LEVIATHAN

第88章

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第88章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  Andwhereasmendivideabodyintheirthought,bynumberingpartsofit,andinnumberingthoseparts,numberalsothepartsoftheplaceitfilled;itcannotbebutinmakingmanyparts,wemakealsomanyplacesofthoseparts;wherebytherecannotbeconceivedinthemindofanymanmoreorfewerpartsthanthereareplacesfor:yettheywillhaveusbelievethatbytheAlmightypowerofGod,onebodymaybeatoneandthesametimeinmanyplaces;andmanybodiesatoneandthesametimeinoneplace;asifitwereanacknowledgementoftheDivinePowertosay,thatwhichis,isnot;

  orthatwhichhasbeen,hasnotbeen。Andthesearebutasmallpartoftheincongruitiestheyareforcedto,fromtheirdisputingphilosophically,insteadofadmiringandadoringofthedivineandincomprehensibleNature;whoseattributescannotsignifywhatHeis,butoughttosignifyourdesiretohonourHimwiththebestappellationswecanthinkon。ButtheythatventuretoreasonofHisnature,fromtheseattributesofhonour,losingtheirunderstandingintheveryfirstattempt,fallfromoneinconvenienceintoanother,withoutendandwithoutnumber;inthesamemanneraswhenamanignorantoftheceremoniesofcourt,comingintothepresenceofagreaterpersonthanheisusedtospeakto,andstumblingathisentrance,tosavehimselffromfalling,letssliphiscloak;torecoverhiscloak,letsfallhishat;and,withonedisorderafteranother,discovershisastonishmentandrusticity。

  Thenforphysics,thatis,theknowledgeofthesubordinateandsecondarycausesofnaturalevents,theyrendernoneatallbutemptywords。Ifyoudesiretoknowwhysomekindofbodiessinknaturallydownwardstowardtheearth,andothersgonaturallyfromit,theSchoolswilltellyou,outofAristotle,thatthebodiesthatsinkdownwardsareheavy;andthatthisheavinessisitthatcausesthemtodescend。Butifyouaskwhattheymeanbyheaviness,theywilldefineittobeanendeavourtogotothecenteroftheearth:sothatthecausewhythingssinkdownwardisanendeavourtobebelow;

  whichisasmuchastosaythatbodiesdescend,orascend,becausetheydo。Ortheywilltellyouthecenteroftheearthistheplaceofrestandconservationforheavythings,andthereforetheyendeavourtobethere:asifstonesandmetalshadadesire,orcoulddiscerntheplacetheywouldbeat,asmandoes;orlovedrest,asmandoesnot;orthatapieceofglasswerelesssafeinthewindowthanfallingintothestreet。

  Ifwewouldknowwhythesamebodyseemsgreater,withoutaddingtoit,onetimethananother;theysay,whenitseemsless,itiscondensed;whengreater,rarefied。Whatisthatcondensedandrarefied?Condensediswhenthereisintheverysamematterlessquantitythanbefore;andrarefied,whenmore。Asiftherecouldbematterthathadnotsomedeterminedquantity;whenquantityisnothingelsebutthedeterminationofmatter;thatistosay,ofbody,bywhichwesayonebodyisgreaterorlesserthananotherbythus,orthusmuch。Orasifabodyweremadewithoutanyquantityatall,andthatafterwardsmoreorlesswereputintoit,accordingasitisintendedthebodyshouldbemoreorlessdense。

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