In1828hedeclaredthathe’lamentedfromthebottomofhissoulthemassofevilandmiseryanddestructionofcapitalwhichthatlawinthecourseoftwelveyearshadproduced。’21Ricardo，meanwhile，andtheeconomistshadfromthefirstappliedtoagriculturetheprincipleswhichHuskissonappliedtomanufactures。22Huskisson’smelancholydeathhasleftusunabletosaywhetheruponthismatterhewouldhavebeenasconvertibleasPeel。InanycasethegeneralprincipleoffreetradewasasfullyadoptedbyHuskissonandCanningasbytheUtilitariansthemselves。TheUtilitarianscouldagainclaimtobeboththeinspirersofthefirstprinciples，andthemostconsistentincarryingoutthedeductions。
They，itistrue，werenotgenerallybiassedbyhavinganyinterestinrents。Theyweretobethealliesorteachersofthemanufacturingclasswhichbegantobedecidedlyopposedtothesquiresandtheoldorder。
Inoneveryimportanteconomicquestion，theUtilitariansnotonlyapprovedachangeofthelaw，butwerethemainagentsinbringingitabout。FrancisPlacewasthewire-puller，towhoseenergywasduetheabolitionoftheConspiracyLawsin1824。JosephHumeintheHouseofCommons，andM’Culloch，theneditoroftheScotsman，hadthemostconspicuouspartintheagitation，butPlaceworkedthemachineryofagitation。Thebillpassedin1824wasmodifiedbyanactof1825；butthemodification，owingtoPlace’sefforts，wasnotserious，andtheact，aswearetoldongoodauthority，’effectedarealemancipation，’andforthefirsttimeestablishedtherightof’collectivebargaining。’23Theremarkablethingisthatthisact，carriedontheprinciplesof’Radicalindividualism’andbytheeffortsofRadicalindividualists，wasthusafirststeptowardstheapplicationtopracticeofsocialistdoctrine。Placethoughtthattheresultoftheactwouldbenottheencouragement，butthedecline，oftrades-unions。Theunionshadbeenduetothenecessityofcombiningagainstoppressivelaws，andwouldceasewhenthoselawswereabolished。24Thismarksaverysignificantstageinthedevelopmentofeconomicopinion。
IV。CHURCHREFORM
ThemovementwhichatthisperiodwasmostconspicuouspoliticallywasthatwhichresultedinRomanCatholicemancipation，andhere，too，theUtilitariansmightbeanticipatingacompletetriumphoftheirprinciples。Theexistingdisqualifications，indeed，wereupheldbylittlebutthepurelyobstructivesentiment。WhenthedukeofYorksworethat’sohelphimGod！’hewouldopposethechangetothelast，hesummedupthewhole’argument’againstit，CanningandHuskissonhererepresentedthepolicynotonlyofPitt，butofCastlereagh。