SONS AND LOVERS

第2章

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第2章

SONS AND LOVERS John Locke

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SONS AND LOVERS
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  ButthoughintheUniformityofitslegalWorth,OnehundredpoundoflawfulMoneybeingallthroughEnglandequalinitscurrentValuetoanyotherOnehundredpoundsoflawfulMoney,(becausebyvertueoftheLawitwilleverywherepassforasmuchWareorDebt,asanyotherHundredpounds)iscapabletohaveitsyearlyHirevaluedbetterthanLand:Yetinrespectofthevaryingneed,andnecessityofMoney,(whichchangeswiththeincreaseordecayofMoneyorTradeinaCountry)itisaslittlecapabletohaveitsyearlyHirefixedbyLaw,asLanditself。

  ForwerealltheLandinRumney-Marsh,AcreforAcre,equallygood,thatis,didconstantlyproducethesamequantityofequallygoodHayorGrass,oneasanother,theRentofit,underthatConsiderationofeveryAcrebeingofanequalWorth,wouldbecapableofbeingregulatedbyLaw;andonemightaswellEnact,ThatnoAcreofLandinRumney-MarshshallbeletforaboveFortyShillingsperAn。asthatnoHundredpound,shallbeletforaboveFourpoundsperAn。Butnobodycanthinkitfit(sincebyreasonoftheequalValueofthatLanditcan)thatthereforetheRentoftheLandinRumney-MarshshouldbeRegulatedbyLaw。ForsupposingalltheLandinRumney-Marsh,orinEngland,wereallofsoequalaWorth,thatanyoneAcre,comparedatthesametimetoanyoneother,wereequallygoodinrespectofitsProduct,yetthesameAcre,compar’dwithitselfindifferenttimes,wouldnotinrespectofRentbeofequalValue。Andthereforeitwouldhavebeenanunreasonablething,ifinthetimeofHenry7。theRentofLandinRumney-MarshhadbeensettledbyaLaw,accordingtothejudg’dValueofitatthattime,andthesameLaw,limitingtheRentperhapsto5s。perAcre,havecontinuedstill。TheAbsurdityandImpracticablenessofthiseveryoneseesatthefirstProposal,andreadilyconcludeswithinhimself,thatthingsmustbelefttofindtheirownPrice;anditisimpossibleinthistheirconstantmutabilityforHumanForesighttosetRulesandBoundstotheirconstantly-varyingProportionandUse,whichwillalwaysregulatetheirValue。

  TheywhoconsiderthingsbeyondtheirNames,willfind,ThatMoney,aswellasallotherCommodities,isliabletothesameChangesandInequalities:NayinthisrespectoftheVarietyofitsValue,broughtinbytimeintheSuccessionofAffairs,theRateofMoneyislesscapableofbeingregulatedbyaLawinanyCountrythantheRentofLand。BecausetothequickChanges,thathappeninTrade,thistoomustbeadded,ThatMoneymaybebroughtin,orcarriedoutofthekingdom,whichLandcannot;andsothatbetrulyworth6or8perCent。thisYear,whichwouldyieldbut4thelast。

  2。MoneyhasaValue,asitiscapablebyExchangetoprocureustheNecessariesorConvenienciesofLife,andinthisithastheNatureofaCommodity;onlywiththisdifference,ThatitservesuscommonlybyitsExchange,neveralmostbyitsConsumption。ButthoughtheuseMenmakeofMoneybenotinitsConsumption,yetithasnotatallamorestandingsettledValueinExchangewithanyotherthing,thananyotherCommodityhas,butamoreknownone,andbetterfittedbyName,Number,andWeight,toenableustoreckonwhattheProportionofScarcityandVentofoneCommodityistoanother。Forsupposing,asbefore,thathalfanOunceofSilverwouldlastYearexchangeforoneBushelofWheat,orfor15l。weightofLead;ifthisYearWheatbeTentimesscarcer,andLeadinthesamequantitytoitsVentasitwas,isitnotevidentthathalfanOunceofSilverwillstillexchangefor15l。ofLead,thoughitwillexchangebutforOneTenthofaBushelofWheat;andhethathasuseofLeadwillassoontake15l。weightofLead,ashalfanOunceofSilver,forOneTenthofaBushelofWheat,andnomore。Sothatifyousay,thatMoneynowisNineTenthslessworth,thanitwastheformerYear,youmustsaysoofLeadtoo,andallotherthings,thatkeepthesameProportiontoMoneywhichtheyhadbefore。Thevariationindeedisfirstandmosttakennotice{of}

  inMoney:BecausethatistheuniversalmeasurebywhichPeoplereckon,andusedbyeverybodyinthevaluingofallThings。ForcallingthathalfOunceofSilverHalfaCrown,theyspeakproperly,andarereadilyunderstoodwhentheysay,HalfaCrown,ortwoShillingsandsixPence,willnowbuyOneTenthofaBushelofWheat,butdonotsay,That15l。ofLeadwillnowbuyOneTenthofaBushelofWheat,becauseitisnotgenerallyusedtothissortofReckoning:nordotheysayLeadislessworththanitwas,thoughinrespectofWheatLeadbeNineTenthsworsethanitwas,aswellasSilver:onlybytheTaleofShillingswearebetterenabledtojudgeofit:BecausethesearemeasureswhoseIdeasbyconstantusearesetledineveryEnglishMan’smind。

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