Domesday Book and Beyond

第4章

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第4章

Domesday Book and Beyond Frederic William Maitland

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Domesday Book and Beyond
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  Andso,again,thelord\'srightsunderthecommendationseemtoconstituteanalienableandheritableseignory。Itisthusthatwemaybestexplainthecase,verycommoninEastAnglia,inwhichamaniscommendedhalftooneandhalftoanotherlord。41*Thuswereadofacaseinwhichafreemanwascommended,astoone-thirdtoWulfsige,andastotheresiduetoWulfsige\'stwobrothers。42*Inthisinstanceitseemsclearthatthecommendationhasdescendedtothreeco-heirs。Inothercasesalordmayhavemadeoverhisrightstotworeligioushouses;thuswehearofamanwhoiscommontotheAbbotsofElyandSt。Edmund\'s。43*Insomecasesamanmay,inothershemaynot,beabletopreventhimselfbeingtransferredfromlordtolord,orfromancestortoheir。Whatpassesbyalienationorinheritancemayberegardedratherasarighttohiscommendationthanasthecommendationitself。44*Ofcoursethereisnothingtohinderonefrombeingthemanofseveraldifferentlords。

  AElfricBlackheldlandsoftheAbbotofWestminsterwhichhecouldnotseparatefromthechurch,butforotherlandshewasthemanofArchbishopStigand。45*Alreadyaloftyedificeisbeingconstructed;B,towhomCiscommended,ishimselfcommendedtoA;andinthiscaseacertainrelationexistsbetweenCandA;Cis\'sub-commended\'toA。46*

  Inagivencasethesomewhatvagueobligationofthecommendedmanmayberendereddefinitebyabargainwhichimposesuponhimthepaymentofrentortheperformanceofsomespecifiedservices。Whenthisisso,weshalloftenfindthatthelandismoving,ifwemaysospeak,notfromthemanbutfromthelord。

  Themanistakinglandfromthelordtoholdduringgoodbehaviour,47*orforlife。48*orforlives。Aformofleaseorloanlo閚whichgivesthelandtothelesseeandtotwoorthreesuccessiveheirsofhishasfromofoldbeencommonlyusedbysomeofthegreatchurches。49*Alsoweseelandownersgivinguptheirlandtothechurchesandtakingitbackagainasmerelifetenants。Duringtheirlivesthechurchistohavesome\'service,\'oratleastsome\'recognition\'ofitslordship,whileaftertheirdeathsthechurchwillhavethelandindemesne。50*

  Thisissomethingdifferentfrommerecommendation。Weseeherethefeudaoblataorbeneficiaoblatawhichforeignjuristshavecontrastedwithfeudaorbeneficiadata。Thelandisbroughtintothebargainbytheman,notbythelord。Butoftenthelandcomesfromthelord,andthetenancyisnomerelytemporarytenancy;itisheritable。Thekinghasprovidedhisthegnswithlands;theearls,thechurches,haveprovidedtheirthegnswithlands,andthesethegnshaveheritableestates,andalreadytheyareconceivedasholdingthemofdethechurches,theearls,theking。Butwemustnotasyetbeledawayintoanydiscussionaboutthearchitectureoftheveryhigheststoreysofthefeudalorvassalicedifice。Itmustatpresentsufficethatinhumblerquarterstherehasbeenmuchlettingandhiringofland。Theleases,ifwechoosetocallthemso,thegifts,ifwechoosetocallthemso,havecreatedheritablerightsandperdurablerelationships。

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