The Theory of the Leisure Class

第16章

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第16章

The Theory of the Leisure Class Thorstein Veblen

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The Theory of the Leisure Class
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  Everydaylifeaffordsmanycuriousillustrationsofthewayinwhichthecodeofpecuniarybeautyinarticlesofusevariesfromclasstoclass,aswellasofthewayinwhichtheconventionalsenseofbeautydepartsinitsdeliverancesfromthesenseuntutoredbytherequirementsofpecuniaryrepute。Suchafactisthelawn,ortheclose-croppedyardorpark,whichappealssounaffectedlytothetasteoftheWesternpeoples。Itappearsespeciallytoappealtothetastesofthewell-to-doclassesinthosecommunitiesinwhichthedolicho-blondelementpredominatesinanappreciabledegree。Thelawnunquestionablyhasanelementofsensuousbeauty,simplyasanobjectofapperception,andassuchnodoubtitappealsprettydirectlytotheeyeofnearlyallracesandallclasses;butitis,perhaps,moreunquestionablybeautifultotheeyeofthedolicho-blondthantomostothervarietiesofmen。Thishigherappreciationofastretchofgreenswardinthisethnicelementthanintheotherelementsofthepopulation,goesalongwithcertainotherfeaturesofthedolicho-blondtemperamentthatindicatethatthisracialelementhadoncebeenforalongtimeapastoralpeopleinhabitingaregionwithahumidclimate。Theclose-croppedlawnisbeautifulintheeyesofapeoplewhoseinheritedbentitistoreadilyfindpleasureincontemplatingawell-preservedpastureorgrazingland。

  Fortheaestheticpurposethelawnisacowpasture;andinsomecasestoday——wheretheexpensivenessoftheattendantcircumstancesbarsoutanyimputationofthrift——theidylofthedolicho-blondisrehabilitatedintheintroductionofacowintoalawnorprivateground。Insuchcasesthecowmadeuseofiscommonlyofanexpensivebreed。Thevulgarsuggestionofthrift,whichisnearlyinseparablefromthecow,isastandingobjectiontothedecorativeuseofthisanimal。Sothatinallcases,exceptwhereluxurioussurroundingsnegatethissuggestion,theuseofthecowasanobjectoftastemustbeavoided。Wherethepredilectionforsomegrazinganimaltofilloutthesuggestionofthepastureistoostrongtobesuppressed,thecow’splaceisoftengiventosomemoreorlessinadequatesubstitute,suchasdeer,antelopes,orsomesuchexoticbeast。

  Thesesubstitutes,althoughlessbeautifultothepastoraleyeofWesternmanthanthecow,areinsuchcasespreferredbecauseoftheirsuperiorexpensivenessorfutility,andtheirconsequentrepute。Theyarenotvulgarlylucrativeeitherinfactorinsuggestion。

  Publicparksofcoursefallinthesamecategorywiththelawn;theytoo,attheirbest,areimitationsofthepasture。

  Suchaparkisofcoursebestkeptbygrazing,andthecattleonthegrassarethemselvesnomeanadditiontothebeautyofthething,asneedscarcelybeinsistedonwithanyonewhohasonceseenawell-keptpasture。Butitisworthnoting,asanexpressionofthepecuniaryelementinpopulartaste,thatsuchamethodofkeepingpublicgroundsisseldomresortedto。Thebestthatisdonebyskilledworkmenunderthesupervisionofatrainedkeeperisamoreorlesscloseimitationofapasture,buttheresultinvariablyfallssomewhatshortoftheartisticeffectofgrazing。Buttotheaveragepopularapprehensionaherdofcattlesopointedlysuggeststhriftandusefulnessthattheirpresenceinthepublicpleasuregroundwouldbeintolerablycheap。Thismethodofkeepinggroundsiscomparativelyinexpensive,thereforeitisindecorous。

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