Andthereisanotherclassofservants，whoareintellectuallyhardlyonthelevelofcompanionship；stilltheyhaveplentyofbodilystrengthforlabour，whichaccordinglytheysell，andarecalled，ifI
donotmistake，hirelings，hirebeingthenamewhichisgiventothepriceoftheirlabour。
True。
Thenhirelingswillhelptomakeupourpopulation？
Yes。
Andnow，Adeimantus，isourStatematuredandperfected？
Ithinkso。
Where，then，isjustice，andwhereisinjustice，andinwhatpartoftheStatedidtheyspringup？
Probablyinthedealingsofthesecitizenswithoneanother。
cannotimaginethattheyaremorelikelytobefoundanywhereelse。
Idaresaythatyouarerightinyoursuggestion，Isaid；wehadbetterthinkthematterout，andnotshrinkfromtheenquiry。
Letusthenconsider，firstofall，whatwillbetheirwayoflife，nowthatwehavethusestablishedthem。Willtheynotproducecorn，andwine，andclothes，andshoes，andbuildhousesforthemselves？Andwhentheyarehoused，theywillwork，insummer，commonly，strippedandbarefoot，butinwintersubstantiallyclothedandshod。Theywillfeedonbarley—mealandflourofwheat，bakingandkneadingthem，makingnoblecakesandloaves；thesetheywillserveuponamatofreedsoroncleanleaves，themselvesrecliningthewhileuponbedsstrewnwithyewormyrtle。Andtheyandtheirchildrenwillfeast，drinkingofthewinewhichtheyhavemade，wearinggarlandsontheirheads，andhymningthepraisesofthegods，inhappyconversewithoneanother。Andtheywilltakecarethattheirfamiliesdonotexceedtheirmeans；havinganeyetopovertyorwar。
SOCRATES—GLAUCON
But，saidGlaucon，interposing，youhavenotgiventhemarelishtotheirmeal。
True，Ireplied，Ihadforgotten；ofcoursetheymusthavearelish—salt，andolives，andcheese，andtheywillboilrootsandherbssuchascountrypeopleprepare；foradessertweshallgivethemfigs，andpeas，andbeans；andtheywillroastmyrtle—berriesandacornsatthefire，drinkinginmoderation。Andwithsuchadiettheymaybeexpectedtoliveinpeaceandhealthtoagoodoldage，andbequeathasimilarlifetotheirchildrenafterthem。
Yes，Socrates，hesaid，andifyouwereprovidingforacityofpigs，howelsewouldyoufeedthebeasts？
Butwhatwouldyouhave，Glaucon？Ireplied。
Why，hesaid，youshouldgivethemtheordinaryconveniencesoflife。Peoplewhoaretobecomfortableareaccustomedtolieonsofas，anddineofftables，andtheyshouldhavesaucesandsweetsinthemodernstyle。
Yes，Isaid，nowIunderstand：thequestionwhichyouwouldhavemeconsideris，notonlyhowaState，buthowaluxuriousStateiscreated；andpossiblythereisnoharminthis，forinsuchaStateweshallbemorelikelytoseehowjusticeandinjusticeoriginate。InmyopinionthetrueandhealthyconstitutionoftheStateistheonewhichIhavedescribed。ButifyouwishalsotoseeaStateatfeverheat，Ihavenoobjection。ForIsuspectthatmanywillnotbesatisfiedwiththesimplerwayofwayTheywillbeforaddingsofas，andtables，andotherfurniture；alsodainties，andperfumes，andincense，andcourtesans，andcakes，allthesenotofonesortonly，butineveryvariety；wemustgobeyondthenecessariesofwhichIwasatfirstspeaking，suchashouses，andclothes，andshoes：theartsofthepainterandtheembroidererwillhavetobesetinmotion，andgoldandivoryandallsortsofmaterialsmustbeprocured。
True，hesaid。
Thenwemustenlargeourborders；fortheoriginalhealthyStateisnolongersufficient。Nowwillthecityhavetofillandswellwithamultitudeofcallingswhicharenotrequiredbyanynaturalwant；
suchasthewholetribeofhuntersandactors，ofwhomonelargeclasshavetodowithformsandcolours；anotherwillbethevotariesofmusic——poetsandtheirattendanttrainofrhapsodists，players，dancers，contractors；alsomakersofdiverskindsofarticles，includingwomen’sdresses。Andweshallwantmoreservants。Willnottutorsbealsoinrequest，andnurseswetanddry，tirewomenandbarbers，aswellasconfectionersandcooks；andswineherds，too，whowerenotneededandthereforehadnoplaceintheformereditionofourState，butareneedednow？Theymustnotbeforgotten：andtherewillbeanimalsofmanyotherkinds，ifpeopleeatthem。
Certainly。
Andlivinginthiswayweshallhavemuchgreaterneedofphysiciansthanbefore？
Muchgreater。
Andthecountrywhichwasenoughtosupporttheoriginalinhabitantswillbetoosmallnow，andnotenough？
Quitetrue。
Thenasliceofourneighbours’landwillbewantedbyusforpastureandtillage，andtheywillwantasliceofours，if，likeourselves，theyexceedthelimitofnecessity，andgivethemselvesuptotheunlimitedaccumulationofwealth？
That，Socrates，willbeinevitable。
Andsoweshallgotowar，Glaucon。Shallwenot？
Mostcertainly，hereplied。
Thenwithoutdeterminingasyetwhetherwardoesgoodorharm，thusmuchwemayaffirm，thatnowwehavediscoveredwartobederivedfromcauseswhicharealsothecausesofalmostalltheevilsinStates，privateaswellaspublic。
Undoubtedly。
AndourStatemustoncemoreenlarge；andthistimethewillbenothingshortofawholearmy，whichwillhavetogooutandfightwiththeinvadersforallthatwehave，aswellasforthethingsandpersonswhomweweredescribingabove。
Why？hesaid；aretheynotcapableofdefendingthemselves？
No，Isaid；notifwewererightintheprinciplewhichwasacknowledgedbyallofuswhenwewereframingtheState：theprinciple，asyouwillremember，wasthatonemancannotpractisemanyartswithsuccess。
Verytrue，hesaid。
Butisnotwaranart？
Certainly。
Andanartrequiringasmuchattentionasshoemaking？
Quitetrue。
Andtheshoemakerwasnotallowedbyustobehusbandman，oraweaver，abuilder——inorderthatwemighthaveourshoeswellmade；
buttohimandtoeveryotherworkerwasassignedoneworkforwhichhewasbynaturefitted，andatthathewastocontinueworkingallhislifelongandatnoother；hewasnottoletopportunitiesslip，andthenhewouldbecomeagoodworkman。Nownothingcanbemoreimportantthanthattheworkofasoldiershouldbewelldone。Butiswaranartsoeasilyacquiredthatamanmaybeawarriorwhoisalsoahusbandman，orshoemaker，orotherartisan；althoughnooneintheworldwouldbeagooddiceordraughtplayerwhomerelytookupthegameasarecreation，andhadnotfromhisearliestyearsdevotedhimselftothisandnothingelse？
Notoolswillmakeamanaskilledworkman，ormasterofdefence，norbeofanyusetohimwhohasnotlearnedhowtohandlethem，andhasneverbestowedanyattentionuponthem。Howthenwillhewhotakesupashieldorotherimplementofwarbecomeagoodfighterallinaday，whetherwithheavy—armedoranyotherkindoftroops？
Yes，hesaid，thetoolswhichwouldteachmentheirownusewouldbebeyondprice。
Andthehigherthedutiesoftheguardian，Isaid，themoretime，andskill，andart，andapplicationwillbeneededbyhim？
Nodoubt，hereplied。
Willhenotalsorequirenaturalaptitudeforhiscalling？
Certainly。
Thenitwillbeourdutytoselect，ifwecan，natureswhicharefittedforthetaskofguardingthecity？
Itwill。
Andtheselectionwillbenoeasymatter，Isaid；butwemustbebraveanddoourbest。
Wemust。
Isnotthenobleyouthverylikeawell—breddoginrespectofguardingandwatching？
Whatdoyoumean？
Imeanthatbothofthemoughttobequicktosee，andswifttoovertaketheenemywhentheyseehim；andstrongtooif，whentheyhavecaughthim，theyhavetofightwithhim。
Allthesequalities，hereplied，willcertainlyberequiredbythem。
Well，andyourguardianmustbebraveifheistofightwell？
Certainly。
Andishelikelytobebravewhohasnospirit，whetherhorseordogoranyotheranimal？Haveyouneverobservedhowinvincibleandunconquerableisspiritandhowthepresenceofitmakesthesoulofanycreaturetobeabsolutelyfearlessandindomitable？
Ihave。
Thennowwehaveaclearnotionofthebodilyqualitieswhicharerequiredintheguardian。
True。
Andalsoofthementalones；hissoulistobefullofspirit？
Yes。
Butarenotthesespiritednaturesapttobesavagewithoneanother，andwitheverybodyelse？
Adifficultybynomeanseasytoovercome，hereplied。
Whereas，Isaid，theyoughttobedangeroustotheirenemies，andgentletotheirfriends；ifnot，theywilldestroythemselveswithoutwaitingfortheirenemiestodestroythem。
True，hesaid。
Whatistobedonethen？Isaid；howshallwefindagentlenaturewhichhasalsoagreatspirit，fortheoneisthecontradictionoftheother？
True。
Hewillnotbeagoodguardianwhoiswantingineitherofthesetwoqualities；andyetthecombinationofthemappearstobeimpossible；
andhencewemustinferthattobeagoodguardianisimpossible。
Iamafraidthatwhatyousayistrue，hereplied。
HerefeelingperplexedIbegantothinkoverwhathadpreceded。Myfriend，Isaid，nowonderthatweareinaperplexity；forwehavelostsightoftheimagewhichwehadbeforeus。
Whatdoyoumean？hesaid。
Imeantosaythattheredoexistnaturesgiftedwiththoseoppositequalities。
Andwheredoyoufindthem？
Manyanimals，Ireplied，furnishexamplesofthem；ourfriendthedogisaverygoodone：youknowthatwell—breddogsareperfectlygentletotheirfamiliarsandacquaintances，andthereversetostrangers。
Yes，Iknow。
Thenthereisnothingimpossibleoroutoftheorderofnatureinourfindingaguardianwhohasasimilarcombinationofqualities？
Certainlynot。
Wouldnothewhoisfittedtobeaguardian，besidesthespiritednature，needtohavethequalitiesofaphilosopher？
Idonotapprehendyourmeaning。
ThetraitofwhichIamspeaking，Ireplied，maybealsoseeninthedog，andisremarkableintheanimal。
Whattrait？
Why，adog，wheneverheseesastranger，isangry；whenanacquaintance，hewelcomeshim，althoughtheonehasneverdonehimanyharm，northeotheranygood。Didthisneverstrikeyouascurious？
Thematterneverstruckmebefore；butIquiterecognisethetruthofyourremark。
Andsurelythisinstinctofthedogisverycharming；——yourdogisatruephilosopher。
Why？
Why，becausehedistinguishesthefaceofafriendandofanenemyonlybythecriterionofknowingandnotknowing。Andmustnotananimalbealoveroflearningwhodetermineswhathelikesanddislikesbythetestofknowledgeandignorance？
Mostassuredly。
Andisnottheloveoflearningtheloveofwisdom，whichisphilosophy？
Theyarethesame，hereplied。
Andmaywenotsayconfidentlyofmanalso，thathewhoislikelytobegentletohisfriendsandacquaintances，mustbynaturebealoverofwisdomandknowledge？
Thatwemaysafelyaffirm。
ThenhewhoistobeareallygoodandnobleguardianoftheStatewillrequiretouniteinhimselfphilosophyandspiritandswiftnessandstrength？
Undoubtedly。
Thenwehavefoundthedesirednatures；andnowthatwehavefoundthem，howaretheytoberearedandeducated？Isnotthisenquirywhichmaybeexpectedtothrowlightonthegreaterenquirywhichisourfinalend——HowdojusticeandinjusticegrowupinStates？forwedonotwanteithertoomitwhatistothepointortodrawouttheargumenttoaninconvenientlength。
SOCRATES—ADEIMANTUS
Adeimantusthoughtthattheenquirywouldbeofgreatservicetous。
Then，Isaid，mydearfriend，thetaskmustnotbegivenup，evenifsomewhatlong。
Certainlynot。
Comethen，andletuspassaleisurehourinstory—telling，andourstoryshallbetheeducationofourheroes。
Byallmeans。
Andwhatshallbetheireducation？Canwefindabetterthanthetraditionalsort？——andthishastwodivisions，gymnasticforthebody，andmusicforthesoul。
True。
Shallwebegineducationwithmusic，andgoontogymnasticafterwards？
Byallmeans。
Andwhenyouspeakofmusic，doyouincludeliteratureornot？
Ido。
Andliteraturemaybeeithertrueorfalse？
Yes。
Andtheyoungshouldbetrainedinbothkinds，andwebeginwiththefalse？
Idonotunderstandyourmeaning，hesaid。
Youknow，Isaid，thatwebeginbytellingchildrenstorieswhich，thoughnotwhollydestituteoftruth，areinthemainfictitious；
andthesestoriesaretoldthemwhentheyarenotofanagetolearngymnastics。
Verytrue。
ThatwasmymeaningwhenIsaidthatwemustteachmusicbeforegymnastics。
Quiteright，hesaid。
Youknowalsothatthebeginningisthemostimportantpartofanywork，especiallyinthecaseofayoungandtenderthing；forthatisthetimeatwhichthecharacterisbeingformedandthedesiredimpressionismorereadilytaken。
Quitetrue。
Andshallwejustcarelesslyallowchildrentohearanycasualtaleswhichmaybedevisedbycasualpersons，andtoreceiveintotheirmindsideasforthemostparttheveryoppositeofthosewhichweshouldwishthemtohavewhentheyaregrownup？
Wecannot。
Thenthefirstthingwillbetoestablishacensorshipofthewritersoffiction，andletthecensorsreceiveanytaleoffictionwhichisgood，andrejectthebad；andwewilldesiremothersandnursestotelltheirchildrentheauthorisedonesonly。Letthemfashionthemindwithsuchtales，evenmorefondlythantheymouldthebodywiththeirhands；butmostofthosewhicharenowinusemustbediscarded。
Ofwhattalesareyouspeaking？hesaid。
Youmayfindamodelofthelesserinthegreater，Isaid；fortheyarenecessarilyofthesametype，andthereisthesamespiritinbothofthem。
Verylikely，hereplied；butIdonotasyetknowwhatyouwouldtermthegreater。
Those，Isaid，whicharenarratedbyHomerandHesiod，andtherestofthepoets，whohaveeverbeenthegreatstory—tellersofmankind。
Butwhichstoriesdoyoumean，hesaid；andwhatfaultdoyoufindwiththem？
Afaultwhichismostserious，Isaid；thefaultoftellingalie，and，whatismore，abadlie。
Butwhenisthisfaultcommitted？
Wheneveranerroneousrepresentationismadeofthenatureofgodsandheroes，——aswhenapainterpaintsaportraitnothavingtheshadowofalikenesstotheoriginal。
Yes，hesaid，thatsortofthingiscertainlyveryblamable；butwhatarethestorieswhichyoumean？
Firstofall，Isaid，therewasthatgreatestofalllies，inhighplaces，whichthepoettoldaboutUranus，andwhichwasabadlietoo，——ImeanwhatHesiodsaysthatUranusdid，andhowCronusretaliatedonhim。ThedoingsofCronus，andthesufferingswhichinturnhissoninflicteduponhim，eveniftheyweretrue，oughtcertainlynottobelightlytoldtoyoungandthoughtlesspersons；ifpossible，theyhadbetterbeburiedinsilence。Butifthereisanabsolutenecessityfortheirmention，achosenfewmightheartheminamystery，andtheyshouldsacrificenotacommon[Eleusinian]pig，butsomehugeandunprocurablevictim；andthenthenumberofthehearerswillbeveryfewindeed。
Why，yes，saidhe，thosestoriesareextremelyobjectionable。
Yes，Adeimantus，theyarestoriesnottoberepeatedinourState；
theyoungmanshouldnotbetoldthatincommittingtheworstofcrimesheisfarfromdoinganythingoutrageous；andthatevenifhechastiseshisfatherwhendoeswrong，inwhatevermanner，hewillonlybefollowingtheexampleofthefirstandgreatestamongthegods。
Ientirelyagreewithyou，hesaid；inmyopinionthosestoriesarequiteunfittoberepeated。
Neither，ifwemeanourfutureguardianstoregardthehabitofquarrellingamongthemselvesasofallthingsthebasest，shouldanywordbesaidtothemofthewarsinheaven，andoftheplotsandfightingsofthegodsagainstoneanother，fortheyarenottrue。
No，weshallnevermentionthebattlesofthegiants，orletthembeembroideredongarments；andweshallbesilentabouttheinnumerableotherquarrelsofgodsandheroeswiththeirfriendsandrelatives。Iftheywouldonlybelieveuswewouldtellthemthatquarrellingisunholy，andthatneveruptothistimehastherebeenany，quarrelbetweencitizens；thisiswhatoldmenandoldwomenshouldbeginbytellingchildren；andwhentheygrowup，thepoetsalsoshouldbetoldtocomposefortheminasimilarspirit。ButthenarrativeofHephaestusbindingHerehismother，orhowonanotheroccasionZeussenthimflyingfortakingherpartwhenshewasbeingbeaten，andallthebattlesofthegodsinHomer——thesetalesmustnotbeadmittedintoourState，whethertheyaresupposedtohaveanallegoricalmeaningornot。Forayoungpersoncannotjudgewhatisallegoricalandwhatisliteral；anythingthathereceivesintohismindatthatageislikelytobecomeindelibleandunalterable；andthereforeitismostimportantthatthetaleswhichtheyoungfirsthearshouldbemodelsofvirtuousthoughts。
Thereyouareright，hereplied；butifanyoneaskswherearesuchmodelstobefoundandofwhattalesareyouspeaking——howshallweanswerhim？
Isaidtohim，YouandI，Adeimantus，atthismomentarenotpoets，butfoundersofaState：nowthefoundersofaStateoughttoknowthegeneralformsinwhichpoetsshouldcasttheirtales，andthelimitswhichmustbeobservedbythem，buttomakethetalesisnottheirbusiness。
Verytrue，hesaid；butwhataretheseformsoftheologywhichyoumean？
Somethingofthiskind，Ireplied：——Godisalwaystoberepresentedashetrulyis，whateverbethesortofpoetry，epic，lyricortragic，inwhichtherepresentationisgiven。
Right。
Andishenottrulygood？andmusthenotberepresentedassuch？
Certainly。
Andnogoodthingishurtful？
No，indeed。
Andthatwhichisnothurtfulhurtsnot？
Certainlynot。
Andthatwhichhurtsnotdoesnoevil？
No。
Andcanthatwhichdoesnoevilbeacauseofevil？
Impossible。
Andthegoodisadvantageous？
Yes。
Andthereforethecauseofwell—being？
Yes。
Itfollowsthereforethatthegoodisnotthecauseofallthings，butofthegoodonly？
Assuredly。
ThenGod，ifhebegood，isnottheauthorofallthings，asthemanyassert，butheisthecauseofafewthingsonly，andnotofmostthingsthatoccurtomen。Forfewarethegoodsofhumanlife，andmanyaretheevils，andthegoodistobeattributedtoGodalone；
oftheevilsthecausesaretobesoughtelsewhere，andnotinhim。
Thatappearstometobemosttrue，hesaid。
ThenwemustnotlistentoHomerortoanyotherpoetwhoisguiltyofthefollyofsayingthattwocasksLieatthethresholdofZeus，fulloflots，oneofgood，theotherofevillots，andthathetowhomZeusgivesamixtureofthetwoSometimesmeetswithevilfortune，atothertimeswithgood；
butthathetowhomisgiventhecupofunmingledill，Himwildhungerdriveso’erthebeauteousearth。
AndagainZeus，whoisthedispenserofgoodandeviltous。
Andifanyoneassertsthattheviolationofoathsandtreaties，whichwasreallytheworkofPandarus，wasbroughtaboutbyAtheneandZeus，orthatthestrifeandcontentionofthegodswasinstigatedbyThemisandZeus，heshallnothaveourapproval；neitherwillweallowouryoungmentohearthewordsofAeschylus，thatGodplantsguiltamongmenwhenhedesiresutterlytodestroyahouse。
AndifapoetwritesofthesufferingsofNiobe——thesubjectofthetragedyinwhichtheseiambicversesoccur——orofthehouseofPelops，oroftheTrojanwaroronanysimilartheme，eitherwemustnotpermithimtosaythatthesearetheworksofGod，oriftheyareofGod，hemustdevisesomeexplanationofthemsuchasweareseeking；hemustsaythatGoddidwhatwasjustandright，andtheywerethebetterforbeingpunished；butthatthosewhoarepunishedaremiserable，andthatGodistheauthoroftheirmisery——thepoetisnottobepermittedtosay；thoughhemaysaythatthewickedaremiserablebecausetheyrequiretobepunished，andarebenefitedbyreceivingpunishmentfromGod；butthatGodbeinggoodistheauthorofeviltoanyoneistobestrenuouslydenied，andnottobesaidorsungorheardinverseorprosebyanyonewhetheroldoryounginanywell—orderedcommonwealth。Suchafictionissuicidal，ruinous，impious。
Iagreewithyou，hereplied，andamreadytogivemyassenttothelaw。
Letthisthenbeoneofourrulesandprinciplesconcerningthegods，towhichourpoetsandreciterswillbeexpectedtoconform——thatGodisnottheauthorofallthings，butofgoodonly。