ButthePhariseeofacapitalist，asmaybeseenfromthesamereports，denouncesthisbrutalitywhichhehimselfcreates，perpetuates，andexploits，andwhichhemoreoverbaptises\"freedomoflabour。\"\"Infantlabourhasbeencalledintoaid……eventoworkfortheirowndailybread。Withoutstrengthtoenduresuchdisproportionatetoil，withoutinstructiontoguidetheirfuturelife，theyhavebeenthrownintoasituationphysicallyandmorallypolluted。TheJewishhistorianhasremarkedupontheoverthrowofJerusalembyTitusthatitwasnowonderitshouldhavebeendestroyed，withsuchasignaldestruction，whenaninhumanmothersacrificedherownoffspringtosatisfythecravingsofabsolutehunger。\"（\"PublicEconomyConcentrated。\"Carlisle，1833，p。66。）
[41]A。Redgravein\"Reportsoflnsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1858，\"pp。
40，41。
[42]\"Children’sEmploymentCommission，FifthReport，\"London，1866，p。81，n。31。[Addedinthe4thGermanedition。？TheBethnalGreensilkindustryisnowalmostdestroyed。？F。E。]
[43]\"Children’sEmploymentCommission，ThirdReport，\"London，1864，p。53，n。15。
[44]l。c。，FifthReport，p。22，n。137。
[45]\"SixthReportonPublicHealth，\"Lond。，1864，p。34。
[46]\"It（theinquiryof1861）……showed，moreover，thatwhile，withthedescribedcircumstances，infantsperishundertheneglectandmismanagementwhichtheirmothers’occupationsimply，themothersbecometoagrievousextentdenaturalisedtowardstheiroffspring—commonlynottroublingthemselvesmuchatthedeath，andevensometimes……takingdirectmeasurestoinsureit。\"（l。c。）
[47]l。c。，p。454。
[48]l。c。，pp。454—463。\"ReportbyDr。HenryJulianHunterontheexcessivemortalityofinfantsinsomeruraldistrictsofEngland。\"
[49]l。c。，p。35andpp。455，456。
[50]l。c。，p。456。
[51]Intheagriculturalaswellasinthefactorydistrictstheconsumptionofopiumamongthegrown—uplabourers，bothmaleandfemale，isextendingdaily。\"Topushthesaleofopiate……isthegreataimofsomeenterprisingwholesalemerchants。Bydruggistsitisconsideredtheleadingarticle。\"
（l。c。，p。459。）Infantsthattakeopiates\"shrankupintolittleoldmen，\"
or\"wizenedlikelittlemonkeys。\"（l。c。，p。460。）WehereseehowIndiaandChinaavengedthemselvesonEngland。
[52]l。c。，p。37。
[53]\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1862，\"p。59。Mr。Bakerwasformerlyadoctor。
[54]L。Hornerin\"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for30thJune，1857，\"p。17。
[55]L。Hornerin\"Rep。oflnsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1855，\"pp。18，19。
[56]SirJohnKincaidin\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1858，\"pp。31，32。
[57]L。Hornerin\"Reports，&c。，for31stOct。，1857，\"pp。17，18。
[58]SirJ。Kincaidin\"Reports，&c。，31stOct。，1856，\"p。66。
[59]A。Redgravein\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31st。Oct。，1857，\"pp。41—42。InthoseindustrieswheretheFactoryActproper（notthePrintWorksActreferredtointhetext）hasbeeninforceforsometime，theobstaclesinthewayoftheeducationclauseshave，inrecentyears，beenovercome。
InindustriesnotundertheAct，theviewsofMr。J。Geddes，aglassmanufacturer，stillextensivelyprevail。HeinformedMr。White，oneoftheInquiryCommissioners:
\"AsfarasIcansee，thegreateramountofeducationwhichapartoftheworking—classhasenjoyedforsomeyearspastisanevil。Itisdangerous，becauseitmakesthemindependent。\"（\"Children’sEmpl。Comm。，FourthReport，\"
Lond。，1865，p。253。）
[60]\"Mr。E。，amanufacturer……informedmethatheemployedfemalesexclusivelyathispower—looms……givesadecidedpreferencetomarriedfemales，especiallythosewhohavefamiliesathomedependentonthemforsupport;theyareattentive，docile，moresothanunmarriedfemales，andarecompelledtousetheirutmostexertionstoprocurethenecessariesoflife。Thusarethevirtues，thepeculiarvirtuesofthefemalecharactertobepervertedtoherinjury—thusallthatismostdutifulandtenderinhernatureismadeameansofherbondageandsuffering。\"（TenHours’FactoryBill。TheSpeechofLordAshley，March15th，Lond。，1844，p。20。）
[61]\"Sincethegeneralintroductionofmachinery，humannaturehasbeenforcedfarbeyonditsaveragestrength。\"（Rob。Owen:\"ObservationsontheEffectsoftheManufacturingSystem，\"2ndEd。，London，1817。）
[62]TheEnglish，whohaveatendencytolookupontheearliestformofappearanceofathingasthecauseofitsexistence，areinthehabitofattributingthelonghoursofworkinfactoriestotheextensivekidnappingofchildren，practisedbycapitalistsintheinfancyofthefactorysystem，onworkhousesandorphanages，bymeansofwhichrobbery，unresistingmaterialforexploitationwasprocured。Thus，forinstance，Ficiden，himselfamanufacturer，says:
\"Itisevidentthatthelonghoursofworkwerebroughtaboutbythecircumstanceofsogreatanumberofdestitutechildrenbeingsuppliedfromdifferentpartsofthecountry，thatthemasterswereindependentofthehands，andthathavingonceestablishedthecustombymeansofthemiserablematerialstheyhadprocuredinthisway，theycouldimposeitontheirneighbourswiththegreaterfacility。\"（J。Ficiden:\"TheCurseoftheFactorySystem，\"
Lond。，1836，p。I1。）Withreferencetothelabourofwomen，Saunders，thefactoryinspector，saysinhisreportof1844:\"Amongstthefemaleoperativestherearesomewomenwho，formanyweeksinsuccession，exceptforafewdays，areemployedfrom6a。in。tillmidnight，withlessthan2hoursformeals，sothaton5daysoftheweektheyhaveonly6hoursleftoutofthe24，forgoingtoandfromtheirhomesandrestinginbed。\"
[63]\"Occasion……injurytothedelicatemovingpartsofmetallicmechanismbyinaction。\"（Ure，l。c。，p。281。）
[64]TheManchesterSpinner（Times，26thNov。，1862）beforereferredtosaysinrelationtothissubject:\"It（namely，the\"allowancefordeteriorationofmachinery\"）isalsointendedtocoverthelosswhichisconstantlyarisingfromthesupersedingofmachinesbeforetheyarewornout，byothersofanewandbetterconstruction。\"
[65]\"Ithasbeenestimated，roughly，thatthefirstindividualofanewly—inventedmachinewillcostaboutfivetimesasmuchastheconstructionofthesecond。\"
（Babbage，l。c。，p。349。
[66]\"Theimprovementswhichtookplacenotlongagoinframesformakingpatentnetweresogreatthatamachineingoodrepairwhichhadcost£1，200，soldafewyearsafterfor£60……improvementssucceededeachothersorapidly，thatmachineswhichhadneverbeenfinishedwereabandonedinthehandsoftheirmakers，becausenewimprovementsbadsupersededtheirutility。\"（Babbage，l。c。，p。233。）Inthesestormy，go—aheadtimes，therefore，thetullemanufacturerssoonextendedtheworking—day，bymeansofdoublesetsofhands，fromtheoriginal8hoursto24。
[67]\"Itisself—evident，that，amidtheebbingsandflowingsofthemarketsandthealternateexpansionsandcontractionsofdemand，occasionswillconstantlyrecur，inwhichthemanufacturermayemployadditionalfloatingcapitalwithoutemployingadditionalfixedcapital……ifadditionalquantitiesofrawmaterialcanbeworkedupwithoutincurringanadditionalexpenseforbuildingsandmachinery。\"（R。Torrens:\"OnWagesandCombination。\"
London，1834，p。64。）
[68]Thiscircumstanceismentionedonlyforthesakeofcompleteness，forI
shallnotconsidertherateofprofit，i。e。，theratioofthesurplus—valuetothetotalcapitaladvanced，untilIcometothethirdbook。
[69]Senior，\"LettersontheFactoryAct。\"London，1837，pp。13，14。
[70]\"Thegreatproportionoffixedtocirculatingcapital……makeslonghoursofworkdesirable。\"Withtheincreaseduseofmachinery，&c。，\"themotivestolonghoursofworkwillbecomegreater，astheonlymeansbywhichalargeproportionoffixedcapitalcanbemadeprofitable。\"（l。
c。，pp。11—13。）\"Therearecertainexpensesuponamillwhichgooninthesameproportionwhetherthemillberunningshortorfulltime，as，forinstance，rentrates，andtaxes，insuranceagainstfire，wagesofseveralpermanentservants，deteriorationofmachinery，withvariousotherchargesuponamanufacturingestablishment，theproportionofwhichtoprofitsincreasesastheproductiondecreases。\"（\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1862，\"p。19。）
[71]Whyitis，thatthecapitalist，andalsothepoliticaleconomistswhoamimbuedwithhisviews，areunconsciousofthisimmanentcontradiction，willappearfromthefirstpartofthethirdbook。
[72]ItisoneofthegreatestmeritsofRicardotohaveseeninmachinerynotonlythemeansofproducingcommodities，butofcreatinga\"redundantpopulation。\"
[73]F。Biese。\"DiePhilosophiedesAristoteles，\"Vol。2。Berlin，1842，p。408。
[74]IgivebelowthetranslationofthispoembyStolberg，becauseitbringsintorelief，quiteinthespiritofformerquotationsreferringtodivisionoflabour，theantithesisbetweentheviewsoftheancientsandthemoderns。
\"Sparethehandthatgrindsthecorn，Oh，millergirls，andsoftlysleep。
LetChanticleerannouncethemorninvain！DeohascommandedtheworkofthegirlstobedonebytheNymphs，andnowtheyskiplightlyoverthewheels，sothattheshakenaxlesrevolvewiththeirspokesandpullroundtheloadoftherevolvingstones。Letuslivethelifeofourfathers，andletusrestfromworkandenjoythegiftsthattheGoddesssendsus。\"\"SchonetdermahlendenHand，oMüllerinnen，undschlafetSanft！esverkündederHahneuchdenMorgenumsonst！
DäohatdieArbeitderMidchendenNymphenbefohlen，UnditzthüpfensicleichtüberdieRäderdahin，DaBdieerschüttertenAchsenmitihrenSpeichensichwälzen，UndimKreisedieLastdrehendeswälzendenSteins。
LaBtunslebendasLebenderVäter，undlaBtunsderGabenArbeitsiosunsfreun，welchedieGöttinunsschenkt。\"（GedichteausdemGriechischenübersetztvonChristianGrafzuStolberg，Hamburg，1782。）
[75]Thereare，ofcourse，alwaysdifferences，intheintensitiesofthelabourinvariousindustries。Butthesedifferencesare，asAdamSmithhasshown，compensatedtoapartialextentbyminorcircumstances，peculiartoeachsortoflabour。Labour—time，asameasureofvalue，isnot，however，affectedinthiscase，exceptinsofarasthedurationoflabour，andthedegreeofitsintensity，aretwoantitheticalandmutuallyexclusiveexpressionsforoneandthesamequantityoflabour。
[76]Especiallybypiece—work，aformweshallinvestigateinPartVI。ofthisbook。
[77]See\"Rep。oflnsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1865。\"
[78]Rep，ofInsp，ofFact。for1844andthequarterending30thApril，1845，pp。20—21。
[79]l。c。，p。19。Sincethewagesforpiece—workwereunaltered，theweeklywagesdependedonthequantityproduced。
[80]l。c。，p。20。
[81]Themoralelementplayedanimportantpartintheaboveexperiments。Theworkpeopletoldthefactoryinspector:\"Weworkwithmorespirit，wehavetherewardeverbeforeusofgettingawaysooneratnight，andoneactiveandcheerfulspiritpervadesthewholemill，fromtheyoungestpiecertotheoldesthand，andwecangreatlyhelpeachother。\"（l。c。，p。21。）
[82]JohnFielden，l。c。，p。32。
[83]LordAshley，l。c。，pp。6—9，passim。
[84]Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。forQuarterending30thSeptember，1844，andfrom1stOctober，1844，to30thApril，1845，p。20。
[85]l。c。，p。22。
[86]\"Rep。oflnsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1862，\"p。62。
[87]Thiswasalteredinthe\"ParliamentaryReturn\"of1862。Inittheactualhorse—powerofthemodernsteamenginesandwaterwheelsappearsinplaceofthenominal。Thedoublingspindles，too，arenolongerincludedinthespinningspindles（aswasthecaseinthe\"Returns\"of1839，1850，and1856）;further，inthecaseofwoollenmills，thenumberof\"gigs\"isadded，adistinctionmadebetweenjuteandhempmillsontheonehandandflaxmillsontheother，andfinallystocking—weavingisforthefirsttimeinsertedinthereport。
[88]\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1856，\"pp。13—14，20and1852，p。23。
[89]l。c。，pp。14—15。
[90]l。c。，P。20。
[91]\"Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1858，\"pp。0—10。Compare\"Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1860，\"p。30，sqq。
[92]\"Reportsoflnsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1862，\"pp。100and130。
[93]On2modernpower—loomsaweavernowmakesinaweekof60hours26piecesofcertainquality，length，andbreadth;whileontheoldpower—loomshecouldmakenomorethan4suchpieces。Thecostofweavingapieceofsuchclothhadalreadysoonafter1850fallenfrom2s。9d。to51/8d。
\"Thirtyyearsago（1841）onespinnerwiththreeplacerswasnotrequiredtoattendtomorethanonepairofmuleswith300—324spindles。
Atthepresenttime（1871）hehastomindwiththehelpof5piecers2，200
spindles，andproducesnotlessthanseventimesasmuchyarnasin1841。\"
（Alex。Redgrave，FactoryInspector—intheJournalofArts，5thJanuary，1872。）
[94]\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1861，\"pp。25，26。
[95]Theagitationforaworking—dayof8hourshasnow（1867）beguninLancashireamongthefactoryoperatives。
[96]Thefollowingfewfiguresindicatetheincreaseinthe\"factories\"oftheUnitedKingdomsince1848:
QuantityExported。
1848。QuantityExported。
1851。QuantityExported。
1860。QuantityExported。
1865。
COTTON
Cottonyarnlbs。
135，831，162lbs。
143，966，106lbs。
197，343，655lbs。
103，751，455
Sewingthread？nbsp;lbs。
4，392，176lbs。
6，297，554lbs。
4，648，611
Cottonclothyds。
1，091，373，930yds。
1，543，161，789yds。
2，776，218，427yds。
2，015，237，851
FLAX&HEMP
Yarnlbs。
11，722，182lbs。
18，841，326lbs。
31，210，612lbs。
36，777，334
Clothyds。
88，901，519yds。
129，106，753yds。
143，996，773yds。
247，012。529
SILK
Yarnlbs。
466，825lbs。
462，513lbs。
897，402lbs。
812，589
Cloth？nbsp;yds。
1，181，455yds。
1，307，293yds。
2，869，837
WOOL
WoollenandWorstedyarns？nbsp;lbs。
14，670，880lbs。
27，533，968lbs。
31，669，267
Cloth？nbsp;yds。
151，231，153yds。
190，371，507yds。
278，837，418
ValueExported。
1848。
£ValueExported。
1851。
£ValueExported。
1860。
£ValueExported。
1865。
£
COTTON
Yarn5，927，8316，634，0269，870，87510，351，049
Cloth16，753，36923，454，81042，141，50546，903，796
FLAX&HEMP
Yarn493，449951，4261，801，2722，505，497
Cloth2，802，7894，107，3964，804，8039，155，358
SILK
Yarn77，789196，380826，107768，064
Cloth？nbsp;1，130，3981，587，3031，409，221
WOOL
Yarn776，9751，484，5443，843，4505，424，047
Cloth5，733，8288，377，18312，156，99820，102，259SeetheBluebooks\"StatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedKingdom，\"Nos。8
and13。Lond。，1961and1866。InLancashirethenumberofmillsincreasedonly4percent。between1839and1850;19percent。between1850and1856;
and33percent。between1856and1862;whilethepersonsemployedinthemduringeachoftheaboveperiodsofItyearsincreasedabsolutely，butdiminishedrelatively。（See\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，for31stOct。，1862，\"
p。63。）ThecottontradepreponderatesinLancashire。Wemayformanideaofthestupendousnatureofthecottontradeinthatdistrictwhenweconsiderthat，ofthegrossnumberoftextilefactoriesintheUnitedKingdom，itabsorbs45。2percent。，ofthespindles83。3percent。，ofthepower—looms81。4percent。，ofthemechanicalhorse—power72。6percent。，andofthetotalnumberofpersonsemployed58。2percent。（l。c。，pp。62—63。）
[97]Ure，l。c。，p。18。
[98]Ure，l。c。，P。31。SeeKarlMarx，l。c。，pp。140—141。
[99]Itlooksverylikeintentionalmisleadingbystatistics（whichmisleadingitwouldbepossibletoproveindetailinothercasestoo），whentheEnglishfactorylegislationexcludesfromitsoperationtheclassoflabourerslastmentionedinthetext，whiletheparliamentaryreturnsexpresslyincludeinthecategoryoffactoryoperatives，notonlyengineers，mechanics，&c。，butalsomanagers，salesmen，messengers，warehousemen，packers，&c。，inshorteverybody，excepttheownerofthefactoryhimself。
[100]Uregrantsthis。Hesays，\"incaseofneed，\"theworkmencanbemovedatthewillofthemanagerfromonemachinetoanother，andhetriumphantlyexclaims:\"Suchachangeisinflatcontradictionwiththeoldroutine，thatdividesthelabour，andtooneworkmanassignsthetaskoffashioningtheheadofaneedle，toanotherthesharpeningofthepoint。\"Hehadmuchbetterhaveaskedhimself，whythis\"oldroutine\"isdepartedfromintheautomaticfactory，only\"incaseofneed。\"
[101]Whendistressisverygreat，as，forinstance，duringtheAmericanCivilWar，thefactoryoperativeisnowandthensetbytheBourgeoistodotheroughestOfWork，suchasroad—making，&c……TheEnglish\"ateliersnationaux\"
of1862andthefollowingyears，establishedforthebenefitofthedestitutecottonoperatives，differfromtheFrenchof1848inthis，thatinthelattertheworkmenhadtodounproductiveworkattheexpenseofthestate，intheformertheyhadtodoproductivemunicipalworktotheadvantageofthebourgeois，andthat，too，cheaperthantheregularworkmen，withwhomtheywerethusthrownintocompetition。\"Thephysicalappearanceofthecottonoperativesisunquestionablyimproved。ThisIattribute……
astothemen，tooutdoorlabouronpublicworks。\"（\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1863，\"p。59。）ThewriterherealludestothePrestonfactoryoperatives，whowereemployedonPrestonMoor。
[102]Anexample:ThevariousmechanicalapparatusintroducedsincetheActof1844intowoollenmills，forreplacingthelabourofchildren。Sosoonasitshallhappenthatthechildrenofthemanufacturersthemselveshavetogothroughacourseofschoolingashelpersinthemill，thisalmostunexploredterritoryofmechanicswillsoonmakeremarkableprogress。\"Ofmachinery，perhapsself—actingmulesareasdangerousasanyotherkind。
Mostoftheaccidentsfromthemhappentolittlechildren，fromtheircreepingunderthemulestosweepthefloorwhilstthemulesareinmotion。Several’minders’havebeenfinedforthisoffence，butwithoutmuchgeneralbenefit。
Ifmachinemakerswouldonlyinventaself—sweeper，bywhoseusethenecessityfortheselittlechildrentocreepunderthemachinerymightbeprevented，itwouldbeahappyadditiontoourprotectivemeasures。\"（\"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for31st。Oct。，1866，\"p。63。）
[103]SomuchthenforProudhon’swonderfulidea:he\"construes\"machinerynotasasynthesisofinstrumentsoflabour，butasasynthesisofdetailoperationsforthebenefitofthelabourerhimself。
[104]F。Engels，l。c。，p。217。EvenanordinaryandoptimistFree—trader，likeMr。Molinari，goessofarastosay，\"Unhommes’useplusviteensurveillant，quinzeheuresparjour，l’évolutionuniformed’unmécanisme，qu’enexercant，danslemêmeespacedetemps，saforcephysique。
Cetravaildesurveillancequiserviraitpeut—êtred’utilegymnastiqueàl’intelligence，s’iln’étaitpastropprolongé，détruitàlalongue，parsonexcès，etl’intelligence，etlecorpsmême。\"（G。deMolinari:\"ÉtudesÉconomiques。\"
Paris，1846。）
[105]F。Engels，l。c。，p。216。
[106]\"TheMasterSpinners’andManufacturers’DefenceFund。ReportoftheCommittee。\"
Manchester，1854，p。17。Weshallseehereafter，thatthe\"master\"cansingquiteanothersong，whenheisthreatenedwiththelossofhis\"living\"
automaton。
[107]Ure，l。c。，p。15。WhoeverknowsthelifehistoryofArkwright，willneverdubthisbarber—genius\"noble。\"Ofallthegreatinventorsofthe18thcentury，hewasincontestablythegreatestthieverofotherpeople’sinventionsandthemeanestfellow。
[108]\"Theslaveryinwhichthebourgeoisiehasboundtheproletariat，comesnowheremoreplainlyintodaylightthaninthefactorysystem。Initallfreedomcomestoanendbothatlawandinfact。Theworkmanmustbeinthefactoryathalfpastfive。Ifhecomeafewminuteslate，heispunished;
ifhecome10minuteslate，heisnotallowedtoenteruntilafterbreakfast，andthuslosesaquarterofaday’swage。Hemusteat，drinkandsleepatwordofcommand……Thedespoticbellcallshimfromhisbed，callshimfrombreakfastanddinner。Andhowdoeshefareinthemill？Therethemasteristheabsolutelaw—giver。Hemakeswhatregulationshepleases;
healtersandmakesadditionstohiscodeatpleasure;andifheinserttheveriestnonsense，thecourtssaytotheworkman:Sinceyouhaveenteredintothiscontractvoluntarily，youmustnowcarryitout……Theseworkmenarecondemnedtolive，fromtheirninthyeartilltheirdeath，underthismentalandbodilytorture。\"（F。Engels，l。c。，p。217，sq。）What，\"thecourtssay，\"Iwillillustratebytwoexamples。OneoccursatSheffieldattheendof1866。Inthattownaworkmanhadengagedhimselffor2yearsinasteelworks。Inconsequenceofaquarrelwithhisemployerhelefttheworks，anddeclaredthatundernocircumstanceswouldheworkforthatmasteranymore。Hewasprosecutedforbreachofcontract，andcondemnedtotwomonths’imprisonment。（Ifthemasterbreakthecontract，hecanbeproceededagainstonlyinacivilaction，andrisksnothingbutmoneydamages。）Aftertheworkmanhasservedhistwomonths，themasterinviteshimtoreturntotheworks，pursuanttothecontract。Workmansays:No，hehasalreadybeenpunishedforthebreach。Themasterprosecutesagain，thecourtcondemnsagain，althoughoneofthejudges，Mr。Shee，publiclydenouncesthisasalegalmonstrosity，bywhichamancanperiodically，aslongashelives，bepunishedoverandoveragainforthesameoffenceorcrime。Thisjudgmentwasgivennotbythe\"GreatUnpaid，\"theprovincialDogberries，butbyoneofthehighestcourtsofjusticeinLondon。？[Addedinthe4thGermanedition。？Thishasnowbeendoneawaywith。Withfewexceptions，e。g。，whenpublicgas—worksareinvolved，theworkerinEnglandisnowputonanequalfootingwiththeemployerincaseofbreachofcontractandcanbesuedonlycivilly。？F。E。]ThesecondcaseoccursinWiltshireattheendofNovember1863。About30power—loomweavers，intheemploymentofoneHarrup，aclothmanufactureratLeower’sMill，WestburyLeigh，struckworkbecausemasterHarrupindulgedintheagreeablehabitofmakingdeductionsfromtheirwagesforbeinglateinthemorning;
6d。for2minutes;1s。for3minutes，and1s。6d。fortenminutes。Thisisattherateof9s。perhour，and£410s。0d。perdiem;whilethewagesoftheweaversontheaverageofayear，neverexceeded10s。to12s。
weekly。Harrupalsoappointedaboytoannouncethestartingtimebyawhistle，whichheoftendidbeforesixo’clockinthemorning:andifthehandswerenotallthereatthemomentthewhistleceased，thedoorswereclosed，andthosehandswhowereoutsidewerefined:andastherewasnoclockonthepremises，theunfortunatehandswereatthemercyoftheyoungHarrup—inspiredtime—keeper。Thehandsonstrike，mothersoffamiliesaswellasgirls，offeredtoresumeworkifthetimekeeperwerereplacedbyaclock，andamorereasonablescaleoffineswereintroduced。HarrupsummonedI9womenandgirlsbeforethemagistratesforbreachofcontract。Totheutterindignationofallpresent，theywereeachmulctedinafineof6d。
and2s。6d。forcosts。Harrupwasfollowedfromthecourtbyacrowdofpeoplewhohissedhim。Afavouriteoperationwithmanufacturersistopunishtheworkpeoplebydeductionsmadefromtheirwagesonaccountoffaultsinthematerialworkedon。Thismethodgaverisein1866toageneralstrikeintheEnglishpotterydistricts。ThereportsoftheCh。Empl。Corn。（1863—1866），givecaseswheretheworkernotonlyreceivesnowages，butbecomes，bymeansofhislabour，andofthepenalregulations，thedebtortoboot，ofhisworthymaster。Thelatecottoncrisisalsofurnishededifyingexamplesofthesagacityshownbythefactoryautocratsinmakingdeductionsfromwages。Mr。R。Baker，theInspectorofFactories，says，\"Ihavemyselfhadlatelytodirectprosecutionsagainstonecottonmilloccupierforhavinginthesepinchingandpainfultimesdeducted10d。apiecefromsomeoftheyoungworkersemployedbyhim，forthesurgeon’scertificate（forwhichhehimselfhadonlypaid6d。），whenonlyallowedbythelawtodeduct3d。，andbycustomnothingatall……AndIhavebeeninformedofanother，who，inordertokeepwithoutthelaw，buttoattainthesameobject，chargesthepoorchildrenwhoworkforhimashillingeach，asafeeforlearningthemtheartandmysteryofcottonspinning，sosoonastheyaredeclaredbythesurgeonfitandproperpersonsforthatoccupation。Theremaythereforebeundercurrentcausesforsuchextraordinaryexhibitionsasstrikes，notonlywherevertheyarise，butparticularlyatsuchtimesasthepresent，whichwithoutexplanation，rendertheminexplicabletothepublicunderstanding。\"
Healludesheretoastrikeofpower—loomweaversatDarwen，June，1863。
（\"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for30April，1863，\"pp。50—51。）Thereportsalwaysgobeyondtheirofficialdates。
[109]TheprotectionaffordedbytheFactoryActsagainstdangerousmachineryhashadabeneficialeffect。\"But……thereareothersourcesofaccidentwhichdidnotexisttwentyyearssince;oneespecially，viz。，theincreasedspeedofthemachinery。Wheels，rollers，spindlesandshuttlesarenowpropelledatincreasedandincreasingrates;fingersmustbequickeranddefterintheirmovementstotakeupthebrokenthread，for，ifplacedwithhesitationorcarelessness，theyaresacrificed……Alargenumberofaccidentsarecausedbytheeagernessoftheworkpeopletogetthroughtheirworkexpeditiously。Itmustberememberedthatitisofthehighestimportancetomanufacturersthattheirmachineryshouldbeinmotion，i。e。，producingyamsandgoods。Everyminute’sstoppageisnotonlyalossofpower，butofproduction，andtheworkpeopleareurgedbytheoverlookers，whoareinterestedinthequantityofworkturnedoff，tokeepthemachineryinmotion，anditisnolessimportanttothoseoftheoperativeswhoarepaidbytheweightorpiece，thatthemachinesshouldbekeptinmotion。
Consequently，althoughitisstrictlyforbiddeninmany，nayinmostfactories，thatmachineryshouldbecleanedwhileinmotion，itisneverthelesstheconstantpracticeinmost，ifnotinall，thattheworkpeopledo，unreproved，pickoutwaste，wiperollersandwheels，&c。，whiletheirframesareinmotion。Thusfromthiscauseonly，906accidentshaveoccurredduringthesixmonths……Althoughagreatdealofcleaningisconstantlygoingondaybyday，yetSaturdayisgenerallythedaysetapartforthethoroughcleaningofthemachinery，andagreatdealofthisisdonewhilethemachineryisinmotion。\"Sincecleaningisnotpaidfor，theworkpeopleseektogetdonewithitasspeedilyaspossible。Hence\"thenumberofaccidentswhichoccuronFridays，andespeciallyonSaturdays，ismuchlargerthanonanyotherday。Ontheformerdaytheexcessisnearly’。2percent。overtheaveragenumberofthefourfirstdaysoftheweek，andonthelatterdaytheexcessis25percent。overtheaverageoftheprecedingfivedays;
or，ifthenumberofworking—hoursonSaturdaybeingtakenintoaccount？71/2hoursonSaturdayascomparedwith101/2onotherdays？thereisanexcessof65percent。onSaturdaysovertheaverageoftheotherfivedays。\"（\"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1866，\"pp。9，15，16，17。）
[110]InPartI。ofBookIII。IshallgiveanaccountofarecentcampaignbytheEnglishmanufacturersagainsttheClausesintheFactoryActsthatprotectthe\"hands\"againstdangerousmachinery。Forthepresent，letthisonequotationfromtheofficialreportofLeonardHornersuffice:\"Ihaveheardsomemill—ownersspeakwithinexcusablelevityofsomeoftheaccidents;