LEVIATHAN

第3章

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第3章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  Thetrainofregulatedthoughtsisoftwokinds:one,whenofaneffectimaginedweseekthecausesormeansthatproduceit;andthisiscommontomanandbeast。Theotheris,whenimagininganythingwhatsoever,weseekallthepossibleeffectsthatcanbyitbeproduced;thatistosay,weimaginewhatwecandowithitwhenwehaveit。OfwhichIhavenotatanytimeseenanysign,butinmanonly;forthisisacuriosityhardlyincidenttothenatureofanylivingcreaturethathasnootherpassionbutsensual,suchasarehunger,thirst,lust,andanger。Insum,thediscourseofthemind,whenitisgovernedbydesign,isnothingbutseeking,orthefacultyofinvention,whichtheLatinscallsagacitas,andsolertia;ahuntingoutofthecausesofsomeeffect,presentorpast;oroftheeffectsofsomepresentorpastcause。Sometimesamanseekswhathehathlost;andfromthatplace,andtime,whereinhemissesit,hismindrunsback,fromplacetoplace,andtimetotime,tofindwhereandwhenhehadit;thatistosay,tofindsomecertainandlimitedtimeandplaceinwhichtobeginamethodofseeking。Again,fromthence,histhoughtsrunoverthesameplacesandtimestofindwhatactionorotheroccasionmightmakehimloseit。Thiswecallremembrance,orcallingtomind:theLatinscallitreminiscentia,asitwereare-conningofourformeractions。

  Sometimesamanknowsaplacedeterminate,withinthecompasswhereofheistoseek;andthenhisthoughtsrunoverallthepartsthereofinthesamemannerasonewouldsweeparoomtofindajewel;orasaspanielrangesthefieldtillhefindascent;orasamanshouldrunoverthealphabettostartarhyme。

  Sometimesamandesirestoknowtheeventofanaction;andthenhethinkethofsomelikeactionpast,andtheeventsthereofoneafteranother,supposinglikeeventswillfollowlikeactions。Ashethatforeseeswhatwillbecomeofacriminalre-conswhathehasseenfollowonthelikecrimebefore,havingthisorderofthoughts;thecrime,theofficer,theprison,thejudge,andthegallows。Whichkindofthoughtsiscalledforesight,andprudence,orprovidence,andsometimeswisdom;thoughsuchconjecture,throughthedifficultyofobservingallcircumstances,beveryfallacious。Butthisiscertain:byhowmuchonemanhasmoreexperienceofthingspastthananother;bysomuchalsoheismoreprudent,andhisexpectationstheseldomerfailhim。Thepresentonlyhasabeinginnature;

  thingspasthaveabeinginthememoryonly;butthingstocomehavenobeingatall,thefuturebeingbutafictionofthemind,applyingthesequelsofactionspasttotheactionsthatarepresent;whichwithmostcertaintyisdonebyhimthathasmostexperience,butnotwithcertaintyenough。Andthoughitbecalledprudencewhentheeventanswerethourexpectation;yetinitsownnatureitisbutpresumption。Fortheforesightofthingstocome,whichisprovidence,belongsonlytohimbywhosewilltheyaretocome。Fromhimonly,andsupernaturally,proceedsprophecy。Thebestprophetnaturallyisthebestguesser;andthebestguesser,hethatismostversedandstudiedinthemattersheguessesat,forhehathmostsignstoguessby。

  Asignistheeventantecedentoftheconsequent;andcontrarily,theconsequentoftheantecedent,whenthelikeconsequenceshavebeenobservedbefore:andtheoftenertheyhavebeenobserved,thelessuncertainisthesign。Andthereforehethathasmostexperienceinanykindofbusinesshasmostsignswherebytoguessatthefuturetime,andconsequentlyisthemostprudent:andsomuchmoreprudentthanhethatisnewinthatkindofbusiness,asnottobeequalledbyanyadvantageofnaturalandextemporarywit,thoughperhapsmanyyoungmenthinkthecontrary。

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