HeteronomyoftheWillastheSourceofallspuriousPrinciplesofMoralityIfthewillseeksthelawwhichistodetermineitanywhereelsethaninthefitnessofitsmaximstobeuniversallawsofitsowndictation，consequentlyifitgoesoutofitselfandseeksthislawinthecharacterofanyofitsobjects，therealwaysresultsheteronomy。Thewillinthatcasedoesnotgiveitselfthelaw，butitisgivenbytheobjectthroughitsrelationtothewill。Thisrelation，whetheritrestsoninclinationoronconceptionsofreason，onlyadmitsofhypotheticalimperatives：\"IoughttodosomethingbecauseIwishforsomethingelse。\"Onthecontrary，themoral，andthereforecategorical，imperativesays：\"Ioughttodosoandso，eventhoughIshouldnotwishforanythingelse。\"E。g。，theformersays：\"I
oughtnottolie，ifIwouldretainmyreputation\"；thelattersays：
\"Ioughtnottolie，althoughitshouldnotbringmetheleastdiscredit。\"Thelatterthereforemustsofarabstractfromallobjectsthattheyshallhavenoinfluenceonthewill，inorderthatpracticalreason（will）maynotberestrictedtoadministeringaninterestnotbelongingtoit，butmaysimplyshowitsowncommandingauthorityasthesupremelegislation。Thus，e。g。，Ioughttoendeavourtopromotethehappinessofothers，notasifitsrealizationinvolvedanyconcernofmine（whetherbyimmediateinclinationorbyanysatisfactionindirectlygainedthroughreason），butsimplybecauseamaximwhichexcludesitcannotbecomprehendedasauniversallawinoneandthesamevolition。
ClassificationofallPrinciplesofMoralitywhichcanbefoundedontheConceptionofHeteronomyHereaselsewherehumanreasoninitspureuse，solongasitwasnotcriticallyexamined，hasfirsttriedallpossiblewrongwaysbeforeitsucceededinfindingtheonetrueway。
Allprincipleswhichcanbetakenfromthispointofviewareeitherempiricalorrational。Theformer，drawnfromtheprincipleofhappiness，arebuiltonphysicalormoralfeelings；thelatter，drawnfromtheprincipleofperfection，arebuilteitherontherationalconceptionofperfectionasapossibleeffect，oronthatofanindependentperfection（thewillofGod）asthedeterminingcauseofourwill。