Letusproceed，then，toconsiderhowfarthesocialsanctioninsuchcasessuppliesthedefectsofthelegal。Nodoubtthehopeofpraiseandlikingandservicesfromone’sfellow-men，andthefearofforfeitingtheseandincurringinsteadaversion，refusalofaid，andsocialexclusion，areconsiderationsoftenimportantenoughtodeterminetherationalegoisttolaw-observance，evenindefaultofadequatelegalpenalties。Stillthesesanctionsareliabletofailjustwherethelegalpenaltiesaredefective；socialnolessthanlegalpenaltiesareevadedbysecretcrimes；andincasesofcriminalrevolutionaryviolence，theefficacyofthesocialsanctionisapttobeseriouslyimpairedbythepartyspiritenlistedonthesideofthecriminal。Forithastobeobservedthattheforceofthesocialsanctiondiminishesveryrapidly，inproportiontothenumberofdissidentsfromthecommonopinionthatawardsit。Disapprobationthatisatonceintenseandquiteuniversalwouldbesosevereapenaltyasperhapstooutweighanyimaginableadvantages；
sinceitseemsimpossibleforahumanbeingtolivehappily，whateverothergoodshemayenjoy，withoutthekindlyregardsofsomeofhisfellows:
andso，incontemplatingtheconventionalportraitofthetyrant，whoisrepresentedasnecessarilysuspiciousofthosenearesthim，evenofthemembersofhisownfamily，wefeelpreparedtoadmitthatsuchalifemustinvolvetheextremeofunhappiness。Butwhenweturntocontemplatetheactualtyrannicalusurpers，wickedstatesmen，successfulleadersofunwarrantedrebellion，and，speakinggenerally，thegreatcriminalswhosepositionraisesthemoutofthereachoflegalpenalties，itdoesnotappearthatthemoralodiumunderwhichtheyliemustnecessarilycountformuchinanegoisticcalculationofthegainandlossresultingfromtheirconduct。
Forthisdisesteemisonlyexpressedbyaportionofthecommunity:anditsutteranceisoftendrownedintheloud-voicedapplauseofthemultitudewhoseadmirationislargelyindependentofmoralconsiderations。Noraretherewantingphilosophersandhistorianswhosejudgmentmanifestsasimilarindependence。
Itseems，then，impossibletoaffirmthattheexternalsanctionsofmen’slegaldutieswillalwaysbesufficienttoidentifydutywithinterest。AndacorrespondingassertionwouldbestillmoreunwarrantedinrespectofmoraldutiesnotincludedwithinthesphereofLaw。Insayingthis，IamfullysensibleoftheforceofwhatmaybecalledthePrincipleofReciprocity，bywhichcertainutilitarianshaveendeavouredtoprovethecoincidenceofanyindividual’sinterestwithhissocialduties。Virtuestheysayarequalitieseitherusefulordirectlyagreeabletoothers: