andthepowerthuswithheldfromitbytheConstitutioncannotbegiventoitbythelegislature。Whenaninstrumentorganizingajudicialsystem；
dividesitintoonesupremeandsomanyinferiorcourtsasthelegislaturemayordainandestablish；thenenumeratesitspowers，andproceedssofartodistributethemastodefinethejurisdictionoftheSupremeCourt，bydeclaringthecasesinwhichitshallhaveoriginaljurisdiction，andthoseinwhichitshallhaveappellatejurisdiction，itfollows，thatinoneclassitsjurisdictionisoriginalandnotappellate，andthatintheotheritisappellateandnotoriginal。9
Ithasalreadybeenobserved，thatitdoesnotrestwithcongresstogiveabindingconstructiontotheConstitution。ItcanneitherdiminishnorenlargethepowersoftheSupremeCourt。
Bytheactofthe24thofSeptember，1789，congressundertooktovestintheSupremeCourt，thepowertoissuewritsofmandamus，incaseswarrantedbytheusagesandprinciplesoflaw，toanycourtsappointedby，orpersonsholdingofficeunder，theauthorityoftheUnitedStates。
Inacasewhichdidnotcomewithinthedescriptionoforiginaljurisdiction，containedintheConstitution，amandamuswasmovedforinthesupremecourt，tobedirectedtoapersonholdinganofficeundertheauthorityoftheUnitedStates，andthereforethecasewaswithintheletterandspiritoftheactofcongress；buttheactwas，inthisrespect，clearlyheldtobeunconstitutionalandvoid，andthemandamuswasrefused。10Thesameactprovides，thatthesupremecourtshallhavepowertoissuewritsofhabeascorpus，wherepersonsareincustody，underorbycolouroftheauthorityoftheUnitedStates，orarecommittedfortrialbeforesomecourtofthesame。Awritofhabeascorpuswasmovedfor，inacasewheretheprisonerwascommittedbythecircuitcourtoftheDistrictofColumbia，onachargeoftreasonagainsttheUnitedStates。ThewritwasgrantedbecauseitamountedonlytoarevisionofthedecisionofaninferiorcourtoftheUnitedStates，11andthereforewasofanappellatenature。