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　　Benthamremainedasmucharecluseasever。HeseldomleftQueen’sSquarePlaceexceptforcertainsummeroutings。In1807hetookahouseatBarrowGreen，nearOxted，inSurrey，lyinginapicturesquehollowatthefootofthechalkhills。101*Itwasanold-fashionedhouse，standinginwhathadbeenapark，withalakeandacomfortablekitchengarden。Benthampotteredaboutinthegroundsandundertheoldchestnut-trees，codifying，gardening，andtalkingtooccasionaldisciples。Hereturnedthitherinfollowingyears；

　　butin1814，probablyinconsequenceofhiscompensationforthePanopticon，tookalargerplace，FordAbbey，nearChardinSomersetshire。Itwasasuperbresidence，102*withchapel，cloisters，andcorridors，ahalleightyfeetlongbythirtyhigh，andagreatdiningparlour。PartsofthebuildingdatedfromthetwelfthcenturyorthetimeoftheCommonwealth，orhadundergonealterationsattributedtoInigoJones。NoSquireWesterncouldhavecaredlessforantiquarianassociations，butBenthammadeaveryfairmonk。Theplace，forwhichhepaid&#163；315ayear，wascongenial。Herodehisfavouritehobbyofgardening，andtookhisregular’ante-jentacular，and’post-prandial’

　　walks，andplayedbattledoreandshuttlecockintheintervalsofcodification。

　　Helikeditsowellthathewouldhavetakenitforlife，butforthelossof&#163；8000or&#163；10，000inaDevonshiremarble-quarry。103*In1818

　　hegaveitup，andthenceforwardrarelyquittedQueen’sSquarePlace。Hislifewasvariedbyfewincidents，althoughhisinfluenceuponpublicaffairswasforthefirsttimebecomingimportant。Thebusierjournalistsandplatformoratorsdidnottroublethemselvesmuchaboutphilosophy。Buttheywereincommunicationwithmenofahigherstamp，Romilly，JamesMill，andothers，whoformedBentham’sinnermostcouncil。ThusthemovementsintheoutsideworldsetupanagitationinBentham’sstudy；andthereclusewaspromptedtosethimselftoworkuponelaboratinghisowntheoriesinvariousdirections，inordertosupplythenecessarysubstratumofphilosophicaldoctrine。Ifhehadnotthepowerofgainingthepublicear，hisoraclesweretransmittedthroughthediscipleswhoalsoconvertedsomeofhisrawmaterialsintocoherentbooks。

　　ThemostimportantofBentham’sdisciplesformanyyearswasJamesMill，andIshallhavetosaywhatmoreisnecessaryinregardtotheactiveagitationwhenIspeakofMillhimself。Forthepresent，itisenoughtosaythatMillfirstbecameBentham’sproselyteabout1808。MillstayedwithBenthamatBarrowGreenandatFordAbbey。Thoughsomedifferencescausedsuperficialdisturbancesoftheirharmony，noprophetcouldhavehadamorezealous，uncompromising，andvigorousdisciple。Mill’sforceofcharacterqualifiedhimtobecometheleaderoftheschool；buthisdoctrinewasalwaysessentiallythedoctrineofBentham，andforthepresenthewascontenttobethetransmitterofhismaster’smessagetomankind。HewasatthisperiodacontributortotheEdinburghReview；andinOctober1809heinsertedsomepraisesofBenthaminareviewofabookuponlegislationbyS。ScipionBexon。ThearticlewascruellymangledbyJeffrey，accordingtohiscustom，andJeffrey’smostpowerfulvassal，Brougham，thoughtthatthepraiseswhichremainedwereexcessive。104*

　　ObviouslytheorthodoxWhigswerenotpreparedtoswearallegiancetoBentham。HewasdrawingintocloserconnectionwiththeRadicals。In1809

　　CobbettwasdenouncingthedukeofYorkinconsequenceoftheMrsClarkescandal。Benthamwrotetohim，butanonymouslyandcautiously，toobtaindocumentsinregardtoapreviouslibelcase，105*andproceededtowriteapamphletontheElementsoftheArtofPackingasappliedtoSpecialJuries，sosharpthathisfaithfuladviser，Romilly，procureditssuppressionforthetime。106*Copies，however，wereprintedandprivatelygiventoafewwhocouldbetrusted。Benthamnextwrote1809a’CatechismofParliamentaryReform，’whichhecommunicatedtoCobbett16thNovember1810，witharequestforitspublicationintheRegister。107*Cobbettwasatthistimeinprisonforhisattackuponfloggingmilitiamen；and，thoughstillmorehostiletogovernment，wasboundtobemorecautiousinhislineofassault。Theplanwasnotpublished，whetherbecausetoodaringortoodull；butitwasapparentlyprinted。Bentham’sopinionofCobbettwasanythingbutflattering。

　　Cobbett，hethoughtin1812，wasa’vilerascal，’andwasafterwardspronouncedtobe’filledwiththeodiumhumanigeneris——hismalevolenceandlyingbeyondeverything。’108*Cobbett’sradicalism，infact，wasofthetypemosthostiletotheUtilitarians。JohnHunt，intheExaminerwas’trumpeting’

　　BenthamandRomillyin1812，andwaspraisedaccordingly。109*BenthamformedanalliancewithanotherleadingRadical。Hehadmadeacquaintanceby1811

　　withSirF。Burdett，towhomhethenappealedforhelpinanattackuponthedelaysofChancery。110*Burdett，indeed，appearedtohimtobefarinferiortoRomillyandBrougham，buthethoughtthatsopowerfula’heroofthemob’oughttobeturnedtoaccountinthegoodcause。111*Burdettseemstohavecourtedtheoldphilosopher；andafewyearslateracloseralliancewasbroughtabout。Thepeaceof1815wassucceededbyaperiodofdistress，themoreacutelyfeltfromthedisappointmentofnaturalhopesofprosperity；andaperiodofagitation，metbyharshrepression，followed。

　　ApplicationsweremadetoBenthamforpermissiontousehis’Catechism，’

　　whichwasultimatelypublished1818inacheapformbyWooler，wellknownastheeditorofthedemocraticBlackDwarf。112*Burdettappliedforaplanofparliamentaryreform。HenryBickersteth1783-1851，afterwardsLordLangdaleandMasteroftheRolls，atthistimearisingbarristerofhighcharacter，wroteanappealtoBenthamandBurdetttocombineinsettingforthaschemewhich，withsuchauthority，mustcommandgeneralacceptance。

　　TheresultwasaseriesofresolutionsmovedbyBurdettintheHouseofCommonson2ndJune1818，113*demandinguniversalsuffrage，annualparliaments，andvotebyballot。Benthamhadthusacceptedtheconclusionsreachedinadifferentwaybythebelieversinthat’hodge-podge’ofabsurdities，thedeclarationoftherightsofman。Curiouslyenough，hisassaultuponthatdocumentappearedinDumont’sFrenchversionintheyear1816，attheverytimewhenhewasacceptingitspracticalconclusions。

　　TheschemesinwhichMillwasinterestedatthistimedrewBentham’sattentioninotherdirections。In1813theQuaker，WilliamAllen，whohadbeenacloseallyofMill，inducedBenthamtoinvestmoneyintheNewLanarkestablishment。

　　Owen，whosebenevolentschemeshadbeenhamperedbyhispartners，boughtthemout，thenewcapitalbeingpartlyprovidedbyAllen，Bentham，andothers。

　　BenthamafterwardsspokecontemptuouslyofOwen，who，ashesaid，’beganinvapourandendedinsmoke，’114*andwhosedisciplescameinafteryearsintosharpconflictwiththeUtilitarians。Bentham，however，tookpleasure，itseems，inOwen’sbenevolentschemesforinfanteducation，andmademoneybyhisinvestment，foroncecombiningbusinesswithphilanthropysuccessfully。115*

　　ProbablyheregardedNewLanarkasakindofPanopticon。OwenhadnotasyetbecomeaprophetofSocialism。

　　AnothersetofcontroversiesinwhichMillandhisfriendstookanactivepart，startedBenthaminawholeseriesofspeculations。AplanwhichI

　　shallhavetomentioninconnectionwithMill，wasdevisedin1815fora’Chrestomathicschool，’whichwastogiveasoundeducationofproperUtilitariantendenciestotheupperandmiddleclasses。Brougham，Mackintosh，Ricardo，WilliamAllen，andPlacewereallinterestedinthisundertaking。116*BenthamofferedasiteatQueen’sSquarePlace，andthoughtheschemenevercametothebirth，itsethimactivelyatwork。HewroteaseriesofpapersduringhisfirstyearatFordAbbey117*uponthetheoryofeducation，publishedin1816asChrestomathia；andtothiswasapparentlydueafurtherexcursionbeyondthelimitsofjurisprudence。Educationalcontroversyinthatignorantdaywascomplicatedbyreligiousanimosity；theNationalSocietyandthe’BritishandForeign’SocietywerefightingunderthebannersofBellandLancaster，andthewarrousedexcessivebitterness。Benthamfindingthechurchinhisway，hadlittledifficultyindiscoveringthatthewholeecclesiasticalsystemwaspartofthegeneralcomplexofabuseagainstwhichhewaswarring。

　　HefellfouloftheCatechism；heexposedtheabusesofnon-residenceandepiscopalwealth；hediscoveredthattheThirty-nineArticlescontainedgrossfallacies；hewentontomakeanonslaughtupontheApostleStPaul，whoseevidenceastohisconversionwasexposedtoaseverecross-examination；

　　and，finally，hewrote，orsuppliedthematerialsfor，aremarkableAnalysisofNaturalReligion，whichwasultimatelypublishedbyGroteunderthepseudonym’PhilipBeauchamp，’in1822。ThisprocedurefromtheparticularcaseoftheCatechisminschoolsuptothegeneralproblemoftheutilityofreligioningeneral，iscuriouslycharacteristicofBentham。

　　Bentham’smindwasattractedtovariousotherschemesbythediscipleswhocametositathisfeet，andprofessed，withmoreorlesssincerity，toregardhimasaSolon。Foreignershadbeenresortingtohimfromallpartsoftheworld，andgavehimhopesofnewfieldsforcodifying。Asearlyas1808hehadbeenvisitedatBarrowGreenbythestrangeadventurer，politician，lawyer，andfilibuster，AaronBurr，famousfortheduelinwhichhekilledAlexanderHamilton，andnowframingwildschemesforanempireinMexico。

　　Unscrupulous，restlesslyactiveandcynical，hewasasingularcontrasttotheplacidphilosopher，uponwhomhisconfidencesseemtohavemadeanimpressionofnotunpleasinghorror。Burr’sconversationsuggestedtoBenthamasingularschemeforemigratingtoMexico。HeappliedseriouslyforintroductionstoLordHolland，whohadpassedsometimeinSpain，andtoHolland’sfriend，Jovellanos1749-1812，amemberoftheSpanishJunta，whohadwrittentreatisesuponlegislation1785，ofwhichBenthamapproved。118*ThedreamofMexicowassucceededbyadreamofVenezuela。GeneralMirandaspentsomeyearsinEngland，andhadbecomewellknowntoJamesMill。HewasnowabouttostartuponanunfortunateexpeditiontoVenezuela，hisnativecountry。Hetookwithhimadraftofalawforthefreedomofthepress，whichBenthamdrewup，andheproposedthatwhenhisnewstatewasfounded，Benthamshouldbeitslegislator。119*MirandawasbetrayedtotheSpanishgovernmentin1812，anddied1816inthehandsoftheInquisition。Bolivar，whowasalsoinLondonin1810andtooksomenoticeofJosephLancaster，appliedinflatteringtermstoBentham。Longafterwards，whendictatorofColumbia，heforbadetheuseofBentham’sworksintheschools，towhich，however，theprivilegeofreadinghimwasrestored，and，letushope，dulyvalued，in1835。120*

　　Santander，anotherSouthAmericanhero，wasalsoadisciple，andencouragedthestudyofBentham。Benthamsaysin1830thatfortythousandcopiesofDumont’sTrait&eacute；shadbeensoldinParisfortheSouthAmericantrade。121*

　　WhatshareBenthammayhavehadinmodifyingSouthAmericanideasisunknowntome。IntheUnitedStateshehadmanydisciplesofamorecreditablekindthanBurr。Heappealedin1811toMadison，thenPresident，forpermissiontoconstructa’Pannomion’orcompletebodyoflaw，fortheuseoftheUnitedStates；andurgedhisclaimsbothuponMadisonandtheGovernorofPennsylvaniain1817，whenpeacehadbeenrestored。HehadmanyconversationsuponthisprojectwithJohnQuincyAdams，whowasthenAmericanministerinEngland。122*

　　This，ofcourse，cametonothing，butaneminentAmericandisciple，EdwardLivingston1764-1836，between1820and1830preparedcodesfortheStateofLouisiana，andwarmlyacknowledgedhisobligationstoBentham。123*In1830Benthamalsoacknowledgesanoticeofhislabours，probablyresultingfromthis，whichhadbeenmadeinoneofGeneralJackson’spresidentialmessages。124*