LEVIATHAN

第17章

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第17章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  Thesamemaybesaidofwounds,andchains,andimprisonment,bothbecausethereisnobenefitconsequenttosuchpatience,asthereistothepatienceofsufferinganothertobewoundedorimprisoned,asalsobecauseamancannottellwhenheseethmenproceedagainsthimbyviolencewhethertheyintendhisdeathornot。Andlastlythemotiveandendforwhichthisrenouncingandtransferringofrightisintroducedisnothingelsebutthesecurityofaman’sperson,inhislife,andinthemeansofsopreservinglifeasnottobewearyofit。Andthereforeifamanbywords,orothersigns,seemtodespoilhimselfoftheendforwhichthosesignswereintended,heisnottobeunderstoodasifhemeantit,orthatitwashiswill,butthathewasignorantofhowsuchwordsandactionsweretobeinterpreted。

  Themutualtransferringofrightisthatwhichmencallcontract。

  Thereisdifferencebetweentransferringofrighttothething,thething,andtransferringortradition,thatis,deliveryofthethingitself。Forthethingmaybedeliveredtogetherwiththetranslationoftheright,asinbuyingandsellingwithreadymoney,orexchangeofgoodsorlands,anditmaybedeliveredsometimeafter。

  Again,oneofthecontractorsmaydeliverthethingcontractedforonhispart,andleavetheothertoperformhispartatsomedeterminatetimeafter,andinthemeantimebetrusted;andthenthecontractonhispartiscalledpact,orcovenant:orbothpartsmaycontractnowtoperformhereafter,inwhichcaseshethatistoperformintimetocome,beingtrusted,hisperformanceiscalledkeepingofpromise,orfaith,andthefailingofperformance,ifitbevoluntary,violationoffaith。

  Whenthetransferringofrightisnotmutual,butoneofthepartiestransferrethinhopetogaintherebyfriendshiporservicefromanother,orfromhisfriends;orinhopetogainthereputationofcharity,ormagnanimity;ortodeliverhismindfromthepainofcompassion;orinhopeofrewardinheaven;thisisnotcontract,butgift,freegift,grace:whichwordssignifyoneandthesamething。

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