Villainage in England

第27章

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第27章

Villainage in England Paul Vinogradoff

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Villainage in England
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  Theseregularlyrecurringliberationesorliberaturaeastheyarecalled,thatis,mealsandprovenderdeliveredtothelabourers,havetheircounterpartinthecustomaryarrangementoftheamountandkindofservices。Ishallhavetospeakoftheirvarietiesandusualformsinanotherconnexion,butitmustbenoticednow,thatthesepeasantsunprotectedatlawwereundertheruleoforderlycustom。Wehaveseenalreadythatthepaymentsanddutieswhichfollowedfromthesubjectionofthevillainswereforthemostpartfixedaccordingtoconstantrulesineachparticularcase。Thesamemaybesaidoftheeconomicalpressureexercisedintheshapeofserviceandrent。Itdidnotdependonthecapriceofthelord,althoughitdependedtheoreticallyonhiswill。ThevillainsofamanorinLeicestershirearenotboundtoworkatweedingthedemesnefieldsunlessbytheirownconsent,thatisbyagreement。118*A

  bakerbelongingtoGlastonburyAbbeyisnotboundtocarryloadsunlessacartisprovidedhim。119*AsurveyofElymentionsthatsomepeasantsaremadetokeepahedgeinorderasextraworkandwithoutbeingfed。Butitisaddedthatthejurorsofthevillageprotestagainstsuchanobligation,asheretoforeunheardof。120*Allthesecustomsandlimitationsmay,ofcourse,bebrokenandslightedbythelord,butsuchviolentactiononhispartwillbeconsideredasgrossinjustice,andmayleadtoconsequencesunpleasantforhim——toriotsanddesertion。

  Itiscuriousthattheinfluenceofcustommakesitselffeltslowlybutsurelyamongthemostdebasedofthevillains。TheOxfordshireHundredRolltreatsforinstanceoftheserviofSwincombe。Theypaymerchet;ifanyofthemdieswithoutmakinghiswillthewholeofhismoveablepropertyfallstothelord。

  Theyareindeeddegraded。Andstillthelorddoesnottallagethematpleasure,theyaresecureinthepossessionoftheirwaynagesalvocontenemento。121*

  Wemaysumuptheresultsalreadyobtainedbyouranalysisofmanorialdocumentsinthefollowingpropositions:——

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