Methods of Ethics

第55章

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第55章

Methods of Ethics Henry Sidgwick

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Methods of Ethics
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  What,then,istheconductwhichPurityforbidsfortheprincipleismoreeasilydiscussedinitsnegativeaspect?Asthenormalandobviousendofsexualintercourseisthepropagationofthespecies,somehavethoughtthatallindulgenceofappetite,exceptasameanstothisend,shouldbeprohibited。ButthisdoctrinewouldleadtoarestrictionofconjugalintercoursefartoosevereforCommonSense。Shallwesay,then,thatPurityforbidssuchindulgenceexceptundertheconditionsofconjugaluniondefinedbyLaw?Butthisanswer,again,furtherreflectionshowstobeunsatisfactory。For,first,weshouldnot,onconsideration,callaconjugalunionimpure,merelybecausethepartieshadwilfullyomittedtofulfillegalconditions,andhadmadeacontractwhichthelawdeclinedtoenforce。Wemightcondemntheirconduct,butweshouldnotapplytoitthisnotion。And,secondly,wefeelthatpositivelawmaybeunfavourabletoPurity,andthatinfactPurity,likeJustice,issomethingwhichthelawoughttomaintain,butdoesnotalways。Wehavetoask,then,whatkindofsexualrelationswearetocallessentiallyimpure,whethercountenancedornotbyLawandCustom?Thereappeartobenodistinctprinciples,havinganyclaimtoself-evidence,uponwhichthequestioncanbeansweredsoastocommandgeneralassent。Itwouldbedifficulteventostatesuchaprinciplefordeterminingthedegreeofconsanguinitybetweenhusbandandwifewhichconstitutesaunionincestuous;althoughtheaversionwithwhichsuchunionsarecommonlyregardedisapeculiarlyintensemoralsentiment;andthedifficultybecomesindefinitelygreaterwhenweconsidertherationaleofprohibiteddegreesofaffinity。Again,probablyfewwouldstigmatisealegalpolygynousconnexionasimpure,howevertheymightdisapproveofthelawandofthestateofsocietyinwhichsuchalawwasestablished:

  butiflegalPolygynyisnotimpure,isPolyandry,whenlegalandcustomary——asisnotunfrequentlythecaseamongthelowerracesofman——tobesocharacterised?

  andifnot,onwhatrationalprinciplecanthenotionbeappliedtoinstitutionsandconduct?Again,wheredivorcebymutualconsent,withsubsequentmarriage,islegalised,wedonotcallthisanoffenceagainstPurity:andyetiftheprincipleoffreechangebeonceadmitted,itseemsparadoxicaltodistinguishpurityfromimpuritymerelybylessrapidityoftransition;

  andtocondemnasimpureeven`FreeLove’,insofarasitisearnestlyadvocatedasameanstoacompleterharmonyofsentimentbetweenmenandwomen,andnottomeresensuallicense。

  Shallwe,then,fallbackuponthepresenceofmutualaffectionasdistinguishedfrommereappetiteasconstitutingtheessenceofpuresexualrelations?Butthis,again,whiletoolaxfromonepointofview,seemsfromanothertoosevereforCommonSense:aswedonotcondemnmarriageswithoutaffectionasimpure,althoughwedisapproveofthemasproductiveofunhappiness。Suchmarriages,indeed,aresometimesstigmatisedas``legalisedprostitution’’,butthephraseisfelttobeextravagantandparadoxical;anditisevendoubtfulwhetherwedodisapproveofthemunderallcircumstances;ase。g。inthecaseofroyalalliances。

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