Footnotes[1]Thequestion？Whydoesnotmoneydirectlyrepresentlabour—time，sothatapieceofpapermayrepresent，forinstance，xhours’labour，isatbottomthesameasthequestionwhy，giventheproductionofcommodities，mustproductstaketheformofcommodities？Thisisevident，sincetheirtakingtheformofcommoditiesimpliestheirdifferentiationintocommoditiesandmoney。Or，whycannotprivatelabour？labourfortheaccountofprivateindividuals？betreatedasitsopposite，immediatesociallabour？IhaveelsewhereexaminedthoroughlytheUtopianideaof\"labour—money\"inasocietyfoundedontheproductionofcommodities（l。c。，p。61，seq。）。OnthispointIwillonlysayfurther，thatOwen’s\"labour—money，\"forinstance，isnomore\"money\"thanaticketforthetheatre。Owenpre—supposesdirectlyassociatedlabour，aformofproductionthatisentirelyinconsistentwiththeproductionofcommodities。Thecertificateoflabourismerelyevidenceoftheparttakenbytheindividualinthecommonlabour，andofhisrighttoacertainportionofthecommonproducedestinedforconsumption。
ButitneverentersintoOwen’sheadtopre—supposetheproductionofcommodities，andatthesametime，byjugglingwithmoney，totrytoevadethenecessaryconditionsofthatproduction。
[2]Savagesandhalf—civilisedracesusethetonguedifferently。CaptainParrysaysoftheinhabitantsonthewestcoastofBaffin’sBay:\"Inthiscase（hereferstobarter）theylickedit（thethingrepresentedtothem）twicetotheirtongues，afterwhichtheyseemedtoconsiderthebargainsatisfactorilyconcluded。\"Inthesameway，theEasternEsquimauxlickedthearticlestheyreceivedinexchange。IfthetongueisthususedintheNorthastheorganofappropriation，nowonderthat，intheSouth，thestomachservesastheorganofaccumulatedproperty，andthataKaffirestimatesthewealthofamanbythesizeofhisbelly。ThattheKaffirsknowwhattheyareaboutisshownbythefollowing:atthesametimethattheofficialBritishHealthReportof1864disclosedthedeficiencyoffat—formingfoodamongalargepartoftheworking—class，acertainDr。Harvey（not，however，thecelebrateddiscovererofthecirculationoftheblood），madeagoodthingbyadvertisingrecipesforreducingthesuperfluousfatofthebourgeoisieandaristocracy。
[3]SeeKarlMarx:\"ZurKritik，&c。\"\"TheorienvonderMasseinheitdesGelda，\"p。53，seq。
[4]\"Wherevergoldandsilverhavebylawbeenmadetoperformthefunctionofmoneyorofameasureofvaluesidebyside，ithasalwaysbeentried，butinvain，totreatthemasoneandthesamematerial。Toassumethatthereisaninvariableratiobetweenthequantitiesofgoldandsilverinwhichagivenquantityoflabour—timeisincorporated，istoassumeinfact，thatgoldandsilverareofoneandthesamematerial，andthatagivenmassofthelessvaluablemetal，silver，isaconstantfractionofagivenmassofgold。FromthereignofEdwardIII。tothetimeofGeorgeII。，ThehistoryofmoneyinEnglandconsistsofonelongseriesofperturbationscausedbytheclashingofthelegallyfixedratiobetweenThevaluesofgoldandsilver，withthefluctuationsintheirrealvalues。Atonetimegoldwastoohigh，atanother，silver。Themetalthatforthetimebeingwasestimatedbelowitsvalue，waswithdrawnfromcirculation，matedandexported。Theratiobetweenthetwometalswasthenagainalteredbylaw，butthenewnominalratiosooncameintoconflictagainwiththerealone。