such，forinstance，asthelossofafingerbeingatriflingmatter。A
working—man’slivingandprospectsdependsomuchuponhisfingers，thatanylossofthemisaveryseriousmattertohim。WhenIhaveheardsuchinconsiderateremarksmade，Ihaveusuallyputthisquestion:Supposeyouwereinwantofanadditionalworkman，andtwoweretoapply，bothequallywellqualifiedinotherrespects，butonehadlostathumboraforefinger，whichwouldyouengage？Thereneverwasahesitationastotheanswer……\"
Themanufacturershave\"mistakenprejudicesagainstwhattheyhaveheardrepresentedasapseudo—philanthropiclegislation。\"（\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1855。\"）Thesemanufacturersarecleverfolk，andnotwithoutreasonweretheyenthusiasticfortheslave—holders’rebellion。
[111]InthosefactoriesthathavebeenlongestsubjecttotheFactoryActs，withtheircompulsorylimitationofthehoursoflabour，andotherregulations，manyoftheolderabuseshavevanished。Theveryimprovementofthemachinerydemandstoacertainextent\"improvedconstructionofthebuildings，\"andthisisanadvantagetotheworkpeople。（See\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1863，\"p。109。）
[112]Seeamongstothers，JohnHoughton:\"HusbandryandTradeImproved。\"London，1727。\"TheAdvantagesoftheEastIndiaTrade，1720。\"JohnBellers，l。
c。\"Themastersandtheirworkmenare，unhappily，inaperpetualwarwitheachother。Theinvariableobjectoftheformeristogettheirworkdoneascheaplyaspossible;andtheydonotfailtoemployeveryartificetothispurpose，whilstthelatterareequallyattentivetoeveryoccasionofdistressingtheirmastersintoacompliancewithhigherdemands。\"（\"AnEnquiryintotheCausesofthePresentHighPriceofProvisions，\"pp。61—62。
Author，theRev。NathanielForster，quiteonthesideoftheworkmen。）
[113]Inold—fashionedmanufacturestherevoltsoftheworkpeopleagainstmachinery，eventothisday，occasionallyassumeasavagecharacter，asinthecaseoftheSheffieldfilecuttersin1865。
[114]SirJamesSteuartalsounderstandsmachineryquiteinthissense。\"Jeconsidèredonclesmachinescommedesmoyensd’augmenter（virtuellement）lenombredesgensindustrieuxqu’onn’estpasobligédenourrir……Enquoil’effetd’unemachinediffère—t—ildeceluidenouveauxhabitants？\"
（Frenchtrans。t。I。，l。I。，ch。XIX。）MorenaïveisPetty，whosays，itreplaces\"Polygamy。\"Theabovepointofviewis，atthemost，admissibleonlyforsomepartsoftheUnitedStates。Ontheotherhand，\"machinerycanseldombeusedwithsuccesstoabridgethelabourofanindividual;
moretimewouldbelostinitsconstructionthancouldbesavedbyitsapplication。Itisonlyreallyusefulwhenitactsongreatmasses，whenasinglemachinecanassisttheworkofthousands。Itisaccordinglyinthemostpopulouscountries，wheretherearemostidlemen，thatitismostabundant……Itistrotcalledintousebyascarcityofmen，butbythefacilitywithwhichtheycanbebroughttoworkinmasses。\"（PiercyRavenstone:\"ThoughtsontheFundingSystemanditsEffects。\"London，1824，p。45。）
[115][Noteinthe4thGermanedition。？ThisappliestoGermanytoo。
Whereinourcountryagricultureonalargescaleexists，henceparticularlyintheEast，ithasbecomepossibleonlyinconsequenceoftheclearingoftheestates（\"Bauernlegen\"），apracticewhichbecamewiderspreadinthe16thcenturyandwasparticularlysosince1648。？F。E。]
[116]\"Machineryandlabourareinconstantcompetition。\"Ricardo，l。c。，p。
479。
[117]Thecompetitionbetweenhand—weavingandpower—weavinginEngland，beforethepassingofthePoorLawof1833，wasprolongedbysupplementingthewages，whichhadfallenconsiderablybelowtheminimum，withparishrelief。
\"TheRev。Mr。Turnerwas，in1827，rectorofWilmslowinCheshire，amanufacturingdistrict。ThequestionsoftheCommitteeofEmigration，andMr。Turner’sanswers，showhowthecompetitionofhumanlabourismaintainedagainstmachinery。’Question:Hasnottheuseofthepower—loomsupersededtheuseofthehand—loom？Answer:Undoubtedly;itwouldhavesupersededthemmuchmorethanithasdone，ifthehand—loomweaverswerenotenabledtosubmittoareductionofwages。’’Question:Butinsubmittinghehasacceptedwageswhichareinsufficienttosupporthim，andlookstoparochialcontributionastheremainderofhissupport？Answer:Yes，andinfactthecompetitionbetweenthehand—loomandthepower—loomismaintainedoutofthepoor—rates。’
Thusdegradingpauperismorexpatriation，isthebenefitwhichtheindustriousreceivefromtheintroductionofmachinery，tobereducedfromtherespectableandinsomedegreeindependentmechanic，tothecringingwretchwholivesonthedebasingbreadofcharity。Thistheycallatemporaryinconvenience。\"
（\"APrizeEssayontheComparativeMeritsofCompetitionandCo—operation。\"
Lond。，1834，p。29。）
[118]\"Thesamecausewhichmayincreasetherevenueofthecountry\"（i。e。，asRicardoexplainsinthesamepassage，therevenuesoflandlordsandcapitalists，whosewealth，fromtheeconomicpointofview，formstheWealthoftheNation），\"mayatthesametimerenderthepopulationredundantanddeterioratetheconditionofthelabourer。\"（Ricardo，l。c。，p。469。）\"Theconstantaimandthetendencyofeveryimprovementinmachineryis，infact，todoawayentirelywiththelabourofman，ortolessenitspricebysubstitutingthelabourofwomenandchildrenforthatofgrown—upmen，orofunskilledforthatofskilledworkmen。\"（Ure，l。c。，t。I。，p。35。）
[119]\"Rep。Insp。Fact。for31stOctober，1858，\"p。43。
[120]\"Rep。lnsp。Fact。for31stOctober，1856，\"p。15。
[121]Ure，l。c。，p。19。\"Thegreatadvantageofthemachineryemployedinbrick—makingconsistsinthis，thattheemployerismadeentirelyindependentofskilledlabourers。\"（\"Ch。Empl。Comm。V。Report，\"Lond。，1866，p。130，n。46。）
Mr。A。Sturrock，superintendentofthemachinedepartmentoftheGreatNorthernRailway，says，withregardtothebuildingoflocomotives，&c。:
\"ExpensiveEnglishworkmenarebeinglessusedeveryday。TheproductionoftheworkshopsofEnglandisbeingincreasedbytheuseofimprovedtoolsandthesetoolsareagainservedbyalowclassoflabour……Formerlytheirskilledlabournecessarilyproducedallthepartsofengines。Nowthepartsofenginesareproducedbylabourwithlessskill，butwithgoodtools。Bytools，Imeanengineer’smachinery，lathes，planingmachines，drills，andsoon。\"（\"RoyalCorn。onRailways，\"Lond。，1867，MinutesofEvidence，n。17，862and17，863。）
[122]Ure，l。c。，p。20。
[123]Ure，l。c。，p。321。
[124]Ure，l。c。，p。23。
[125]\"Rep。Insp。Fact。，31stOct。，1863，\"pp。108，109。
[126]l。c。，p。109。Therapidimprovementofmachinery，duringthecrisis，allowedtheEnglishmanufacturers，immediatelyaftertheterminationoftheAmericanCivilWar，andalmostinnotime，toglutthemarketsoftheworldagain。
Cloth，’duringthelastsixmonthsof1866，wasalmostunsaleable。ThereuponbegantheconsignmentofgoodstoIndiaandChina，thusnaturallymakingtheglutmoreintense。Atthebeginningof1867themanufacturersresortedtotheirusualwayoutofthedifficulty，viz。，reducingwages5percent。
Theworkpeopleresisted，andsaidthattheonlyremedywastoworkshorttime，4daysa—week;andtheirtheorywasthecorrectone。Afterholdingoutforsometime，theself—electedcaptainsofindustryhadtomakeuptheirmindstoshorttime，withreducedwagesinsomeplaces，andinotherswithout。
[127]\"Therelationofmasterandmanintheblown—flintbottletradesamountstoachronicstrike。\"Hencetheimpetusgiventothemanufactureofpressedglass，inwhichthechiefoperationsaredonebymachinery。OnefirminNewcastle，whoformerlyproduced350，000lbs。ofblown—flintglass，nowproducesinitsplace3，000，500lbs。ofpressedglass。（\"Ch。Empl。Comm。，FourthRep。，\"1865，pp。262—263。）
[128]Gaskell。\"TheManufacturingPopulationofEngland，\"London，1833，pp。3，4。
[129]W。Fairbaimdiscoveredseveralveryimportantapplicationsofmachinerytotheconstructionofmachines，inconsequenceofstrikesinhisownworkshops。
[130]Ure，l。c。，pp。368—370
[131]Ure，l。c。，pp。368，7，370，280，281，321，370，475。
[132]Ricardooriginallywasalsoofthisopinion，butafterwardsexpresslydisclaimeditwiththescientificimpartialityandloveoftruthcharacteristicofhim。Seel。c。，ch。xxxi。\"OnMachinery。\"
[133]Notabene。Myillustrationisentirelyonthelinesofthosegivenbytheabovenamedeconomists。
[134]AdiscipleofRicardo，inanswertotheinsipiditiesofJ。B。Say，remarksonthispoint:\"Wheredivisionoflabouriswelldeveloped，theskillofthelabourerisavailableonlyinthatparticularbranchinwhichithasbeenacquired;hehimselfisasortofmachine。Itdoesnotthereforehelpmattersonejot，torepeatinparrotfashion，thatthingshaveatendencytofindtheirlevel。Onlookingarounduswecannotbutsee，thattheyareunabletofindtheirlevelforalongtime;andthatwhentheydofindit，thelevelisalwayslowerthanatthecommencementoftheprocess。\"
（\"。AnInquiryintothosePrinciplesRespectingtheNatureofDemand，\"&c。，Lond。1821，p。72。）
[135]MacCulloch，amongstothers，isapastmasterinthispretentiouscretinism。
\"If，\"hesays，withtheaffectednaïvetéofachildof8years，\"ifitbeadvantageous，todeveloptheskilloftheworkmanmoreandmore，sothatheiscapableofproducing，withthesameorwithalessquantityoflabour，aconstantlyincreasingquantityofcommodities，itmustalsobeadvantageous，thatheshouldavailhimselfofthehelpofsuchmachineryaswillassisthimmosteffectivelyintheattainmentofthisresult。\"
（MacCulloch:\"Princ。ofPol。Econ。，\"Lond。1830，p。166。）
[136]\"TheinventorofthespinningmachinehasruinedIndia，afact，however，thattouchesusbutlittle。\"A。Thiers:Delapropriété。？M。Thiershereconfoundsthespinningmachinewiththepower—loom，\"afact，however，thattouchesusbutlittle。\"
[137]Accordingtothecensusof1861（Vol。II。，Lond。，1863），thenumberofpeopleemployedincoalminesinEnglandandWales，amountedto246，613
ofwhich73，545wereunder，and173，067wereover20years。Ofthoseunder20，835werebetween5and10years，30，701between10and15years，42，010
between15and19years。Thenumberemployediniron，copper。lead，tin，andotherminesofeverydescription，was319，222。
[138]InEnglandandWales，in1861，therewereemployedinmakingmachinery，60，807persons，includingthemastersandtheirclerks，&c。，alsoallagentsandbusinesspeopleconnectedwiththisindustry，butexcludingthemakersofsmallmachines，suchassewing—machines，&c。，asalsothemakersoftheoperativepartsofmachines，suchasspindles。Thetotalnumberofcivilengineersamountedto3，329。
[139]Sinceironisoneofthemostimportantrawmaterials;letmeherestatethat，in1861，therewereinEnglandandWales125，771operativeironfounders，ofwhom123，430weremaim2，341females。Oftheformer30，810wereunder，and92，620over20years。
[140]\"Afamilyoffourgrown—uppersons，withtwochildrenaswinders，earnedattheendofthelast，andthebeginningofthepresentcentury，bytenhours’dailylabour，L4aweek。Iftheworkwasverypressing，theycouldearnmore……Beforethat，theyhadalwayssufferedfromadificientsupplyofyarn。\"（Gaskell，l。c。，pp。25—27。）
[141]F。Engels，in\"Lage，&c。，\"pointsoutthemiserableconditionofalargenumberofthosewhoworkontheseveryarticlesofluxury。Seealsonumerousinstancesinthe\"ReportsoftheChildren’sEmploymentCommission。\"
[142]In1861，inEnglandandWales，therewere94，665sailorsinthemerchantservice。
[143]Oftheseonly177，596aremalesabove13yearsofage。
[144]Ofthese，30，501arefemales。
[145]Ofthese，137，447males。Noneareincludedinthe1，208，648whodonotserveinprivatehouses。Between1861and1870thenumberofmaleservantsnearlydoubleditself。Itincreasedto267，671。Intheyear1847therewere2，694gamekeepers（forthelandlords’preserves），in1869therewere4，921。TheyoungservantgirlsinthehousesoftheLondonlowermiddleclassareincommonparlancecalled\"slaveys。\"
[146]Ganilh，onthecontrary，considersthefinalresultofthefactorysystemtobeanabsolutelylessnumberofoperatives，atwhoseexpenseanincreasednumberof\"genshonnêtes\"liveanddeveloptheirwell—known\"perfectibilité
perfectible。\"Littleasheunderstandsthemovementofproduction，atleasthefeels，thatmachinerymustneedsbeaveryfatalinstitution，ifitsintroductionconvertsbusyworkmenintopaupers，anditsdevelopmentcallsmoreslavesoflabourintoexistencethanithassuppressed。Itisnotpossibletobringoutthecretinismofhisstandpoint，exceptbyhisownwords:\"Lesclassescondamnéesàproduireetàconsommerdiminuent，etlesclassesquidirigentletravail，quisoulagent，consolent，etéclairenttoutelapopulation，semultiplient……ets’approprienttonslesbienfaitsquirésultentdeladiminutiondesfmisdutravail，deI’abondancedesproductions，etdubonmarchédesconsommations。
Danscettedirection，l’espécehumaines’élèveauxplushautesconceptionsdugénie，pénètredanslesprofoundeursmystérieusesdelareligion，établitlesprincipessalutairesdelamorale（whichconsistsin’s’appropriertouslesbeinfaits，’
&c。），lesloistutélairesdelaliberté（libertyof’lesclassescondamnéesàproduire？’）etdupouvoir，del’obéissanceetdelajustice，dudevoiretdelaI’humanité。\"Forthistwaddle，see\"DesSystèmesd’EconomiePolitique，&c。，ParM。Ch。Ganilh，\"
2èmeed。，Paris，1821，t。I，p。224，andseep。212。
[147]\"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。，31Oct。，1865，\"p。58，sq。Atthesametime，however，meansofemploymentforanincreasednumberofhandswasreadyin110newmillswith11，625looms，628，576spindlesand2，695totalhorse—powerofsteamandwater（l。c。）。
[148]\"Reports，&c。，for31Oct。，1862，\"p。79。Attheendof1871，Mr。A。
Redgrave，thefactoryinspector，inalecturegivenatBradford，intheNewMechanics’Institution，said:\"Whathasstruckmeforsometimepastisthealteredappearanceofthewoollenfactories。Formerlytheywerefilledwithwomenandchildren，nowmachineryseemstodoallthework。
Atmyaskingforanexplanationofthisfromamanufacturer，hegavemethefollowing:’UndertheoldsystemIemployed63persons;aftertheintroductionofimprovedmachineryIreducedmyhandsto33，andlately，inconsequenceofnewandextensivealterations，Ihavebeeninapositiontoreducethose33to13。\"
[149]See\"Reports，&c。，31Oct。，1856，\"p。16。
[150]\"Thesufferingsofthehand—loomweaverswerethesubjectofaninquirybyaRoyalCommission，butalthoughtheirdistresswasacknowledgedandlamented，theameliorationoftheirconditionwasleft，andprobablynecessarilyso，tothechancesandchangesoftime，whichitmaynowbehoped\"[20
yearslater！]\"havenearlyobliteratedthosemiseries，andnotimprobablybythepresentgreatextentionofthepower—loom。\"（\"Rep。Insp。ofFact。，31Oct。，1856，\"p。15。）
[151]Otherwaysinwhichmachineryaffectstheproductionofrawmaterialwillbementionedinthethirdbook。
[152]EXPORTOFCOTTONFROMINDIATOGREATBRITAIN。1846。？34，540，143lbs。1860。？204，141，168lbs。1865。？445，947，600lbs。
EXPORTOFWOOLFROMINDIATOGREATBRITAIN。1846。？4，570，581
lbs。1860。？20，214，173lbs。1865。？20，679，111lbs。
[153]EXPORTOFWOOLFROMTHECAPETOGREATBRITAIN。1846。？2，958，457lbs。1860。？16，574，345lbs。1865。？29，920，623lbs。
EXPORTOFWOOLFROMAUSTRALIATOGREATBRITAIN。1846。？21，789，346
lbs。1860。？59，166，616lbs。1865。？109，734，261lbs。
[154]TheeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesisitselfaproductofEuropean，moreespeciallyofEnglishmodernindustry。Intheirpresentform（1866）
theStatesmuststillbeconsideredaEuropeancolony。[Addedinthe4thGermanedition。？\"Sincethentheyhavedevelopedintocountrywhoseindustryholdssecondplaceintheworld，withoutonthataccountentirelylosingtheircolonialcharacter。\"？F。E。]
EXPORTOFCOTTONFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESTOGREATBRITAIN
1846。—401，949，393lbs。1852。—765，630，543lbs。
1859。—961，707，264lbs。1860。—1，115，890，608lbs。
EXPORTOFCORN，&c。，FROMTHEUNITEDSTATES
TOGREATBRITAIN
18501862
Wheat，cwts16，202，31241，033，503
Barley，cwts3，669，6536，624，800
Oats，cwts3，174，8014，496，994
Rye，cwts388，7497，108
Flour，cwts3，819，4407，207，113
Buckwheat，cwts1，05419，571
Maize，cwts5，473，16111，694，818
BereorBigg（asortofBarley），cwts2，0397，675
Peas，cwts811，6201，024，722
Beans，cwts1，822，9722，037，137
棗棗棗棗棗棗棗棗棗棗棗棗棗棗棗—
Totalexports35，365，80174，083，441
[156]InanappealmadeinJuly，1866，totheTradeSocietiesofEngland，bytheshoemakersofLeicester，whohadbeenthrownonthestreetsbyalock—out，itisstated:\"TwentyyearsagotheLeicestershoetradewasrevolutionisedbytheintroductionofrivetingintheplaceofstitching。Atthattimegoodwagescouldbeearned。Greatcompetitionwasshownbetweenthedifferentfirmsastowhichcouldturnouttheneatestarticle。Shortlyafterwards，howeveraworsekindofcompetitionsprangup，namely，thatofundersellingoneanotherinthemarket。Theinjuriousconsequencessoonmanifestedthemselvesinreductionsofwages，andsosweepinglyquickwasthefallinthepriceoflabour，thatmanyfirmsnowpayonlyonehalfoftheoriginalwages。
Andyet，thoughwagessinklowerandlower，profitsappear，witheachalterationinthescaleofwages，toincrease。\"Evenbadtimesareutilisedbythemanufacturers，formakingexceptionalprofitsbyexcessiveloweringofwages，i。e。，byadirectrobberyofthelabourer’smeansofsubsistence。
Oneexample（ithasreferencetothecrisisintheCoventrysilkweaving）:
\"FrominformationIhavereceivedfrommanufacturersaswellasworkmen，thereseemstobenodoubtthatwageshavebeenreducedtoagreaterextentthaneitherthecompetitionoftheforeignproducers，orothercircumstanceshaverenderednecessary……themajorityofweaversareworkingatareductionof30to40percent。intheirwages。Apieceofribbonfor。makingwhichtheweavergot6s。or7s。fiveyearsback，nowonlybringsthem3s。3d。
or3s。6d。;otherworkisnowpricedat2s。and2s。3d。whichwasformerlypricedat4s。and4s。3d。Thereductioninwageseemstohavebeencarriedtoagreaterextentthanisnecessaryforincreasingdemand。Indeed，thereductioninthecostofweaving，inthecaseofmanydescriptionsofribbons，hasnetbeenaccompaniedbyanycorrespondingreductioninthesellingpriceofthemanufacturedarticle。\"（Mr。F。D。LongesReport。\"Ch。Emp。
Corn。，V。Rep。，1866，\"p。114，1。）
[157]Conf\"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。，31stOctober，1862，\"p。30。
[158]l。c。，p。19。
[159]\"Rep。Insp。ofFact。，31stOctober，1863，\"pp。41—45。
[160]l。c。，pp。41—42
[161]l。c。，p。57。
[162]l。c。，pp。50—51。
[163]l。c。，pp。62—63。
[164]\"Rep。&c。，30thApril，1864，\"p。27。
[165]FromaletterofMr。Harris，ChiefConstableofBolton，in\"Rep。ofInsp。
ofFact。，31stOctober，1865，\"pp。61—62。
[166]Inanappeal，dated1863，ofthefactoryoperativesofLancashire，&c。，forthepurposeofformingasocietyfororganisedemigration，wefindthefollowing:\"Thatalargeemigrationoffactoryworkersisnowabsolutelyessentialtoraisethemfromtheirpresentprostratecondition，fewwilldeny;buttoshowthatacontinuousstreamofemigrationisatalltimesdemanded，and，withoutwhichitisimpossibleforthantomaintaintheirpositioninordinarytimes，webegtocallattentiontothesubjoinedfacts:？In1814theofficialvalueofcottongoodsexportedwas£17，665，378，whilsttherealmarketablevaluewas£20，070，824。In1858theofficialvalueofcottongoodsexported，was£182，221，681;buttherealormarketablevaluewasonly£43，001，322，beingaten—foldquantitysoldforlittlemorethandoubletheformerprice。Toproduceresultssodisadvantageoustothecountrygenerally，andtothefactoryworkersinparticular，severalcauseshavecooperated，which，hadcircumstancespermitted，weshouldhavebroughtmoreprominentlyunderyournotice;sufficeitforthepresenttosaythatthemostobviousoneistheconstantredundancyoflabour，withoutwhichatradesoruinousinitseffectsnevercouldhavebeencarriedon，andwhichrequiresaconstantlyextendingmarkettosaveitfromannihilation。Ourcottonmillsmaybebroughttoastandbytheperiodicalstagnationsoftrade，which，underpresentarrangements，areasinevitableasdeathitself;butthehumanmindisconstantlyatwork，andalthoughwebelieveweareunderthemarkinstatingthatsixmillionsofpersonshavelefttheseshoresduringthelast25years，yet，fromthenaturalincreaseofpopulation，andthedisplacementoflabourtocheapenproduction，alargepercentageofthemaleadultsinthemostprosperoustimesfinditimpossibletoobtainworkinfactoriesonanyconditionswhatever。\"（\"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。，30thApril1863，\"pp。
51—52。）Weshall，inalaterchapter，seehowourfriends，themanufacturers，endeavoured，duringthecatastropheinthecottontrade，topreventbyeverymeans，includingStateinterference，theemigrationoftheoperatives。
[167]\"Ch。Empt。Comm。III。Report，1864，\"p。108，n。447。
[168]IntheUnitedStatestherestoration，inthisway，ofhandicraftsbasedonmachineryisfrequent;andtherefore，whentheinevitabletransitiontothefactorysystemshalltakeplace，theensuingconcentrationwill，comparedwithEuropeandevenwithEngland，strideoninseven—leagueboots。
[169]See\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1865，\"p。64。
[170]Mr。GillotterectedinBirminghamthefirststeel—penfactoryonalargescale。Itproduced，soearlyas1851，over180，000，000ofpensyearly，andconsumed120tonsofsteel。BirminghamhasthemonopolyofthisindustryintheUnitedKingdom，andatpresentproducesthousandsofmillionsofsteel—pens。AccordingtotheCensusof1861，thenumberofpersonsemployedwas1，428，ofwhom1，268femalesfrom5yearsofageupwards。
[171]\"Ch。Empl。Comm。II。Rep。1864，\"p。LXVIII。，n。415。
[172]Andnowforsoothchildrenareemployedatfile—cuttinginSheffield。
[173]\"Ch。Empl。Comm。，V。Rep。1866，\"p。3，n。24;p。6，n。55，56;p。7，n。
59，60。
[174]l。c。，pp。114，115，n。6，7。Thecommissionerjustlyremarksthatthoughasarulemachinestaketheplaceofmen，hereliterallyyoungpersonsreplacemachines。
[175]SeetheReportontheragtrade，andnumerousdetailsin\"PublicHealth，VIII。Rep。\"Lond。1866，app。，pp。196，208。
[176]\"Ch。Empl。Comm。V。Rep。，1866，\"pp。xvi—xviii，n。86—97，andpp。130—133，n。39—71。SeealsoIII。Rep。，1864，pp。48，56。
[177]\"PublicHealth。SixthRep。，\"Lond。1864，pp。29，31。
[178]l。c。，p。30。Dr。SimonremarksthatthemortalityamongtheLondontailorsandprintersbetweentheagesof25and35isinfactmuchgreater，becausetheemployersinLondonobtainfromthecountryagreatnumberofyoungpeopleupto30yearsofage，as\"apprentices\"and\"improvers，\"whocomeforthepurposeofbeingperfectedintheirtrade。ThesefigureinthecensusasLondoners，theyswelloutthenumberofheadsonwhichtheLondondeath—rateiscalculated，withoutaddingproportionallytothenumberofdeathsinthatplace。Thegreaterpartoftheminfactreturntothecountry，andespeciallyincasesofsevereillness。（l。c。）
[179]Ialludeheretohammerednails，asdistinguishedfromnailscutoutandmadebymachinery。See\"Child。Empl。Comm。，ThirdRep。，\"pp。xi。，xix。，n。125—130，p。52，n。11，p。114，n。487，p。137，n。674。
[180]\"Ch。Empl。Comm。，II。Rep。，\"p。xxii，n。166。
[181]\"Ch。Empl。Comm。，II。Rep。，1864，\"pp。xix。，xx。，xxi。
[182]l。c。，pp。xxi……xxii。
[183]l。c。，pp。xxix。，xxx。
[184]l。c。，pp。xi。，xii。
[185]\"Child。Empl。Comm。，I。Rep。1863，\"p。185。
[186]InEnglandmillineryanddressmakingareforthemostpartcarriedon，onthepremisesoftheemployer，partlybyworkwomenwholivethere，partlybywomenwholiveoffthepremises。
[187]Mr。White，acommissioner，visitedamilitaryclothingmanufactorythatemployed1，000to1，200persons，almostallfemales，andashoemanufactorywith1，300persons;ofthesenearlyonehalfwerechildrenandyoungpersons。
[188]Aninstance。TheweeklyreportofdeathsbytheRegistrar—Generaldated26thFeb。，1864，contains5casesofdeathfromstarvation。OnthesamedayTheTimesreportsanothercase。Sixvictimsofstarvationinoneweek！
[189]\"Child。Empl。Comm。，SecondRep。，1864，\"p。lxvii。，n。406—9，p。84，n。
124，p。lxxiii，n。441，p。68，n。6，p。84，n。126，p。78，n。85，p。76，n。69，p。lxxii，n。483。
[190]\"Therentalofpremisesrequiredforworkroomsseemstheelementwhichultimatelydeterminesthepoint;andconsequentlyitisinthemetropolis，thattheoldsystemofgivingworkouttosmallemployersandfamilieshasbeenlongestretained，andearliestreturnedto。\"（l。c。，p。83，n。