John Stuart Mill

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第64章

John Stuart Mill Leslie Stephen

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John Stuart Mill
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  Hestill,thatis,requiresabreathing-spacefortheimagination。’Truthistheprovinceofreason,’but’intheregulationoftheimaginationliteraltruthoffactsisnottheonlythingtobeconsidered。’156*Reasonmustkeepthefortress,butthe’imaginationmaysafelyfollowitsownendanddoitsbesttomakelifepleasantandlovelyinsidethecastle。’

  Thus,thoughweareonlyentitledtohopeastothegovernmentoftheworldandalifeafterdeath,thebarehopemayhaveabeneficialeffect。’Itmakeslifeandhumannatureafargreaterthingtothefeelings,andgivesgreaterstrengthandsolemnitytoallthesentimentswhichareawakenedinusbyourfellow-creaturesandmankindatlarge。’Aspirationsarenolongercheckedbythedisastrousfeelingof’notworthwhile。’Religion,too,hasatbeforeusa’DivinePerson,asastandardofexcellenceandamodelforimitation。’157*Theideal,itistrue,wouldremain,evenifthepersonwereheldtobeimaginary;

  andwouldnotbeencumberedbytheologicaldifficulties。Yetthereisanadvantageinthebeliefthataperfectbeingreallyexistsandrepresentstheruleroftheuniverse,whichcannotbesharedbytherationalist。158*Henceas,afterall,thetruthofthebeliefispossible,itmaybecombinedwiththeReligionofHumanity。Thatreligion,’withorwithoutsupernaturalsanctions,’willbethereligionofthefuture;butitwillbestrengthenedbythefeelingthatweare’helpingGod’andsupplying’cooperation’which’he,notbeingomnipotent,reallyneeds。’159*Truly,Millwasnearlyqualifiedforaplaceamongtheprophets。

  Mill’sarbitraryassumptions,likethemetaphysicalwiredrawingsofMansel,areratherunprofitableinthemselves:fewpeoplewillcaretofollowthemindetail;andneithercouldboastofmanyconverts。BelieverssoonbecameawareoftherealscepticismofMansel’sposition;andpositivistssawthatMillleftanopeningforsuperstition。BothManselandMillweretroubledabouttheReligionofNature。Itisabundantlyclear,asMillmighthaveforeseen,thatsuchatheologyashecontemplatescouldbeofnorealvalue。Itdependsessentiallyuponcompromisesandarbitrarydistinctions。Itisstillwithinthesphereofscience,thoughdoomedtodisappearasscienceadvances,andfromthefirstisinconsistentwiththeveryaimswhichareproposedbytheology。Godisadmittedlynotomnipotent,andhisexistenceisnoguaranteeformoralityoroptimism。AndhencethereisanoddapproximationbetweenMillandMansel。

  Millobserves160*thatthemoralcharacterofanallegedrevelationcannotbeofitselfaproofofitsdivinity。Theimportanceofthe’internalevidence’istherefore’principallynegative。’SosaysMansel。’Theevidencederivedfromtheinternalcharacterofareligion,whatevermaybeitsvaluewithinitsproperlimits,is,asregardsthedivineoriginofthereligion,purelynegative。’161*Whereisthedifference?Ifthemoralityofarevelationbebad,Millarguesthattherevelationmustbeatoncerejected。Manselthinksthatalthoughthemoralitybenotclearlygood,itmayinsomewayrepresentadivinecommand。Immorallawscannotbedivine,saysMill,thoughagoodlawmaybehuman。Alawapparentlybad,repliesMansel,maybedivine,though,ofcourse,thebadnesscanonlybeapparent。Here,aselsewhere,thebelieverintheempiricalcharacterofmoralityappearstoattributemostcertaintytothemoraljudgment。Thesolutionsdifferaccordingly。MillsupposesthatGodmustbegood,butreconcilesthistofactsbyassumingthatGodisnotall-powerful。Manselwillnotgiveupthepower,andtopreservethegoodnesshastoassumearadicalincapacityintheintellect——anecessityofbelievingwherethereisanimpotenceofconceiving。Mill,thatis,iscontentwiththeempiricaldeity,whoisnecessarilylimited;andManselkeepsthedeityofontologybutadmitsthathecannotbeknown。Mill’sconceptionispurelyarbitrary,thoughhekeepswithinthelimitsofconceivableexperience;whileManselpreservesthelanguageappropriatetotheconceptionofabsoluteunity,andyetadmitsthatitcanmeannothingforus。’Agnosticism’seemstobeaneasierandmorerationalalternative;ifitmeansanopenadmissionthatweknownothing,whenwecanonlysaveourappearanceofknowledgebyarbitraryassumptionsorbytheuseofmeaninglesswords。OfMill’spositionitmustbefranklyadmittedthathisdesireforareligiousandevensupernaturalbeliefisaproofofdissatisfactionwithhisownposition。Hefelthere,aselsewhere,thatsomethingwaswantinginhisphilosophy。Whatthatreallywasmaypartlyappearbyconsideringothercontemporarysolutions。Manselrepresentsaparticularphaseofthoughtwhichisalreadyextinct,andviewsdifferingbothfromtheirsandfromMill’shadinpracticeafarwiderinfluencethaneither。

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