlandsintheneighbouringvillagesofHarltonandBarrington。4*ItisprobablethatTurbert，Edith\'sman，hadanothervirgateatKingston：5*hewasoneofthejurorsofthehundredinwhichOrwelllay。6*SigarthemanofAEsgarwasanotherjuror，andheldlandatThriplow，Foxton，HaslingfieldandShepreth；heseemstohavebeenhislord\'ssteward。7*Butwemaybefairlycertainthattheunnamedsokementilledtheirownsoil，thoughperhapstheyhadhelpfromafewcottagers。Andtheycannothavebeenconstantlyemployedincultivatingthedemesnelandsoftheirlords。Theymustgosomedistancetofindanysuchdemesnelands。TheWetherleyhundred，inwhichOrwelllies，isfullofthesokemenofthesegreatfolk：Waltheof，forexample，has3meninComberton，4inBarton，3inGrantchester，1inWratworth：buthehasnodemesneland，andifhehadit，hecouldnotgetittilledbythesescatteredtenants。TheFairEdithhashalfahideinHaslingfieldandwearetoldthatthisbelongstothemanorofSwavesey。NowatSwaveseyEdithhasaconsiderablemanor，8*butitcannothavegotmuchinthewayoflabouroutofatenantwholivedatHaslingfield，forthetwovillagesarealongtenmilesapart。Astotheking\'ssokemen，theironlyrecordedservicesaretheaveraandtheinward。Theformerseemstobeacarryingservicedoneatthesheriff\'sbiddingandtobeonlyexigiblewhenthekingcomesintotheshire，whileinwardseemstobethedutyofformingabodyguardforthekingwhileheisintheshire：——ifinanyyearthekingdidnotcome，asmallsumofmoneywastakeninstead。9*
LestitshouldbethoughtthatinpickingoutthevillageofOrwellwehavestudiouslysoughtararecase，wewillheresetoutinatabularformwhatwecanlearnofthestateofthehundredinwhichOrwelllies。TheWetherleyhundredcontainedtwelvevills：itwasalandoftruevillageswhichuntilverylatelyhadwideopenfields。10*IntheConfessor\'sdaythelandsinitwereallottedthus：——
Cambridgeshire。WetherleyHundred11*
1。COMBERTON。Avillof6hides。
H。V。A。C。
B。
1。SevensokemenoftheKing110
Asokeman，manofEarlWaltheof4
Asokeman，manofAbpStigand30
2。AmanofEarlWaltheof1151
3。Asokeman，manoftheKing10
Asokeman，manofAbpStigand1152
Asokeman，manofEarlWaltheof115
4。TheKing2205
531512*12
II。BARTON。Avillof7hides。
1。Twosokemen，menofEarlWaltheof1115
Asokeman，manofEarlWaltheof31513*5
Asokeman，manofEarlWaltheof10
2。Juhael，theKing\'shunter1001
3。Asokeman，manofEdiththeFair20
4。Twenty-threesokemenoftheKing3006
70012
III。GRANTCHESTER。Avillof7hides。14*
1。Fivesokemen，menoftheKing301
2。Twosokemen，menoftheKing2106
Asokeman，manofAEsgartheStaller20
3。Asokeman，manofEarlAElfgar30
Threesokemen，menofEarl4
Waltheof200
4。Godman，amanofEdiththeFair1151
5。Juhael，theKing\'shunter10
4
6。Wulfric，theKing\'sman15
3
70012
7
IV。HASLINGFIELD。Avillof20hides。
1。TheKing7108
2。Fivesokemen，menoftheKing300
Asokeman，manofAEsgarthe4
Staller130
3。Ealdred，amanofEdiththeFair10151
4
4。EdiththeFair，belongingtoSwavesey20
4
5。Sigar，amanofAEsgartheStaller5006
6。TwosokemenoftheKing1132
7。Merewin，amanofEdiththeFair120
200022
V。HARLTON。Avillof5hides。
H。V。A。C。B。
1。Achil，aKing\'sthegnandunderhimfivesokemenofwhomfourwerehismenwhilethefifthwasthemanofErnulf4006
2。Godman，amanofAEsgartheStaller1001
5007
VI。BARRINGTON。Avillof10hides。
1。EadricP鷕，aKing\'sthegn30
Fifteensokemen，menoftheKing4115
Foursokemen，menofEarlAElfgar2015
Threesokemen，menofAEsgarthe11
Staller100
EadricP鷕，holdingoftheChurchofChatteris15
2。TheChurchofChatteris2004
3。Ethsi，holdingofRobertWimarc\'sson20
3
4。AchiltheDane，amanofEarlHarold40
6
5。Asokeman，manoftheKing15
2
110015*17
3
VII。SHEPRETH。Avillof5hides。
1。Foursokemen，menoftheKing1/20152
2
Asokeman，manofEarlAElfgar2。TheChurchofChatteris11151
4
3。Sigar，amanofAEsgartheStaller1001
4。Heming，amanoftheKing115
4
5。TheChurchofEly15
2
5005
4
VIII。ORWELL。Avillof4hides。
1。Twosokemen，menofEdiththeFair20
Asokeman，manofAbpStigand110
Asokeman，manofRobert1
4
Wimarc\'sson110
Asokeman，manoftheKing20
Asokeman，manofEarlAElfgar110
2。Asokeman，manofEarlWaltheof301
Asokeman，manoftheKing10
3。Sigar，amanofAEsgartheStaller110
4
4。Turbert，amanofEdiththeFair3121/21
4
5。Achil，amanofEarlHarold10
2
6。Asokeman，manoftheKing10
3
7。TheChurchofChatteris10
1
8。TheChurchofChatteris71/2
1/2
4005
21/2
IX。WRATWORTH。Avillof4hides。
1。Asokeman，manofEdiththeFair310
Asokeman，manofAbpStigand30
Asokeman，manofEarlAElfgar1103
Asokeman，manofRobertWimarc\'sson10
Asokeman，manoftheKing20
2。Asokeman，manofEarlWaltheof220
Asokeman，manofRobertWimarc\'sson101
3。Asokeman，manofEdiththeFair110
4
4。Asokeman，manoftheKing10
3
5。Twosokemen，menoftheKing20
4
4005
3
X。WHITWELL。Avillof4hides。
H。V。A。C。B。
1。Asokeman，manofEarlAElfgar120
Asokeman，manofRobertWimarc\'sson1014
Asokeman，manoftheKing20
2。Asokeman，manofAbpStigand15
Asokeman，manofEdiththeFair104
[Asokeman]15
3。Sixsokemen，menoftheKing110
Asokeman，manofRobertWimarc\'sson2020
Asokeman，manofEarlAElfgar10
4。Godwin，amanofEdiththeFair2010
_________________
40050
XI。WIMPOLE。Avillof4hides。
1。EdiththeFair221530
2。EarlGyrth111520
__________________
40050
XII。ARRINGTON。Avillof4hides。
1。AElfric，aKing\'sthegn1110
Asokeman，manofEarlWaltheof100
Asokeman，manoftheAbbotofEly10080
Asokeman，manofRobertWimarc\'sson20
2。AmanofEdiththeFair204
_____________________
40016*84
Nowifbya\'manor\'wemeanthatourhistoricaleconomistsusuallymeanwhentheyusethatterm，wemustprotestthatbeforetheNormanConquesttherewereveryfewmanorsintheWetherleyhundred。Innocasewasthewholeofavillagecoincidentwithamanor，withalord\'sestate。ThekinghadconsiderablemanorsinCombertonandHaslingfield。SigarhadamanoratHaslingfield；
thechurchofChatterishadamanoratBarringtonbesidessomelandatShepreth；WimpolewasdividedbetweenEdithandEarlGyrth；HarltonbetweenAchilandGodman。ButinBarton，Grantchester，Shepreth，Orwell，Wratworth，WhitwellandArringtonweseenothingmanorial，unlessweholdourselvesfreetousethattermofalittletenementwhichtoallappearancemighteasilybecultivatedbythelabourofonehousehold，atalleventswithoccasionalhelpsuppliedbyafewcottagers。IndeeditisdifficulttosaywhatprofitsomeofthegreatpeoplewhosenameswehavementionedwerederivingfromthoseoftheirmenwhodweltintheWetherleyhundred。WetaketheMercianearlforexample。17*OneofthesokemenofGrantchester，fourofthesokemenofBarrington，oneofthesokemenofShepreth，oneofthesokemenofOrwell，oneofthesokemenofWratworth，twoofthesokemenofWhitwellwereAElfgar\'smen。ThatAElfgargotalittlemoneyoralittleprovenderoutofthemisprobable，thattheydidsomecarryingserviceforhimispossibleandperhapstheyaidedhimatharvesttimeonsomemanorofhisinanotherpartofthecounty；butthattheywerenotthetillersofhislandseemsclear。18*
Whatismore，ouranalysisofthisWetherleyhundredenablesustodrivehometheremarkthatveryoftenasokemanwasnotthesokemanofhislordor，inotherwords，thathewasnotunderseignorialjustice。19*AElfgarhadtensokemenscatteredaboutinsixvillages。Didheholdacourtforthem？Wethinknot。Didtheygotothecourtofsomedistantmanor？Wethinknot。ThecourttheyattendedwastheWetherleyhundred-moot。OneofthesokemeninArringtonwasinasomewhatexceptionalposition——
exceptional，thatis，inthishundred。NotonlywashethemanoftheAbbotofEly，buthissokebelongedtotheAbbot；andifhesoldhistenement，andthishecoulddowithouttheAbbot\'sconsent，thesokeoverhislandwould\'remain\'totheAbbot。20*
Hewasnotonlyhislord\'smanbuthislord\'sjusticiableandprobablyattendedsomecourtoutsidethehundred。ButforthemorepartthesemenofWetherleywerenotthejusticiablesoftheirlords。ItwasaveryfreehundredwhentheNormanscamethere：muchtoofreeforthenation\'swelfarewemaythink，forthesesokemencouldgowiththeirlandtowhatlordtheypleased。
AlsobeitnotedinpassingthatthechurcheshavelittleinWetherley。
In1086therehadbeenachange。Thesokemenhaddisappeared。
TheNormanlordshadmadedemesnelandwheretheirEnglishantecessorespossessednone。CountRogerhadinstitutedaseignorialcourtatOrwell。Hehadborrowedthreesokemen\'toholdhispleas\'fromPicotthesheriffandhadrefusedtogivethemupagain。21*Apparentlytheyhadsunktothelevelofvillani。TwocenturiesafterwardsweseethehundredofWetherleyoncemore。Thereisvilleinageenoughinit。ThevilleinatOrwell，forexample，holdsonly10acresbutworksforhislordon152daysintheyear，besidesboon-days。22*AndyetweshouldgofarastrayifweimposedupontheseCambridgeshirevillagesthatneatmanorialsystemwhichweseeatitsneatestandstrongestintheabbatialcartularies。Thevillagesdonotbecomemanors。Themanorsaresmall。Themanorsareintermixedintheopenfields。Thereareoftenfreeholdersinthevillagewhoarenotthetenantsofanylordwhohasamanorthere。Avilleinwillholdtwotenementsoftwolords。Thevilleinofonelordwillbethefreeholderofanother。The\'manorialsystem\'hasbeenforceduponthevillages，butitfitsthembadly。23*
InthethirteenthcenturythecommonfieldofaCambridgeshirevillagewasoftenaverymazeofproprietaryrights，andyetthevillagewasanagrarianwhole。Letustake，forexample，DuxfordasitstoodinthereignofEdwardI。24*
Wesee39villeintenementseachofwhichhasfourteenacresinthefields。Thesetenementsaredividedbetweenfivedifferentmanors。Fourofourtypical\'townsmen\'holdofHenrydeLacy，whoholdsofSimondeFurneaux，whoholdsoftheCountofBritanny，whoholdsoftheking。TwoholdofRalphofDuxford，whoholdsofBasiliawifeofBaldwynofStGeorge，whoholdsofWilliamMortimer，whoholdsofSimondeFurneaux，whoholdsoftheCountofBritanny，whoholdsoftheking。EightholdoftheTemplars，whoholdofRogerdeColville，whoholdsoftheEarlofAlbemarle，whoholdsoftheking。NineholdofWilliamleGoyz，whoholdsofHenryofBoxworth，whoholdsofRicharddeFreville，whoholdsoftheking。SixteenholdofJohnd\'Abernon，whoholdsoftheEarlMarshal，whoholdsoftheking。Threeofthegreatest\'honours\'inEnglandarerepresented。Threemonasteriesandtwoparochialchurcheshavestripsinthefields。Andyettherearenormaltenementscutaccordingtoonepattern，tenementsoffourteenacrestheholdersofwhich，thoughtheirotherservicesmaydiffer，payforthemorepartanequalrent。25*Thevillageseemstosaythatitmustbeone，thoughthelordswouldmakeitmany。AndthenwelookbacktotheConfessor\'sdayandweseethatagoodpartofDuxfordwasheldbysokemen。26*
Perhapsweshallbeguiltyofneedlessrepetition；butwhatiswritteninDomesdayBookaboutmaneriaisadmirablydesignedforthedeceptionofmodernreaderswhoseheadsarefullof\'themanorialsystem。\'ThereforeletuslookattwoHertfordshirevillages。InoneofthemthereisamaneriumwhichRalphBassetholdsofRobertofOuilly。27*Ithasbeenratedat4，butisnowratedat2hides。Thereislandfor4teams。Indemesneare2
teams；and31/2villaniwith2sokemenof1hideand5bordariihave2teams。Thereare1cottagerand1serfandamillof10
shillingsandmeadowfor3teams。Itisnowworth？；inKingEdward\'sdayitwasworth？。Nowhere，wesay，isaprettylittlemanorofthecommonkind。Letusthenexploreitspasthistory。\'Fivesokemenheldthismanor。\'Yes，wesay，beforetheConquestthismanorwasheldinphysicallyundividedsharesbyfivelords。Theirsharesweresmallandtheywerehumblepeople；
butstilltheyhadamanor。Butletusreadfurther。\'TwoofthemwerethemenofBrihtricandheld11/2hides；othertwowerethemenofOsulfthesonofFraneandheld11/2hides；andthefifthwasthemanofEadmerAtuleandheldahide。\'WewillatoncefinishthestoryandseehowRobertofOuillycamebythismanor。
\'NooneofthesefivesokemenbelongedtohisantecessorWigot；
everyoneofthemmightsellhisland。Oneofthemboughti。e。
redeemedhislandfornineouncesofgoldfromKingWilliam，sothemenofthehundredsay，andafterwardsturnedforprotectiontoWigot。\'SoRobert\'stitletothismanorisnoneofthebest。
ButarewesurethatbeforetheConquesttherewasanythingthatweshouldcallamanor？Thesefivesokemenwhohaveunequalshares，whohavethreedifferentlords，whoholdinallbut4
team-lands，whoselandisworthbut？，donotlooklikeasetofco-parcenerstowhoma\'manor\'hasdescended。WhenRobertofOuillyhasgothismanorthereareuponit2sokemen，3villeins，5bordarii，acottagerandaserf。Itwasnotasplendidmanorforfivelords。
Weturnoverafewpages。HardouinofEschalershasamanorratedat51/2hides。28*Itcontainslandfor8teams。Inwithdemesneare2hidesless20acres，and3teams；11villanithepriestand5bordariihave5teams。Thereare4cottagersand6
serfs。Itisworth？；intheConfessor\'sdayitwasworth？0。
Whoheldthismanorinthepast？Ninesokemenheldit。Ratheralargepartyofjointlords，wesay；butstill，familieswillgrow。Howbeit，wemustfinishthesentence：——\'Ofthese，one，Siredbyname，wasthemanofEarlHaroldandheld1hideand3
virgatesforamanor；another，Alfred，amanofEarlAElfgar，held11/2hidesforamanor；andtheothersevenweresokemenofKingEdwardandheld2hidesand1virgateandtheysuppliedthesheriffwith9penceayearor21/4averaecarryingservices。\'
No，wehavenotbeenreadingofthejointholdersofa\'manor\'；
wehavebeenreadingofpeasantproprietors。Twoofthemweresubstantialfolk；eachofthetwoheldamaneriumatwhichgeldwaspaid；theothersevengeldedatoneoftheking\'smaneriaundertheviewofhisbailiffs。Maneriatherehavebeeneverywhere；but\'manors\'weseeinthemaking。Hardouinhasmadeoneunderoureyes。
Weheartheobjectionthat，beitneversohumble，amanorisamanor。Butisthattruismquitetrue？Ifallthatwewantfortheconstitutionofamanorisaproprietorofsomelandwhohasarighttoexactfromsomeotherman，ortwoorthreeothermen，thewholeorsomepartofthelabourthatisnecessaryforthetillageofhissoil，wemayindeedseemanorseverywhereandatalltimes。Evenifweintroduceamorecharacteristicallymedievalelementanddemandthatthetillersshallbeneithermenialservantsnorlabourershiredformoney，butmenwhomaketheirlivingbycultivatingfortheirownbehoofsmallplotswhichtheproprietorallowsthemtooccupy，stillweshallhavetheutmostdifficultyifwewouldgobehindmanorialism。Butsupposeforamomentthatwehaveavillagethelandofwhichisbeingheldbyninesokemen，eachofwhomhasahideorhalf-hidescatteredaboutintheopenfields，andeachofwhomcontrolsthelabourofacoupleofserfs，shallwenotbemisleadingthepublicandourselvesifwespeakofninemanorsorevenofnine\'embryomanors\'？Atanyrateitisclearenoughthatiftheseestatesofthesokemenare\'embryomanors，\'thentheseembryosweredepositedinthecommonfields。Inthatcasethecommonfields，thehidesandyardlandsofthevillagearenotthecreaturesofmanorialism。
Wehaveseenfreevillages；wehaveseenafreehundred。WemighthavefoundyetfreerhundredshadwegonetoSuffolk。WehavechosenCambridgeshirebecauseCambridgeshirecannotbecalledaDanishcounty，exceptinasenseinwhich，notwithstandingthewastedconditionofYorkshire，aboutonehalfoftheEnglishnationlivedinDanishcounties。WhenmendivideupEnglandbetweenthethreelaws，theyplaceCambridgeshireundertheDanelaw；buttothatlawtheysubjectaboutonehalfoftheinhabitantsofEngland。TheremayhavebeenmanymenofScandinavianraceinCambridgeshire；butwefindhundredsnotwapentakes，hidesnotcarucates，whileamongthenamesofvillagestherearefewindeedwhichbetrayaScandinavianorigin。
TheWetherleyhundredwasnotmanymilesawayfromtheclassicfieldsofHitchin。29*
ButintruthwemustbecarefulhowweuseourDane。
YorkshirewasaDanishcountyinasenseinwhichCambridgeshirewasnotDanish；itwasalandoftrithingsandwapentakes，alandwithouthides，wheremanyavillagetestifiedbyitsnametoaScandinaviansettlement。AndyettoallappearanceitwasintheConfessor\'sdayalandwherethemanorsstoodthick。30*ThenwehavethatwonderfulcontrastbetweenYorkshireandLincolnshirewhichEllissummedupinthesefigures：——
SochemanniVillaniBordariiLincolnshire11，5037，7234，024
Yorkshire4475，0791，819
PerhapsthiscontrastwouldhavebeenlessviolentifYorkshirehadnotbeendevastated：butviolentitisandmustbe。
Itwillprovoketheremarkthatthe\'faults\'ifanyfaultstherebeinatrulyeconomicstratificationofmankindarenotlikelytooccurjustattheboundariesoftheshires，whereassolongaseachcountyhasacourtfromwhichthereisnoappealtoanycentraltribunal，wemayexpecttofindthatlineswhichhavetheirorigininfiscalpracticewillbesharplinesandwillcoincidewiththemetesandboundsofjurisdictionaldistricts。
Norshoulditescaperemarkthatthenamesbywhichagranddistinctionisexpressedareintheiroriginveryloosetermsandetymologicallyill-fittedtothepurposethattheyareserving。
InEnglishthevillanusisthet鷑esmanor，asweshouldsay，thevillager。Andyettoallseemingthesokemanisessentiallyavillager。Whatismore，thelandwherethesokemenand\'freemen\'
livedwasalandoftruevillages，ofbigvillages，oflimitless\'openfields，\'whereasthehamletedwestwasservile。Thenagainsokemanisaveryoddterm。Ifitsignifiedthatthemantowhomitisappliedwasalwaysthejusticiableofthelordtowhomhewascommended，wecouldunderstandit。Evenifthismanwerealwaysthejusticiableofacourtthathadpassedintoprivatehands，wecouldstillunderstandit。Butapparentlythereareplentyofsokemenwhosesoke\'is\'or\'lies\'inthosehundredcourtsthathavenolordbuttheking。Thebestguessthatwecanmakeastothemannerinwhichtheyhaveacquiredtheirnameisthatinanagewhichisbeingpersuadedthatsome\'service\'mustbedonebyeveryonewhoholdsland，suitofcourtappearsastheonlyservicethatisdonebyallthesemen。Theymayoweotherservices；buttheyallowesuitofcourt。Ifsowemayseetheirlegalsuccessorsinthosefreeholdersofthetwelfthcenturywhoare\'acquitting\'theirlordsandtheirvillagesbydoingsuitatthenationalcourts。31*Butwhenanewforcecomesintoplayandthetributetothepiratewasanewandapowerfulforce
newlinesofdemarcationmustbedrawn，newclassesofmenmustbeformedandwordswillbeborrowedforthepurposewithlittlecareforetymologicalniceties。Onelargeandwidely-spreadclassmayfindanameforitselfinadistrictwheretheordinary\'townsmen\'orvillagersarenolongertreatedastaxpayersresponsibletothestate，whilesomepracticepeculiartoasmallpartofthecountrymayconferthenameof\'sokemen\'onthosetillersofthesoilwhoareratedtothegeld。Wearenotarguingthatthisdistinction，evenwhenitfirstemerged，impliednothingthatconcernedtheeconomicpositionofthevilleinandthesokeman。Themostdependentpeasantswouldnaturallybethepeoplewhocouldnotbedirectlychargedwiththegeld，andthepeasantswhocouldnotpaythegeldwouldnaturallybecomedependentonthosewhowouldpayitforthem；stillwearenotentitledtoassumethatthefiscalschemeaccuratelymirroredtheeconomicfacts，orthatthevaryingpracticeofdifferentmootsanddifferentcollectorsmaynothavestampedasthevilleinsofoneshirethosewhowouldhavebeenthesokemenofanother。32*
Bethisasitmay，anytheoryofEnglishhistorymustfacethefree，thelordless，villageandmustaccountforitasforoneofthenormalphenomenawhichexistedintheyearofgrace1066。HowcommonitwasweshallneverknowuntilthematerialcontainedinDomesdayBookhasbeengeographicallyrearrangedbycounties，hundredsandvills。Butwhethercommonornot，itwasnormal，justasnormalasthevillagewhichwascompletelysubjecttoseignorialpower。Wehavebeforeusvillageswhich，takenaswholes，havenolords。Whatismore，itseemsobviousenoughthat，unlesstherehasbeensomegreatcatastropheinthepast，someinsurrectionofthepeasantsorthelike，thevillageofOrwellandothervillagesmightbenamedbythedozen——hasneverhadalord。Suchlordshipsasexistinitareplainlynottherelicsofadominionwhichhasbeensplitupamongdiverspersonsbytheactionofgiftsandinheritances。ThesokemenorOrwellhaveworshippedeveryrisingsun。Onehascommendedhimselftotheill-fatedHarold，anothertotheill-fatedWaltheof，athirdhaschosentheMercianAElfgar，afourthhasplacedhimselfundertheaspiringArchbishop；yetallarefreeto\'withdraw。\'Wehavehereaveryfreevillageindeed，foritsmembersenjoyafreedomofwhichnofreeholderofthethirteenthcenturywouldevendream，andinacertainsensewehavehereafreevillagecommunity。Howmuchcommunalismisthere？Ofthismostdifficultquestiononlyafewwordswillnowbesaid，forourguessesaboutremoteageswewillyetawhilereserve。
Inthefirstplace，wecannotdoubtthatthe\'openfieldsystem\'ofagricultureprevailsaswellinthefreevillagesasinthosethatareunderthecontrolofalord。Thesokeman\'shideorvirgateisnoring-fenced\'close\'butiscomposedofmanyscatteredstrips。Again，wecanhardlydoubtthatthepracticeof\'co-aration\'prevailed。Thesokemanhadseldombeastsenoughtomakeupateam。Itiswellknownthatthewholeschemeofland-measurementswhichrunsthroughDomesdayBookisbaseduponthetheorythatlandisploughedbyteamsofeightoxen。Itisperhapspossiblethatsmallerteamsweresometimesemployed；butwhenwereadthatacertainman\'alwaysploughedwiththreeoxen，\'33*orused\'toploughwithtwooxenbutnowploughswithhalfateam，\'34*or\'usedtoploughwithateambutnowploughswithtwooxen，\'35*wearereading，notofsmallteams，butofthenumberofoxenthatthemaninquestioncontributedtowardstheteamofeightthatwasmadeupbyhimandhisneighbours。
WhenofapieceoflandinBedfordshireitissaidthat\'oneoxploughsthere，\'thismeansthatthelandinquestionsuppliesbutoneoxinateamofeight；36*andhereandnotinanymonstrousbirthdowefindtheexplanationof\'terraestdimidiobovietibiestsemibos\'：37*——thereisasixteenthpartofateamlandanditstenantalongwithsomeothermanprovidesanox。Theremayhavebeenlightploughsaswellasheavyploughs，buttheheavyploughmusthavebeenextremelycommon，sincetheterm\'ploughteam\'carucaseemsinvariablytomeanateamofeight。