LEVIATHAN

第2章

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第2章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  whichkindoffancyhathnoparticularname,asbeingathingthatdothnotcommonlyfallintomen’sdiscourse。

  Theimaginationsofthemthatsleeparethosewecalldreams。Andthesealsoasallotherimaginationshavebeenbefore,eithertotallyorbyparcels,inthesense。Andbecauseinsense,thebrainandnerves,whicharethenecessaryorgansofsense,aresobenumbedinsleepasnoteasilytobemovedbytheactionofexternalobjects,therecanhappeninsleepnoimagination,andthereforenodream,butwhatproceedsfromtheagitationoftheinwardpartsofman’sbody;whichinwardparts,fortheconnexiontheyhavewiththebrainandotherorgans,whentheybedistempereddokeepthesameinmotion;wherebytheimaginationsthereformerlymade,appearasifamanwerewaking;savingthattheorgansofsensebeingnowbenumbed,soasthereisnonewobjectwhichcanmasterandobscurethemwithamorevigorousimpression,adreammustneedsbemoreclear,inthissilenceofsense,thanareourwakingthoughts。Andhenceitcomethtopassthatitisahardmatter,andbymanythoughtimpossible,todistinguishexactlybetweensenseanddreaming。Formypart,whenIconsiderthatindreamsIdonotoftennorconstantlythinkofthesamepersons,places,objects,andactionsthatIdowaking,norremembersolongatrainofcoherentthoughtsdreamingasatothertimes;andbecausewakingIoftenobservetheabsurdityofdreams,butneverdreamoftheabsurditiesofmywakingthoughts,Iamwellsatisfiedthat,beingawake,IknowIdreamnot;

  thoughwhenIdream,Ithinkmyselfawake。

  Andseeingdreamsarecausedbythedistemperofsomeoftheinwardpartsofthebody,diversedistempersmustneedscausedifferentdreams。Andhenceitisthatlyingcoldbreedethdreamsoffear,andraiseththethoughtandimageofsomefearfulobject,themotionfromthebraintotheinnerparts,andfromtheinnerpartstothebrainbeingreciprocal;andthatasangercausethheatinsomepartsofthebodywhenweareawake,sowhenwesleeptheoverheatingofthesamepartscausethanger,andraisethupinthebraintheimaginationofanenemy。Inthesamemanner,asnaturalkindnesswhenweareawakecausethdesire,anddesiremakesheatincertainotherpartsofthebody;soalsotoomuchheatinthoseparts,whilewesleep,raisethinthebrainanimaginationofsomekindnessshown。Insum,ourdreamsarethereverseofourwakingimaginations;themotionwhenweareawakebeginningatoneend,andwhenwedream,atanother。

  Themostdifficultdiscerningofaman’sdreamfromhiswakingthoughtsis,then,whenbysomeaccidentweobservenotthatwehaveslept:whichiseasytohappentoamanfulloffearfulthoughts;

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