AugustineandSt。Thomas，accordingtowhichitisequallytruethatwehavethepowerofresistinggrace，contrarytoCalvin’sopinion，andthat，nevertheless，toemploythelanguageofPopeClementVIIIinhispaperaddressedtotheCongregationdeAuxiliis，\"Godformswithinusthemotionofourwill，andeffectuallydisposesofourhearts，byvirtueofthatempirewhichHissuprememajestyhasoverthevolitionsofmen，aswellasovertheothercreaturesunderheaven，accordingtoSt。Augustine。\"Onthesameprinciple，itfollowsthatweactofourselves，andthus，inoppositiontoanothererrorofCalvin，thatwehavemeritswhicharetrulyandproperlyours；andyet，asGodisthefirstprincipleofouractions，andas，inthelanguageofSt。Paul，He\"workethinusthatwhichispleasinginhissight\"；\"ourmeritsarethegiftsofGod，\"astheCouncilofTrentsays。BymeansofthisdistinctionwedemolishtheprofanesentimentofLuther，condemnedbythatCouncil，namely，that\"weco—operateinnowaywhatevertowardsoursalvationanymorethaninanimatethings\"；and，bythesamemodeofreasoning，weoverthrowtheequallyprofanesentimentoftheschoolofMolina，whowillnotallowthatitisbythestrengthofdivinegracethatweareenabledtocooperatewithitintheworkofoursalvation，andwhotherebycomesintohostilecollisionwiththatprincipleoffaithestablishedbySt。Paul：\"ThatitisGodwhoworkethinusbothtowillandtodo。\"Infine，inthiswaywereconcileallthosepassagesofScripturewhichseemquiteinconsistentwitheachothersuchasthefollowing：\"TurnyeuntoGod\"—\"Turnthouus，andweshallbeturned\"—\"Castawayiniquityfromyou\"—\"ItisGodwhotakethawayiniquityfromHispeople\"—\"Bringforthworksmeetforrepentance\"—
\"Lord，thouhastwroughtallourworksinus\"—\"Makeyeanewheartandanewspirit\"—\"AnewspiritwillIgiveyou，andanewheartwillIcreatewithinyou，\"&；c。Theonlywayofreconcilingtheseapparentcontrarieties，whichascribeourgoodactionsatonetimetoGodandatanothertimetoourselves，istokeepinviewthedistinction，asstatedbySt。Augustine，that\"ouractionsareoursinrespectofthefreewillwhichproducesthem；
butthattheyarealsoofGod，inrespectofHisgracewhichenablesourfreewilltoproducethem\"；andthat，asthesamewriterelsewhereremarks，\"Godenablesustodowhatispleasinginhissight，bymakinguswilltodoevenwhatwemighthavebeenunwillingtodo。\"Itthusappears，father，thatyouropponentsareperfectlyatonewiththemodernThomists，fortheThomistsholdwiththemboththepowerofresistinggrace，andtheinfallibilityoftheeffectofgrace；ofwhichlatterdoctrinetheyprofessthemselvesthemoststrenuousadvocates，ifwemayjudgefromacommonmaximoftheirtheology，whichAlvarez，oneoftheleadingmenamongthem，repeatssoofteninhisbook，andexpressesinthefollowingterms（disp。
72，n。4）：\"Whenefficaciousgracemovesthefreewill，itinfalliblyconsents；
becausetheeffectofgraceissuch，that，althoughthewillhasthepowerofwithholdingitsconsent，itneverthelessconsentsineffect。\"Hecorroboratesthisbyaquotationfromhismaster，St。Thomas：\"ThewillofGodcannotfailtobeaccomplished；and，accordingly，whenitishispleasurethatamanshouldconsenttotheinfluenceofgrace，heconsentsinfallibly，andevennecessarily，notbyanabsolutenecessity，butbyanecessityofinfallibility。\"Ineffectingthis，divinegracedoesnottrenchupon\"thepowerwhichmanhastoresistit，ifhewishestodoso\"；itmerelypreventshimfromwishingtoresistit。ThishasbeenacknowledgedbyyourFatherPetau，inthefollowingpassage（Booki，p。602）：。\"ThegraceofJesusChristinsuresinfallibleperseveranceinpiety，thoughnotbynecessity；
forapersonmayrefusetoyieldhisconsenttograce，ifhebesoinclined，asthecouncilstates；butthatsamegraceprovidesthatheshallneverbesoinclined。\"This，father，istheuniformdoctrineofSt。Augustine，ofSt。Prosper，ofthefatherswhofollowedthem，ofthecouncils，ofSt。
Thomas，andofalltheThomistsingeneral。Itislikewise，whateveryoumaythinkofit，thedoctrineofyouropponents。And，letmeadd，itisthedoctrinewhichyouyourselfhavelatelysealedwithyourapprobation。
Ishallquoteyourownwords：\"Thedoctrineofefficaciousgrace，whichadmitsthatwehaveapowerofresistingit，isorthodox，foundedonthecouncils，andsupportedbytheThomistsandSorbonists。\"Now，tellustheplaintruth，father；ifyouhadknownthatyouropponentsreallyheldthisdoctrine，theinterestsofyourSocietymightperhapshavemadeyouscruplebeforepronouncingthispublicapprovalofit；but，actingonthesuppositionthattheywerehostiletothedoctrine，thesamepowerfulmotivehasinducedyoutoauthorizesentimentswhichyouknowinyourhearttobecontrarytothoseofyourSociety；andbythisblunder，inyouranxietytoruintheirprinciples，youhaveyourselfcompletelyconfirmedthem。Sothat，byakindofprodigy，wenowbeholdtheadvocatesofefficaciousgracevindicatedbytheadvocatesofMolina—anadmirableinstanceofthewisdomofGodinmakingallthingsconcurtoadvancethegloryofthetruth。Letthewholeworldobserve，then，that，byyourownadmission，thetruthofthisefficaciousgrace，whichissoessentialtoalltheactsofpiety，whichissodeartotheChurch，andwhichisthepurchaseofherSaviour’sblood，issoindisputablyCatholicthatthereisnotasingleCatholic，notevenamongtheJesuits，whowouldnotacknowledgeitsorthodoxy。Andletitbenoticed，atthesametime，that，accordingtoyourownconfession，nottheslightestsuspicionoferrorcanfallonthosewhomyouhavesooftenstigmatizedwithit。Forsolongasyouchargedthemwithclandestineheresies，withoutchoosingtospecifythembyname，itwasasdifficultforthemtodefendthemselvesasitwaseasyforyoutobringsuchaccusations。
Butnow，whenyouhavecometodeclarethattheerrorwhichconstrainsyoutoopposethem，istheheresyofCalvinwhichyousupposedthemtohold，itmustbeapparenttoeveryonethattheyareinnocentofallerror；
forsodecidedlyhostilearetheytothis，theonlyerroryouchargeuponthem，thattheyprotest，bytheirdiscourses，bytheirbooks，byeverymode，inshort，inwhichtheycantestifytheirsentiments，thattheycondemnthatheresywiththeirwholeheart，andinthesamemannerasithasbeencondemnedbytheThomists，whomyouacknowledge，withoutscruple，tobeCatholics，andwhohaveneverbeensuspectedtobeanythingelse。Whatwillyousayagainstthemnow，father？Willyousaythattheyarehereticsstill，because，althoughtheydonotadoptthesenseofCalvin，theywillnotallowthatthesenseofJanseniusisthesamewiththatofCalvin？
Willyoupresumetosaythatthisismatterofheresy？Isitnotapurequestionoffact，withwhichheresyhasnothingtodo？Itwouldbehereticaltosaythatwehavenotthepower，ofresistingefficaciousgrace；butwoulditbesotodoubtthatJanseniusheldthatdoctrine？Isthisarevealedtruth？Isitanarticleoffaithwhichmustbebelieved，onpainofdamnation？
Orisitnot，inspiteofyou，apointoffact，onaccountofwhichitwouldberidiculoustoholdthattherewerehereticsintheChurch？Dropthisepithet，then，father，andgivethemsomeothername，moresuitedtothenatureofyourdispute。Tellthem，theyareignorantandstupid—
thattheymisunderstandJansenius。Thesewouldbechargesinkeepingwithyourcontroversy；butitisquiteirrelevanttocallthemheretics。Asthis，however，istheonlychargefromwhichIamanxioustodefendthem，IshallnotgivemyselfmuchtroubletoshowthattheyrightlyunderstandJansenius。AllIshallsayonthepoint，father，isthatitappearstomethat，werehetobejudgedaccordingtoyourownrules，itwouldbedifficulttoprovehimnottobeagoodCatholic。Weshalltryhimbythetestyouhaveproposed。\"Toknow，\"sayyou，\"whetherJanseniusissoundornot，wemustinquirewhetherhedefendsefficaciousgraceinthemannerofCalvin，whodeniesthatmanhasthepowerofresistingit—inwhichcasehewouldbeheretical；orinthemanneroftheThomists，whoadmitthatitmayberesisted—forthenhewouldbeCatholic。\"judge，then，father，whetherheholdsthatgracemayberesistedwhenhesays：\"Thatwehavealwaysapowertoresistgrace，accordingtothecouncil；thatfreewillmayalwaysactornotact，willornotwill，consentornotconsent，dogoodordoevil；andthatman，inthislife，hasalwaysthesetwoliberties，whichmaybecalledbysomecontradictions。\"Judge。likewise，ifhebenotopposedtotheerrorofCalvin，asyouhavedescribedit，whenheoccupiesawholechapter（21st）inshowing\"thattheChurchhascondemnedthathereticwhodeniesthatefficaciousgraceactsonthefreewillinthemannerwhichhasbeensolongbelievedintheChurch，soastoleaveitinthepoweroffreewilltoconsentornottoconsent；whereas，accordingtoSt。Augustineandthecouncil，wehavealwaysthepowerofwithholdingourconsentifwechoose；andaccordingtoSt。Prosper，Godbestowsevenuponhiselectthewilltopersevere，insuchawayasnottodeprivethemofthepowertowillthecontrary。\"And，inoneword，judgeifhedoesnotagreewiththeThomists，fromthefollowingdeclarationinchapter4th：\"ThatallthattheThomistshavewrittenwiththeviewofreconcilingtheefficaciousnessofgracewiththepowerofresistingit，soentirelycoincideswithhisjudgementthattoascertainhissentimentsonthissubjectwehaveonlytoconsulttheirwritings。\"Suchbeingthelanguageheholdsontheseheadsmyopinionisthathebelievesinthepowerofresistinggrace；thathediffersfromCalvinandagreeswiththeThomists，becausehehassaidso；
andthatheis，therefore，accordingtoyourownshowing，aCatholic。Ifyouhaveanymeansofknowingthesenseofanauthorotherwisethanbyhisexpressions；andif，withoutquotinganyofhispassages，youaredisposedtomaintain，indirectoppositiontohisownwords，thathedeniesthispowerofresistance，andthatheisforCalvinandagainsttheThomists，donotbeafraid，father，thatIwillaccuseyouofheresyforthat。I
shallonlysaythatyoudonotseemproperlytounderstandJansenius；butweshallnotbethelessonthataccountchildrenofthesameChurch。Howcomesit，then，father，thatyoumanagethisdisputeinsuchapassionatespirit，andthatyoutreatasyourmostcruelenemies，andasthemostpestilentofheretics，aclassofpersonswhomyoucannotaccuseofanyerror，norofanythingwhatever，exceptthattheydonotunderstandJanseniusasyoudo？Forwhatelseintheworlddoyoudisputeabout，exceptthesenseofthatauthor？Youwouldhavethemtocondemnit。Theyaskwhatyoumeanthemtocondemn。YoureplythatyoumeantheerrorofCalvin。
Theyrejointhattheycondemnthaterror；andwiththisacknowledgement（unlessitissyllablesyouwishtocondemn，andnotthethingwhichtheysignify），yououghttorestsatisfied。IftheyrefusetosaythattheycondemnthesenseofJansenius，itisbecausetheybelieveittobethatofSt。Thomas，andthusthisunhappyphrasehasaveryequivocalmeaningbetwixtyou。InyourmouthitsignifiesthesenseofCalvin；intheirsthesenseofSt。Thomas。Yourdissensionsariseentirelyfromthedifferentideaswhichyouattachtothesameterm。WereImadeumpireinthequarrel，IwouldinterdicttheuseofthewordJansenius，onbothsides；andthus，byobligingyoumerelytoexpresswhatyouunderstandbyit，itwouldbeseenthatyouasknothingmorethanthecondemnationofCalvin，towhichtheywillinglyagree；andthattheyasknothingmorethanthevindicationofthesenseofSt。AugustineandSt。Thomas，inwhichyouagainperfectlycoincide。Ideclare，then，father，thatformypartIshallcontinuetoregardthemasgoodCatholics，whethertheycondemnJansenius，onfindinghimerroneous，orrefusetocondemnhim，fromfindingthathemaintainsnothingmorethanwhatyouyourselfacknowledgetobeorthodox；andthatIshallsaytothemwhatSt。JeromesaidtoJohn，bishopofJerusalem，whowasaccusedofholdingtheeightpropositionsofOrigen：\"EithercondemnOrigen，ifyouacknowledgethathehasmaintainedtheseerrors，orelsedenythathehasmaintainedthem—Autnegahocdixisseeumquiarguitur；
autsilocutusesttalia，eumdamnaquidixerit。\"See，father，howthesepersonsacted，whosesoleconcernwaswithprinciples，andnotwithpersons；
whereasyouwhoaimatpersonsmorethanprinciples，consideritamatterofnoconsequencetocondemnerrors，unlessyouprocurethecondemnationoftheindividualstowhomyouchoosetoimputethem。Howridiculouslyviolentyourconductis，father！andhowillcalculatedtoinsuresuccess！
Itoldyoubefore，andIrepeatit，violenceandveritycanmakenoimpressiononeachother。Neverwereyouraccusationsmoreoutrageous，andneverwastheinnocenceofyouropponentsmorediscernible：neverhasefficaciousgracebeenattackedwithgreatersubtility，andneverhasitbeenmoretriumphantlyestablished。Youhavemadethemostdesperateeffortstoconvincepeoplethatyourdisputesinvolvedpointsoffaith；andneverwasitmoreapparentthatthewholecontroversyturneduponamerepointoffact。Infine，youhavemovedheavenandearthtomakeitappearthatthispointoffactisfoundedontruth；andneverwerepeoplemoredisposedtocallitinquestion。Andtheobviousreasonofthisisthatyoudonottakethenaturalcoursetomakethembelieveapointoffact，whichistoconvincetheirsensesandpointouttotheminabookthewordswhichyouallegearetobefoundinit。Themeansyouhaveadoptedaresofarremovedfromthisstraightforwardcoursethatthemostobtusemindsareunavoidablystruckbyobservingit。WhydidyounottaketheplanwhichIfollowedinbringingtolightthewickedmaximsofyourauthors—whichwastocitefaithfullythepassagesoftheirwritingsfromwhichtheywereextracted？
ThiswasthemodefollowedbythecuresofParis，anditneverfailstoproduceconviction。But，whenyouwerechargedbythemwithholding，forexample，thepropositionofFatherLamy，thata\"monkmaykillapersonwhothreatenstopublishcalumniesagainsthimselforhisorder，whenhecannototherwisepreventthepublication，\"whatwouldyouhavethought，andwhatwouldthepublichavesaid，iftheyhadnotquotedtheplacewherethatsentimentisliterallytobefound？orif，afterhavingbeenrepeatedlydemandedtoquotetheirauthority，theystillobstinatelyrefusedtodoit？orif，insteadofaccedingtothis，theyhadgoneofftoRomeandprocuredabull，ordainingallmentoacknowledgethetruthoftheirstatement？
WoulditnotbeundoubtedlyconcludedthattheyhadsurprisedthePope，andthattheywouldneverhavehadrecoursetothisextraordinarymethod，butforwantofthenaturalmeansofsubstantiatingthetruth，whichmattersoffactfurnishtoallwhoundertaketoprovethem？Accordingly，theyhadnomoretodothantotellusthatFatherLamyteachesthisdoctrineinBook5，disp。36，n。118，page544。oftheDouayedition；andbythismeanseverybodywhowishedtoseeitfounditout，andnobodycoulddoubtaboutitanylonger。Thisappearstobeaveryeasyandpromptwayofputtinganendtocontroversiesoffact，whenonehasgottherightsideofthequestion。Howcomesit，then，father，thatyoudonotfollowthisplan？
Yousaid，inyourbook，thatthefivepropositionsareinJansenius，wordforword，intheidenticalterms—iisdemverbis。Youweretoldtheywerenot。Whathadyoutodoafterthis，buteithertocitethepage，ifyouhadreallyfoundthewords，ortoacknowledgethatyouweremistaken。Butyouhavedoneneithertheonenortheother。Inplaceofthis，onfindingthatallthepassagesfromJansenius，whichyousometimesadduceforthepurposeofhoodwinkingthepeople，arenot\"thecondemnedpropositionsintheirindividualidentity，\"asyouhadengagedtoshowus，youpresentuswithConstitutionsfromRome，which，withoutspecifyinganyparticularplace，declarethatthepropositionshavebeenextractedfromhisbook。
Iamsensible，father，oftherespectwhichChristiansowetotheHolySee，andyourantagonistsgivesufficientevidenceoftheirresolutionevertoabidebyitsdecisions。Donotimaginethatitimpliedanydeficiencyinthisduedeferenceontheirpartthattheyrepresentedtothepope，withallthesubmissionwhichchildrenowetotheirfather，andmemberstotheirhead，thatitwaspossiblehemightbedeceivedonthispointoffact—thathehadnotcausedittobeinvestigatedduringhispontificate；
andthathispredecessor，InnocentX，hadmerelyexaminedintothehereticalcharacterofthepropositions，andnotintothefactoftheirconnectionwithJansenius。ThistheystatedtothecommissaryoftheHolyOffice，oneoftheprincipalexaminers，statingthattheycouldnotbecensuredaccordingtothesenseofanyauthor，becausetheyhadbeenpresentedforexaminationontheirownmerits；andwithoutconsideringtowhatauthortheymightbelong：further，thatupwardsofsixtydoctors，andavastnumberofotherpersonsoflearningandpiety，hadreadthatbookcarefullyover，withouteverhavingencounteredtheproscribedpropositions，andthattheyhavefoundsomeofaquiteoppositedescription：thatthosewhohadproducedthatimpressiononthemindofthePopemightbereasonablypresumedtohaveabusedtheconfidencehereposedinthem，inasmuchastheyhadaninterestindecryingthatauthor，whohasconvictedMolinaofupwardsoffiftyerrors：thatwhatrendersthissuppositionstillmoreprobableisthattheyhaveacertainmaximamongthem，oneofthebestauthenticatedintheirwholesystemoftheology，whichis，\"thattheymay，withoutcriminality，calumniatethosebywhomtheyconceivethemselvestobeunjustlyattacked\"；
andthat，accordingly，theirtestimonybeingsosuspicious，andthetestimonyoftheotherpartysorespectable，theyhadsomegroundforsupplicatinghisholiness，withthemostprofoundhumility，thathewouldordainaninvestigationtobemadeintothisfact，inthepresenceofdoctorsbelongingtobothparties，inorderthatasolemnandregulardecisionmightbeformedonthepointindispute。\"Lettherebeaconvocationofablejudges（saysSt。Basilonasimilaroccasion，Epistle75）；leteachofthembeleftatperfectfreedom；letthemexaminemywritings；letthemjudgeiftheycontainerrorsagainstthefaith；letthemreadtheobjectionsandthereplies；thatsoajudgementmaybegivenindueformandwithproperknowledgeofthecase，andnotadefamatorylibelwithoutexamination。\"Itisquitevainforyou，father，torepresentthosewhowouldactinthemannerI
havenowsupposedasdeficientinpropersubjectiontotheHolySee。ThepopesareveryfarfrombeingdisposedtotreatChristianswiththatimperiousnesswhichsomewouldfainexerciseundertheirname。\"TheChurch，\"saysPopeSt。Gregory，\"whichhasbeentrainedintheschoolofhumility，doesnotcommandwithauthority，butpersuadesbyreason，herchildrenwhomshebelievestobeinerror，toobeywhatshehastaughtthem。\"Andsofarfromdeemingitadisgracetoreviewajudgementintowhichtheymayhavebeensurprised，wehavethetestimonyofSt。Bernardforsayingthattheygloryinacknowledgingthemistake。\"TheApostolicSee（hesays，Epistle180）canboastofthisrecommendation，thatitneverstandsonthepointofhonour，butwillinglyrevokesadecisionthathasbeengainedfromitbysurprise；indeed，itishighlyjusttopreventanyfromprofitingbyanactofinjustice，andmoreespeciallybeforetheHolySee。\"Such，father，arethepropersentimentswithwhichthepopesoughttobeinspired；foralldivinesareagreedthattheymaybesurprised，andthattheirsupremecharacter，sofarfromwarrantingthemagainstmistakes，exposesthemthemorereadilytofallintothem，onaccountofthevastnumberofcareswhichclaimtheirattention。ThisiswhatthesameSt。Gregorysaystosomepersonswhowereastonishedatthecircumstanceofanotherpopehavingsufferedhimselftobedeluded：\"Whydoyouwonder，\"sayshe，\"thatweshouldbedeceived，wewhoarebutmen？HaveyounotreadthatDavid，akingwhohadthespiritofprophecy，wasinduced，bygivingcredittothefalsehoodsofZiba，topronounceanunjustjudgementagainstthesonofJonathan？Whowillthinkitstrange，then，thatwe，whoarenotprophets，shouldsometimesbeimposeduponbydeceivers？Amultiplicityofaffairspressesonus，andourminds，which，bybeingobligedtoattendtosomanythingsatonce，applythemselveslesscloselytoeachinparticular，arethemoreeasilyliabletobeimposeduponinindividualcases。\"Truly，father，Ishouldsupposethatthepopesknowbetterthanyouwhethertheymaybedeceivedornot。Theythemselvestellusthatpopes，aswellasthegreatestprinces，aremoreexposedtodeceptionthanindividualswhoarelessoccupiedwithimportantavocations。Thismustbebelievedontheirtestimony。Anditiseasytoimaginebywhatmeanstheycometobethusoverreached。St。Bernard，intheletterwhichhewrotetoInnocentII，givesusthefollowingdescriptionoftheprocess：\"Itisnowonder，andnonovelty，thatthehumanmindmaybedeceived，andisdeceived。Youaresurroundedbymonkswhocometoyouinthespiritoflyinganddeceit。
Theyhavefilledyourearswithstoriesagainstabishop，whoselifehasbeenmostexemplary，butwhoistheobjectoftheirhatred。Thesepersonsbitelikedogs，andstrivetomakegoodappearevil。Meanwhile，mostholyfather，youputyourselfintoarageagainstyourownson。Whyhaveyouaffordedmatterofjoytohisenemies？Believenoteveryspirit，buttrythespiritswhethertheybeofGod。Itrustthat，whenyouhaveascertainedthetruth，allthisdelusion，whichrestsonafalsereport，willbedissipated。
Ipraythespiritoftruthtograntyouthegracetoseparatelightfromdarkness，andtofavourthegoodbyrejectingtheevil。\"Yousee，then，father，thattheeminentrankofthepopesdoesnotexemptthemfromtheinfluenceofdelusion；andImaynowadd，thatitonlyservestorendertheirmistakesmoredangerousandimportantthanthoseofothermen。ThisisthelightinwhichSt。BernardrepresentsthemtoPopeEugenius：\"Thereisanotherfault，socommonamongthegreatofthisworldthatInevermetoneofthemwhowasfreefromit；andthatis，holyfather，anexcessivecredulity，thesourceofnumerousdisorders。Fromthisproceedviolentpersecutionsagainsttheinnocent，unfoundedprejudicesagainsttheabsent，andtremendousstormsaboutnothing（pronihilo）。This，holyfather，isauniversalevil，fromtheinfluenceofwhich，ifyouareexempt，Ishallonlysayyouaretheonlyindividualamongallyourcompeerswhocanboastofthatprivilege。\"Iimagine，father，thattheproofsIhavebroughtarebeginningtoconvinceyouthatthepopesareliabletobesurprised。But，tocompleteyourconversion，Ishallmerelyremindyouofsomeexamples，whichyouyourselfhavequotedinyourbook，ofpopesandemperorswhomhereticshaveactuallydeceived。Youwillremember，then，thatyouhavetoldusthatApollinariussurprisedPopeDamasius，inthesamewaythatCelestiussurprisedZozimus。Youinformus，besides，thatonecalledAthanasiusdeceivedtheEmperorHeraclius，andprevailedonhimtopersecutetheCatholics。
Andlastly，thatSergiusobtainedfromHonoriusthatinfamousdecretalwhichwasburnedatthesixthcouncil，\"byplayingthebusybody，\"asyousay，\"aboutthepersonofthatpope。\"Itappears，then，father，byyourownconfession，thatthosewhoactthispartaboutthepersonsofkingsandpopesdosometimesartfullyenticethemtopersecutethefaithfuldefendersofthetruth，underthepersuasionthattheyarepersecutingheretics。