thatis,atabout830—820B。C。,andtheevidencestatedabovepointstothemiddleoftheninthcenturyastheprobabledateforthe\"WorksandDays\"。The\"Theogony\"mightbetentativelyplacedacenturylater;andthe\"Catalogues\"and\"Eoiae\"areagainlater,butnotgreatlylater,thanthe\"Theogony\":the\"ShieldofHeracles\"maybeascribedtothelaterhalfoftheseventhcentury,butthereisnotevidenceenoughtoshowwhethertheother`developed\'poemsaretoberegardedasofadatesolowasthis。
LiteraryValueofHomerQuintillian\'s（11）judgmentonHesiodthat`herarelyrisestogreatheights……andtohimisgiventhepalminthemiddle—classofspeech\'isjust,butisliabletogiveawrongimpression。
HesiodhasnothingthatremotelyapproachessuchscenesasthatbetweenPriamandAchilles,orthepathosofAndromache\'spreparationsforHector\'sreturn,evenashewasfallingbeforethewallsofTroy;butinmattersthatcomewithintherangeorordinaryexperience,herarelyfailstorisetotheappropriatelevel。Take,forinstance,thedescriptionoftheIronAge（\"WorksandDays\",182ff。）withitscatalogueofwrongdoingsandviolenceeverincreasinguntilAidosandNemesisareforcedtoleavemankindwhothenceforwardshallhave`noremedyagainstevil\'。Suchoccasions,however,rarelyoccurandareperhapsnotcharacteristicofHesiod\'sgenius:ifwewouldseeHesiodathisbest,inhismostnaturalvein,wemustturntosuchapassageasthatwhichhehimself——accordingtothecompilerofthe\"ContestofHesiodandHomer\"——selectedasbestinallhiswork,`WhenthePleiades,Atlas\'daughters,begintorise……\'
（\"WorksandDays,383ff。）。Thevalueofsuchapassagecannotbeanalysed:itcanonlybesaidthatgivensuchasubject,thisaloneistherightmethodoftreatment。
Hesiod\'sdictionisinthemainHomeric,butoneofhischarmsistheuseofquaintallusivephrasesderived,perhaps,fromapre—
Hesiodicpeasantpoetry:thustheseasonwhenBoreasblowsisthetimewhen`theBonelessOnegnawshisfootbyhisfirelesshearthinhischeerlesshouse\';tocutone\'snailsis`toseverthewitheredfromthequickuponthatwhichhasfivebranches\';
similarlytheburglaristhe`day—sleeper\',andtheserpentisthe`hairlessone\'。Verysimilarishisreferencetoseasonsthroughwhathappensorisdoneinthatseason:`whentheHouse—
carrier,fleeingthePleiades,climbsuptheplantsfromtheearth\',istheseasonforharvesting;or`whentheartichokeflowersandtheclickinggrass—hopper,seatedinatree,poursdownhisshrillsong\',isthetimeforrest。
Hesiod\'scharmliesinhischild—likeandsincerenaivete,inhisunaffectedinterestinandpicturesqueviewofnatureandallthathappensinnature。Thesequalities,itistrue,arethosepre—eminentlyofthe\"WorksandDays\":theliteraryvaluesofthe\"Theogony\"areofamoretechnicalcharacter,skillinorderinganddisposinglonglistsofnames,surejudgmentinseasoningamonotonoussubjectwithmarvellousincidentsorepisodes,andnomeanimaginationindepictingtheawful,asisshowninthedescriptionofTartarus（ll。736—745）。YetitremainstruethatHesiod\'sdistinctivetitletoahighplaceinGreekliteratureliesintheveryfactofhisfreedomformclassicform,andhisgrave,andyetchild—like,outlookuponhisworld。
TheIonicSchoolTheIonicSchoolofEpicpoetrywas,aswehaveseen,dominatedbytheHomerictradition,andwhilethestyleandmethodoftreatmentareHomeric,itisnaturalthattheIonicpoetsrefrainedfromcultivatingthegroundtilledbyHomer,andchosefortreatmentlegendswhichlaybeyondtherangeofthe\"Iliad\"
and\"Odyssey\"。EquallynaturalitisthattheyshouldhaveparticularlyselectedvariousphasesofthetaleofTroywhichprecededorfollowedtheactionofthe\"Iliad\"or\"Odyssey\"。Inthisway,withoutanypreconceivedintention,abodyofepicpoetrywasbuiltupbyvariouswriterswhichcoveredthewholeTrojanstory。Buttheentirerangeofheroiclegendwasopentothesepoets,andotherclustersofepicsgrewupdealingparticularlywiththefamousstoryofThebes,whileothersdealtwiththebeginningsoftheworldandthewarsofheaven。Intheendthereexistedakindofepichistoryoftheworld,asknowntotheGreeks,downtothedeathofOdysseus,whentheheroicageended。IntheAlexandrianAgethesepoemswerearrangedinchronologicalorder,apparentlybyZenodotusofEphesus,atthebeginningofthe3rdcenturyB。C。Atalatertimetheterm\"Cycle\",`round\'or`course\',wasgiventothiscollection。
Ofallthismassofepicpoetryonlythescantiestfragmentssurvive;buthappilyPhotiushaspreservedtousanabridgmentofthesynopsismadeofeachpoemofthe\"TrojanCycle\"byProclus,i。e。EutychiusProclusofSicca。
Thepre—TrojanpoemsoftheCyclemaybenoticedfirst。The\"Titanomachy\",ascribedbothtoEumelusofCorinthandtoArctinusofMiletus,beganwithakindofTheogonywhichtoldoftheunionofHeavenandEarthandoftheiroffspringtheCyclopesandtheHundred—handedGiants。Howthepoemproceededwehavenomeansofknowing,butwemaysupposethatincharacteritwasnotunliketheshortaccountoftheTitanWarfoundintheHesiodic\"Theogony\"（617ff。）。
Whatlinksboundthe\"Titanomachy\"totheThebenCycleisnotclear。Thislattergroupwasformedofthreepoems,the\"StoryofOedipus\",the\"Thebais\",andthe\"Epigoni\"。Ofthe\"Oedipodea\"practicallynothingisknown,thoughontheassuranceofAthenaeus（vii。277E）thatSophoclesfollowedtheEpicCyclecloselyintheplotsofhisplays,wemaysupposethatinoutlinethestorycorrespondedcloselytothehistoryofOedipusasitisfoundinthe\"OedipusTyrannus\"。The\"Thebais\"seemstohavebegunwiththeoriginofthefatalquarrelbetweenEteoclesandPolyneicesinthecursecalleddownuponthembytheirfatherinhismisery。ThestorywasthencecarrieddowntotheendoftheexpeditionunderPolyneices,AdrastusandAmphiarusagainstThebes。The\"Epigoni\"（ascribedtoAntimachusofTeos）recountedtheexpeditionofthe`After—Born\'againstThebes,andthesackofthecity。
TheTrojanCycleSixepicswiththe\"Iliad\"andthe\"Odyssey\"madeuptheTrojanCycle——The\"CyprianLays\",the\"Iliad\",the\"Aethiopis\",the\"LittleIlliad\",the\"SackofTroy\",the\"Returns\",the\"Odyssey\",andthe\"Telegony\"。
IthasbeenassumedintheforegoingpagesthatthepoemsoftheTrojanCyclearelaterthantheHomericpoems;but,astheoppositeviewhasbeenheld,thereasonsforthisassumptionmustnowbegiven。1）TraditionputsHomerandtheHomericpoemsproperbackintheagesbeforechronologicalhistorybegan,andatthesametimeassignsthepurelyCyclicpoemstodefiniteauthorswhoaredatedfromthefirstOlympiad（776B。C。）
downwards。Thistraditioncannotbepurelyarbitrary。2）TheCyclicpoets（aswecanseefromtheabstractofProclus）werecarefulnottotrespassupongroundalreadyoccupiedbyHomer。
Thus,whenwefindthatinthe\"Returns\"alltheprominentGreekheroesexceptOdysseusareaccountedfor,weareforcedtobelievethattheauthorofthispoemknewthe\"Odyssey\"andjudgeditunnecessarytodealinfullwiththathero\'sadventures。（12）Inaword,theCyclicpoemsare`writtenround\'
the\"Iliad\"andthe\"Odyssey\"。3）Thegeneralstructureoftheseepicsisclearlyimitative。AsM。M。Croisetremark,theabusiveThersitesinthe\"Aethiopis\"isclearlycopiedfromtheThersitesofthe\"Iliad\";inthesamepoemAntilochus,slainbyMemnonandavengedbyAchilles,isobviouslymodelledonPatroclus。4）Thegeographicalknowledgeofapoemlikethe\"Returns\"isfarwiderandmoreprecisethanthatofthe\"Odyssey\"。5）Moreover,intheCyclicpoemsepicisclearlydegeneratingmorally——iftheexpressionmaybeused。Thechiefgreatnessofthe\"Iliad\"isinthecharacteroftheheroesAchillesandHectorratherthanintheactualeventswhichtakeplace:intheCyclicwritersfactsratherthancharacteraretheobjectsofinterest,andeventsaresopackedtogetherastoleavenospaceforanyexhibitionoftheplayofmoralforces。Allthesereasonsjustifytheviewthatthepoemswithwhichwenowhavetodealwerelaterthanthe\"Iliad\"and\"Odyssey\",andifwemustrecognizethepossibilityofsomeconventionalityinthereceiveddating,wemayfeelconfidentthatitisatleastapproximatelyjust。
Theearliestofthepost—HomericepicsofTroyareapparentlythe\"Aethiopis\"andthe\"SackofIlium\",bothascribedtoArctinusofMiletuswhoissaidtohaveflourishedinthefirstOlympiad（776
B。C。）。HesethimselftofinishthetaleofTroy,which,sofaraseventswereconcerned,hadbeenlefthalf—toldbyHomer,bytracingthecourseofeventsafterthecloseofthe\"Iliad\"。The\"Aethiopis\"thusincludedthecomingoftheAmazonPenthesileatohelptheTrojansafterthefallofHectorandherdeath,thesimilararrivalandfalloftheAethiopianMemnon,thedeathofAchillesunderthearrowofParis,andthedisputebetweenOdysseusandAiasforthearmsofAchilles。The\"SackofIlium\"
（13）asanalysedbyProcluswasverysimilartoVergil\'sversionin\"Aeneid\"ii,comprisingtheepisodesofthewoodenhorse,ofLaocoon,ofSinon,thereturnoftheAchaeansfromTenedos,theactualSackofTroy,thedivisionofspoilsandtheburningofthecity。
LeschesorLescheos（asPausaniascallshim）ofPyrrhaorMityleneisdatedatabout660B。C。Inhis\"LittleIliad\"heundertooktoelaboratethe\"Sack\"asrelatedbyArctinus。HisworkincludedtheadjudgmentofthearmsofAchillestoOdysseus,themadnessofAias,thebringingofPhiloctetesfromLemnosandhiscure,thecomingtothewarofNeoptolemuswhoslaysEurypylus,sonofTelephus,themakingofthewoodenhorse,thespyingofOdysseusandhistheft,alongwithDiomedes,ofthePalladium:theanalysisconcludeswiththeadmissionofthewoodenhorseintoTroybytheTrojans。Itisknown,however（Aristotle,\"Poetics\",xxiii;Pausanias,x,25—27）,thatthe\"LittleIliad\"alsocontainedadescriptionofthesackofTroy。
ItisprobablethatthisandothersuperfluousincidentsdisappearedaftertheAlexandrianarrangementofthepoemsintheCycle,eitherastheresultofsomelaterrecension,ormerelythroughdisuse。OrProclusmayhavethoughtitunnecessarytogivetheaccountsbyLeschesandArctinusofthesameincident。
The\"CyprianLays\",ascribedtoStasinusofCyprus（14）（butalsotoHegesinusofSalamis）wasdesignedtodofortheeventsprecedingtheactionofthe\"Iliad\"whatArctinushaddoneforthelaterphasesoftheTrojanWar。The\"Cypria\"beginswiththefirstcausesofthewar,thepurposeofZeustorelievetheoverburdenedearth,theappleofdiscord,therapeofHelen。
ThenfollowtheincidentsconnectedwiththegatheringoftheAchaeansandtheirultimatelandinginTroy;andthestoryofthewarisdetaileduptothequarrelbetweenAchillesandAgamemnonwithwhichthe\"Iliad\"begins。
Thesefourpoemsroundedoffthestoryofthe\"Iliad\",anditonlyremainedtoconnectthisenlargedversionwiththe\"Odyssey\"。Thiswasdonebymeansofthe\"Returns\",apoeminfivebooksascribedtoAgiasorHegiasofTroezen,whichbeginswherethe\"SackofTroy\"ends。IttoldofthedisputebetweenAgamemnonandMenelaus,thedeparturefromTroyofMenelaus,thefortunesofthelesserheroes,thereturnandtragicdeathofAgamemnon,andthevengeanceofOrestesonAegisthus。ThestoryendswiththereturnhomeofMenelaus,whichbringsthegeneralnarrativeuptothebeginningofthe\"Odyssey\"。
Butthe\"Odyssey\"itselfleftmuchuntold:what,forexample,happenedinIthacaaftertheslayingofthesuitors,andwhatwastheultimatefateofOdysseus？Theanswertothesequestionswassuppliedbythe\"Telegony\",apoemintwobooksbyEugammonofCyrene（fl。568B。C。）。IttoldoftheadventuresofOdysseusinThesprotisafterthekillingoftheSuitors,ofhisreturntoIthaca,andhisdeathatthehandsofTelegonis,hissonbyCirce。Theepicendedbydisposingofthesurvivingpersonagesinadoublemarriage,TelemachusweddingCirce,andTelegonusPenelope。
TheendoftheCyclemarksalsotheendoftheHeroicAge。
TheHomericHymnsThecollectionofthirty—threeHymns,ascribedtoHomer,isthelastconsiderableworkoftheEpicSchool,andseems,onthewhole,tobelaterthantheCyclicpoems。ItcannotbedefinitelyassignedeithertotheIonianorContinentalschools,forwhiletheromanticelementisverystrong,thereisadistinctgenealogicalinterest;andinmattersofdictionandstyletheinfluencesofbothHesiodandHomerarewell—marked。
Thedateoftheformationofthecollectionassuchisunknown。
DiodorusSiculus（temp。Augustus）isthefirsttomentionsuchabodyofpoetry,anditislikelyenoughthatthisis,atleastsubstantially,theonewhichhascomedowntous。ThucydidesquotestheDelian\"HymntoApollo\",anditispossiblethattheHomericcorpusofhisdayalsocontainedotherofthemoreimportanthymns。ConceivablethecollectionwasarrangedintheAlexandrineperiod。
Thucydides,inquotingthe\"HymntoApollo\",callsitPROOIMION,whichordinarilymeansa`prelude\'chantedbyarhapsodebeforerecitationofalayfromHomer,andsuchhymnsasNos。vi,xxxi,xxxii,areclearlypreludesinthestrictsense;inNo。xxxi,forexample,aftercelebratingHelios,thepoetdeclareshewillnextsingofthe`raceofmortalmen,thedemi—gods\'。ButitmayfairlybedoubtedwhethersuchHymnsasthoseto\"Demeter\"（ii）,\"Apollo\"（iii）,\"Hermes\"（iv）,\"Aphrodite\"（v）,canhavebeenrealpreludes,inspiteoftheclosingformula`andnowIwillpassontoanotherhymn\'。TheviewtakenbyAllenandSikes,amongstotherscholars,isdoubtlessright,thattheselongerhymnsareonlytechnicallypreludesandshowtowhatdisproportionatelengthsasimpleliteracyformcanbedeveloped。
TheHymnsto\"Pan\"（xix）,to\"Dionysus\"（xxvi）,to\"HestiaandHermes\"（xxix）,seemtohavebeendesignedforuseatdefinitereligiousfestivals,apartfromrecitations。Withtheexceptionperhapsofthe\"HymntoAres\"（viii）,noiteminthecollectioncanberegardedaseitherdevotionalorliturgical。
TheHymnisdoubtlessaveryancientform;butifnoexampleofextremeantiquitysurvivethismustbeputdowntothefactthatuntiltheageofliteraryconsciousness,suchthingsarenotpreserved。
First,apparently,inthecollectionstoodthe\"HymntoDionysus\",ofwhichonlytwofragmentsnowsurvive。Whileitappearstohavebeenahymnofthelongertype（15）,wehavenoevidencetoshoweitheritsscopeordate。
The\"HymntoDemeter\",extantonlyintheMS。discoveredbyMatthiaeatMoscow,describestheseizureofPersephonebyHades,thegriefofDemeter,herstayatEleusis,andhervengeanceongodsandmenbycausingfamine。IntheendZeusisforcedtobringPersephonebackfromthelowerworld;butthegoddess,bythecontrivingofHades,stillremainspartlyadeityofthelowerworld。InmemoryofhersorrowsDemeterestablishestheEleusinianmysteries（which,however,werepurelyagrarianinorigin）。
Thishymn,asaliterarywork,isoneofthefinestinthecollection。ItissurelyAtticorEleusinianinorigin。Canweinanywayfixitsdate？Firstly,itiscertainlynotlaterthanthebeginningofthesixthcentury,foritmakesnomentionofIacchus,andtheDionysiacelementwasintroducedatEleusisataboutthatperiod。Further,theinsignificanceofTriptolemusandEumolpuspointtoconsiderableantiquity,andthedigammaisstillactive。Alltheseconsiderationspointtotheseventhcenturyastheprobabledateofthehymn。
The\"HymntoApollo\"consistsoftwoparts,whichbeyondanydoubtwereoriginallydistinct,aDelianhymnandaPythianhymn。
TheDelianhymndescribeshowLeto,intravailwithApollo,soughtoutaplaceinwhichtobearherson,andhowApollo,borninDelos,atonceclaimedforhimselfthelyre,thebow,andprophecy。ThispartoftheexistinghymnendswithanencomiumoftheDelianfestivalofApolloandoftheDelianchoirs。ThesecondpartcelebratesthefoundingofPytho（Delphi）astheoracularseatofApollo。AftervariouswanderingsthegodcomestoTelphus,nearHaliartus,butisdissuadedbythenymphoftheplacefromsettlingthereandurgedtogoontoPythowhere,afterslayingtheshe—dragonwhonursedTyphaon,hebuildshistemple。AfterthepunishmentofTelphusaforherdeceitingivinghimnowarningofthedragonessatPytho,Apollo,intheformofadolphin,bringscertainCretanshipmentoDelphitobehispriests;andthehymnendswithachargetothesementobehaveorderlyandrighteously。
TheDelianpartisexclusivelyIonianandinsularbothinstyleandsympathy;DelosandnootherisApollo\'schosenseat:butthesecondpartisasdefinitelycontinental;DelosisignoredandDelphialoneistheimportantcentreofApollo\'sworship。Fromthisitisclearthatthetwopartsneednotbeofonedate——
Thefirst,indeed,isascribed（ScholiastonPindar\"Nem\"。ii,2）
toCynaethusofChios（fl。504B。C。）,adatewhichisobviouslyfartoolow;generalconsiderationspointrathertotheeighthcentury。Thesecondpartisnotlaterthan600B。C。;for1）thechariot—racesatPytho,whichcommencedin586B。C。,areunknowntothewriterofthehymn,2）thetemplebuiltbyTrophoniusandAgamedesforApollo（ll。294—299）seemstohavebeenstillstandingwhenthehymnwaswritten,andthistemplewasburnedin548。WemayatleastbesurethatthefirstpartisaChianwork,andthatthesecondwascomposedbyacontinentalpoetfamiliarwithDelphi。
The\"HymntoHermes\"differsfromothersinitsburlesque,quasi—
comiccharacter,anditisalsothebest—knownoftheHymnstoEnglishreadersinconsequenceofShelley\'stranslation。
AfterabriefnarrativeofthebirthofHermes,theauthorgoesontoshowhowhewonaplaceamongthegods。Firstthenew—bornchildfoundatortoiseandfromitsshellcontrivedthelyre;
next,withmuchcunningcircumstance,hestoleApollo\'scattleand,whenchargedwiththetheftbyApollo,forcedthatgodtoappearinundignifiedguisebeforethetribunalofZeus。Zeusseekstoreconcilethepair,andHermesbythegiftofthelyrewinsApollo\'sfriendshipandpurchasesvariousprerogatives,ashareindivination,thelordshipofherdsandanimals,andtheofficeofmessengerfromthegodstoHades。
TheHymnishardtodate。Hermes\'lyrehassevenstringsandtheinventionoftheseven—stringedlyreisascribedtoTerpander（flor。676B。C。）。Thehymnmustthereforebelaterthanthatdate,thoughTerpander,accordingtoWeirSmyth（16）,mayhaveonlymodifiedthescaleofthelyre;yetwhiletheburlesquecharacterprecludesanearlydate,thisfeatureisfarremoved,asAllenandSikesremark,fromthesillinessofthe\"BattleoftheFrogsandMice\",sothatadateintheearlierpartofthesixthcenturyismostprobable。
The\"HymntoAphrodite\"isnottheleastremarkable,fromaliterarypointofview,ofthewholecollection,exhibitingasitdoesinamasterlymanneradivinebeingastheunwillingvictimofanirresistibleforce。Ittellshowallcreatures,andeventhegodsthemselves,aresubjecttothewillofAphrodite,savingonlyArtemis,Athena,andHestia;howZeustohumbleherprideofpowercausedhertoloveamortal,Anchises;andhowthegoddessvisitedtheherouponMt。Ida。AcomparisonofthisworkwiththeLayofDemodocus（\"Odyssey\"viii,266ff。）,whichissuperficiallysimilar,willshowhowfarsuperioristheformerinwhichthegoddessisbutavictimtoforcesstrongerthanherself。Thelines（247—255）inwhichAphroditetellsofherhumiliationandgriefarespeciallynoteworthy。
Thereareonlygeneralindicationsofdate。TheinfluenceofHesiodisclear,andthehymnhasalmostcertainlybeenusedbytheauthorofthe\"HymntoDemeter\",sothatthedatemustliebetweenthesetwoperiods,andtheseventhcenturyseemstobethelatestdatepossible。
The\"HymntoDionysus\"relateshowthegodwasseizedbypiratesandhowwithmanymanifestationsofpowerheavengedhimselfonthembyturningthemintodolphins。Thedateiswidelydisputed,forwhileLudwichbelievesittobeaworkofthefourthorthirdcentury,AllenandSikesconsiderasixthorseventhcenturydatetobepossible。ThestoryisfiguredinadifferentformonthereliefsfromthechoragicmonumentofLysicrates,nowintheBritishMuseum（17）。
Verydifferentincharacteristhe\"HymntoAres\",whichisOrphicincharacter。Thewriter,afterlaudingthegodbydetailinghisattributes,praystobedeliveredfromfeeblenessandweaknessofsoul,asalsofromimpulsestowantonandbrutalviolence。
Theonlyotherconsiderablehymnisthatto\"Pan\",whichdescribeshowheroamshuntingamongthemountainsandthicketsandstreams,howhemakesmusicatduskwhilereturningfromthechase,andhowhejoinsindancingwiththenymphswhosingthestoryofhisbirth。This,beyondmostworksofGreekliterature,isremarkableforitsfreshandspontaneousloveofwildnaturalscenes。
Theremaininghymnsaremostlyofthebriefestcompass,merelyhailingthegodtobecelebratedandmentioninghischiefattributes。TheHymnsto\"Hermes\"（xviii）,tothe\"Dioscuri\"
（xvii）,andto\"Demeter\"（xiii）aremereabstractsofthelongerhymnsiv,xxxiii,andii。
TheEpigramsofHomerThe\"EpigramsofHomer\"arederivedfromthepseudo—Herodotean\"LifeofHomer\",butmanyofthemoccurinotherdocumentssuchasthe\"ContestofHomerandHesiod\",orarequotedbyvariousancientauthors。Thesepoeticfragmentsclearlyantedatethe\"Life\"itself,whichseemstohavebeensowrittenroundthemastosupplyappropriateoccasionsfortheircomposition。EpigramiiionMidasofLarissawasotherwiseattributedtoCleobulusofLindus,oneoftheSevenSages;theaddresstoGlaucus（xi）ispurelyHesiodic;xiii,accordingtoMM。Croiset,isafragmentfromagnomicpoem。EpigramxivisacuriouspoemattributedonnoveryobviousgroundstoHesiodbyJuliusPollox。InitthepoetinvokesAthenatoprotectcertainpottersandtheircraft,iftheywill,accordingtopromise,givehimarewardforhissong;iftheyprovefalse,malignantgnomesareinvokedtowreckthekilnandhurtthepotters。
TheBurlesquePoemsToHomerwerepopularlyascribedcertainburlesquepoemsinwhichAristotle（\"Poetics\"iv）sawthegermofcomedy。Mostinterestingofthese,wereitextant,wouldbethe\"Margites\"。
Theherooftheepicisatoncesciolistandsimpleton,`knowingmanythings,butknowingthemallbadly\'。Itisunfortunatelyimpossibletotracetheplanofthepoem,whichpresumablydetailedtheadventuresofthisunheroiccharacter:themetreusedwasacuriousmixtureofhexametricandiambiclines。Thedateofsuchaworkcannotbehigh:CroisetthinksitmaybelongtotheperiodofArchilochus（c。650B。C。）,butitmaywellbesomewhatlater。
Anotherpoem,ofwhichweknowevenless,isthe\"Cercopes\"。
TheseCercopes（`Monkey—Men\'）wereapairofmalignantdwarfswhowentabouttheworldmischief—making。TheirpunishmentbyHeraclesisrepresentedononeoftheearliermetopesfromSelinus。Itwouldbeidletospeculateastothedateofthiswork。
Finallythereisthe\"BattleoftheFrogsandMice\"。Hereistoldthestoryofthequarrelwhicharosebetweenthetwotribes,andhowtheyfought,untilZeussentcrabstobreakupthebattle。Itisaparodyofthewarlikeepic,buthaslittleinitthatisreallycomicorofliterarymerit,exceptperhapsthelistofquaintarmsassumedbythewarriors。Thetextofthepoemisinachaoticcondition,andtherearemanyinterpolations,someofByzantinedate。
ThoughpopularlyascribedtoHomer,itsrealauthorissaidbySuidastohavebeenPigres,aCarian,brotherofArtemisia,`wifeofMausonis\',whodistinguishedherselfatthebattleofSalamis。
SuidasisconfusingthetwoArtemisias,buthemayberightinattributingthepoemtoabout480B。C。
TheContestofHomerandHesiodThiscuriousworkdatesinitspresentformfromthelifetimeorshortlyafterthedeathofHadrian,butseemstobebasedinpartonanearlierversionbythesophistAlcidamas（c。400B。C。）。
Plutarch（\"Conviv。Sept。Sap。\",40）usesanearlier（oratleastashorter）versionthanthatwhichwepossess（18）。Theextant\"Contest\",however,hasclearlycombinedwiththeoriginaldocumentmuchotherill—digestedmatteronthelifeanddescentofHomer,probablydrawingonthesamegeneralsourcesasdoestheHerodotean\"LifeofHomer\"。Itsscopeisasfollows:1）thedescent（asvariouslyreported）andrelativedatesofHomerandHesiod;2）theirpoeticalcontestatChalcis;3）thedeathofHesiod;4）thewanderingsandfortunesofHomer,withbriefnoticesofthecircumstancesunderwhichhisreputedworkswerecomposed,downtothetimeofhisdeath。
Thewholetractis,ofcourse,mereromance;itsonlyvaluesare1）theinsightitgiveintoancientspeculationsaboutHomer;2）
acertainamountofdefiniteinformationabouttheCyclicpoems;
and3）theepicfragmentsincludedinthestichomythiaofthe\"Contest\"proper,manyofwhich——didwepossesstheclue——
wouldhavetobereferredtopoemsoftheEpicCycle。
ENDNOTES:
（1）sc。inBoeotia,LocrisandThessaly:elsewherethemovementwasforcedandunfruitful。
（2）Theextantcollectionofthreepoems,\"WorksandDays\",\"Theogony\",and\"ShieldofHeracles\",whichalonehavecomedowntouscomplete,datesatleastfromthe4thcenturyA。D。:thetitleoftheParisPapyrus（Bibl。Nat。Suppl。Gr。
1099）namesonlythesethreeworks。
（3）\"DerDialektdesHesiodes\",p。464:examplesareAENEMI（W。
andD。683）andAROMENAI（ib。22）。
（4）T。W。AllensuggeststhattheconjuredDelianandPythianhymnstoApollo（\"HomericHymns\"III）mayhavesuggestedthisversionofthestory,thePythianhymnshowingstrongcontinentalinfluence。
（5）SheissaidtohavegivenbirthtothelyristStesichorus。
（6）SeeKinkel\"Epic。Graec。Frag。\"i。158ff。
（7）See\"GreatWorks\",frag。2。
（8）\"HesiodiFragmenta\",pp。119f。
（9）Possiblythedivisionofthispoemintotwobooksisadivisionbelongingsolelytothis`developedpoem\',whichmayhaveincludedinitssecondpartasummaryoftheTaleofTroy。
（10）Goettling\'sexplanation。
（11）x。1。52
（12）Odysseusappearstohavebeenmentionedonceonly——andthatcasually——inthe\"Returns\"。
（13）M。M。Croisetnotethatthe\"Aethiopis\"andthe\"Sack\"wereoriginallymerelypartsofoneworkcontaininglays（theAmazoneia,Aethiopis,Persis,etc。）,justasthe\"Iliad\"
containedvariouslayssuchastheDiomedeia。
（14）Nodateisassignedtohim,butitseemslikelythathewaseithercontemporaryorslightlyearlierthanLesches。
（15）Cp。AllenandSikes,\"HomericHymns\"p。xv。InthetextI
havefollowedthearrangementofthesescholars,numberingtheHymnstoDionysusandtoDemeter,IandIIrespectively:
toplace\"Demeter\"after\"Hermes\",andtheHymntoDionysusattheendofthecollectionseemstobemerelyperverse。
（16）\"GreekMelicPoets\",p。165。
（17）ThismonumentwasreturnedtoGreeceinthe1980\'s。——DBK。
（18）Cp。Marckscheffel,\"Hesiodifragmenta\",p。35。ThepapyrusfragmentrecoveredbyPetrie（\"PetriePapyri\",ed。Mahaffy,p。70,No。xxv。）agreesessentiallywiththeextantdocument,butdiffersinnumerousminortextualpoints。
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HESIOD。——TheclassificationandnumerationsofMSS。herefollowedisthatofRzach（1913）。ItisonlynecessarytoaddthatonthewholetherecoveryofHesiodicpapyrigoestoconfirmtheauthorityofthemediaevalMSS。Atthesametimethesefragmentshaveproducedmuchthatisinterestingandvaluable,suchasthenewlines,\"WorksandDays\"169a—d,andtheimprovedreadingsib。278,\"Theogony\"91,93。OurchiefgainsfrompapyriarethenumerousandexcellentfragmentsoftheCatalogueswhichhavebeenrecovered。
\"WorksandDays\":——
SOxyrhynchusPapyri1090。
AVienna,RainerPapyriL。P。21—9（4thcent。）。
BGeneva,NavillePapyriPap。94（6thcent。）。
CParis,Bibl。Nat。2771（11thcent。）。
DFlorence,Laur。xxxi39（12thcent。）。
EMessina,Univ。Lib。Preexistens11（12th—13thcent。）。
FRome,Vatican38（14thcent。）。
GVenice,Marc。ix6（14thcent。）。
HFlorence,Laur。xxxi37（14thcent。）。
IFlorence,Laur。xxxii16（13thcent。）。
KFlorence,Laur。xxxii2（14thcent。）。
LMilan,Ambros。G32sup。（14thcent。）。
MFlorence,Bibl。Riccardiana71（15thcent。）。
NMilan,Ambros。J15sup。（15thcent。）。
OParis,Bibl。Nat。2773（14thcent。）。
PCambridge,TrinityCollege（GaleMS。）,O。9。27（13th—14thcent。）。
QRome,Vatican1332（14thcent。）。
TheseMSS。aredividedbyRzachintothefollowingfamilies,issuingfromacommonoriginal:——
a=C
b=F,G,H
a=D
b=I,K,L,M
a=E
b=N,O,P,Q
\"Theogony\":——
NManchester,RylandsGK。PapyriNo。54（1stcent。B。C。—1stcent。A。D。）。
OOxyrhynchusPapyri873（3rdcent。）。
AParis,Bibl。Nat。Suppl。Graec。（papyrus）1099（4th—5thcent。）。
BLondon,BritishMuseamclix（4thcent。）。
RVienna,RainerPapyriL。P。21—9（4thcent。）。
CParis,Bibl。Nat。Suppl。Graec。663（12thcent。）。
DFlorence,Laur。xxxii16（13thcent。）。
EFlorence,Laur。,Conv。suppr。158（14thcent。）。
FParis,Bibl。Nat。2833（15thcent。）。
GRome,Vatican915（14thcent。）。
HParis,Bibl。Nat。2772（14thcent。）。
IFlorence,Laur。xxxi32（15thcent。）。
KVenice,Marc。ix6（15thcent。）。
LParis,Bibl。Nat。2708（15thcent。）。
TheseMSS。aredividedintotwofamilies:
a=C,D
b=E,F
c=G,H,I
=K,L
\"ShieldofHeracles\":——
POxyrhynchusPapyri689（2ndcent。）。
AVienna,RainerPapyriL。P。21—29（4thcent。）。
QBerlinPapyri,9774（1stcent。）。
BParis,Bibl。Nat。,Suppl。Graec。663（12thcent。）。
CParis,Bibl。Nat。,Suppl。Graec。663（12thcent。）。
DMilan,Ambros。C222（13thcent。）。
EFlorence,Laur。xxxii16（13thcent。）。
FParis,Bibl。Nat。2773（14thcent。）。
GParis,Bibl。Nat。2772（14thcent。）。
HFlorence,Laur。xxxi32（15thcent。）。
ILondon,BritishMuseaumHarleianus（14thcent。）。
KRome,Bibl。Casanat。356（14thcent。）
LFlorence,Laur。Conv。suppr。158（14thcent。）。
MParis,Bibl。Nat。2833（15thcent。）。
TheseMSS。belongtotwofamilies:
a=B,C,D,F
b=G,H,I
a=E
b=K,L,M
TothesemustbeaddedtwoMSS。ofmixedfamily:
NVenice,Marc。ix6（14thcent。）。
OParis,Bibl。Nat。2708（15thcent。）。