John Stuart Mill

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第65章

John Stuart Mill Leslie Stephen

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John Stuart Mill
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  SofarMaurice’steachingwouldcommandthesympathyofallwhocalledthemselvesliberal。ButwhatbecomesofLogic?Canphilosophydispensewithitaltogether?Mauriceprofessedlyappealstotheheart。Theappealismadeoverandoveragaininagreatvarietyofforms:tothe’greathumanheart,’to’bedriddensufferers,’to’peasants,women,andchildren,’170*andwearetoldthatitisthe’officeofthetheologian’toappealnottohisownjudgmentorthatoftheages,buttothe’conscience,heart,reasonofmankind。’171*Nothingcanbemoretothepurposeifweareconsideringtheefficacyofareligiousbelief;

  butwemustaskhowthisappealisrelatedtothequestionofitstruth。Theemotionsarenotreason,thoughtheyareboundtobereasonable。Thepositionisthatofallmysticism。Themysticisonewhovirtuallydethronesreasoninfavouroftheheart。

  Thereforemysticismleadstoallthevaryingbeliefswhicharesuggestedbyourunguidedfeelings。WhenMauricewaschargedwithbeinghimselfamysticorneoplatonist,hisreplywasthattheerrorofthemysticisnotinrecognisingan’innerlight,’butinsupposingthathisintuitionissomethingpersonalandprivate,andnotauniversalfacultyofthehumanheart。172*Headmits,thatis,thatallreligionimpliesthedirectrecognitionofdivineinfluencesbythehumanheart,thoughitisterriblyapttoconfoundthetrueintuitionwithcertainerroneousdoctrines。Bywhattest,then,arewetoseparatethetruelightfromthemisleadinggleamsofhumanpassionandprejudices?HowcanweknowthatitisthedivineLogoswhichisspeakingtous,andnotsomesophistsubstitutingamerehumantheory?

  ThisgivesMaurice’scharacteristicdoctrine,repeatedincountlessformswithmostgenuinefervour,andyetleavingthepainfulimpressionthatwecannevergetadistinctmeaning。Hetellsusagainandagainthatwerequirenotasystembutarevelation;thatwearetobelieveinGod,notinatheoryaboutGod;notin’notions’butinprinciples;thatatheologyisgroundlesswhich’acceptsasatenetwhatisrevealedasatruth,’173*andthatweshallbe’driventocreeds’by’wearinessoftenets。’174*These,andcountlessvariationsuponthesametheme,involveapuzzlingdistinction。How,precisely,doesthebeliefinGoddifferfromtheacceptanceofatheoryaboutGod?Maurice,Imayperhapssay,takesthebeliefinGodtobeanoperation,notamerebitoflogic;anactoftheman’swholenature,notapurelyintellectualprocesssuchasthedeductionoftheconclusionofasyllogism。Itistheapprehensionofthe’innerlight,’alwaysperceptibleiftheeyebeopened,andwhichisinthesameindissolublemomentnotmerelyenlighteningbutlife-giving。Thevisionisalso’dynamical’:thesubmissionofourselvestoaforceaswellastherecognitionoftheexistenceofcertainoutwardfacts。Itimpliesnotmerelytheadmissionofanewtheoryabouttheuniverse,butthebringingourselvesintoharmonywiththeonecentralforceoftheuniverse——thatiswiththeGodwhoisLoveaswellaspowerandwisdom。Thisisthetruemysticaldoctrine;

  andthatdoctrine,ifnotthemostlogical,isthemostunanswerableformofreligiousbelief。Ifamanbelievesthathehasthe’innerlight,’heisinhisowncourtbeyondappeal。Butthedifficultyofmakinghisdecisionsvalidforotherscannotbeevaded,andimpliessomeuseoflogic。Iftheinnerlightimpliesknowledgeaswellasanemotion,itshouldbeexpressibleinformstrueforallmen。Themereformulabyitselfmaybebarren,ormerelysubordinate;butifanydefinitecreedistoemerge,itmustincludetenetscapableoflogicalexpression。Thisis,infact,theproblemroundwhichMauriceisalwaysturning。

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