Thoughtheammunitionbreadwithwhichheisfurnishedisrathercoarseandbrown，beingmadeofrye-meal，withonlyasmallquantityofthecoarserpartofthebranseparatedfromit，yetitisnotonlywholesome，butverynourishing；andformakingsoupitisevenmorepalatablethanwheatenbread。Mostofthesoldiers，however，intheElector’sservice，andparticularlythosebelongingtotheBavarianregiments，makeapracticeofsellingagreatpartoftheirallowanceofammunitionbread，andwiththemoneytheygetforit，buythebestwheatenbreadthatistobehad；andmanyofthemnevertastebrownbreadbutintheirsoup。
Theammunitionbreadisdeliveredtothesoldierseveryfourthday，inloaves，eachloafbeingequaltotworations；anditisarulegenerallyestablishedinthemesses，foreachsoldiertofurnishoneloaffortheuseofthemesseverytwelfthday，sothathehasfive-sixthsofhisallowanceofbread，whichremainsathisdisposal。
TheforegoingaccountofthemannerinwhichtheBavariansoldiersarefed，will，Ithink，showmostclearlythegreatimportanceofmakingsoldierslivetogetherinmesses——ItmaylikewisefurnishsomeusefulhintstothosewhomaybeengagedinfeedingthePoor，orinprovidingFoodforships’scompanies，orotherbodiesofmenwhoarefedincommon。
Withregardtotheexpenseoffuelintheseexperiments，asthevictualswerecookedinearthenpots，overanopenfire，theconsumptionoffire-woodwasverygreat。
Onthe10thofJune，when9lb。301/2lothsofsoup，1lb。28
lothsofmeat，and5lb。24lothsofbreaddumplins，inall17lb。
181/2ofFoodwereprepared，andtheprocessofcooking，fromthetimethefirewaslightedtillthevictualsweredone，lastedtwohoursandforty-fiveminutes，andtwenty-ninepounds，Bavarianweight，offire-woodwereconsumed。
Onthe11thofJune，when11lb。26lothsofbreadsoup，and8lb。
8lothsofbreaddumplins，inall20lb。2lothsofFoodwereprepared，theprocessofcookinglastedonehourandthirtyminutes；——andseventeenpoundsofwoodwereconsumed。
Onthe20thofJune，inSerjeantKein’smess，15lb。ofsoup；
1lb。22lothsofmeat，and8lb。ofliverdumplins，inall24lb。
22lothsofFoodwereprepared，andthroughtheprocessofcookinglastedtwohoursandforty-fiveminutes，only271/2lb。
offire-woodwereconsumed。
Onthe21stofJune，thesamequantityofsoupandmeat，and7lb。
ofbreaddumplins，inall23lb。22lothsofFoodwerepreparedintwohoursandthirtyminutes，withtheconsumptionof181/2lb。
ofwood。
Onthe22ndofJune，15lb。ofsoup，and10lb。ofmeatdumplins，inall25lb。ofFood，werecookedintwohoursandforty-fiveminutes，andthewoodconsumedwas18lb。10loths。
Thefollowingtablewillshow，inastrikingandsatisfactorymanner，theexpenseoffuelintheseexperiments：
DateoftheTimeemployedQuantityQuantityQuantityExperiments。incooking。ofFoodofWoodofWoodtoprepared。consumed。1lb。ofFood。
June1795。Hours。min。lb。loths。lb。
10th24517181/229
11th13020217
20th2452422171/2
21st2302322181/2
22d245250181/4——
Sums5121511101/21001/4——
Means2232201/5201/2010/11lb。
ThemeanquantityofFoodprepareddailyinfivedaysbeing22lb。
verynearly，andthemeanquantityoffire-woodconsumedbeing20
1/20lb。；thisgives10/11lb。ofwoodforeachpoundofFood。
Butithasbeenfoundbyactualexperiment，madewiththeutmostcare，inthenewkitchenoftheHouseofIndustryatMunich，andoftenrepeated，that600lb。ofFood，oftheSoupNo。I。giventothePoor，maybecookedwiththeconsumptionofonly44lb。
ofpine-wood。Andhenceitappearshowverygreatthewasteoffuelmustbeinallculinaryprocesses，astheyarecommonlyperformed；forthoughthetimetakenupincookingthesoupforthePooris，atamedium，morethanFOURHOURSANDAHALF，whilethatemployedbythesoldiersintheircookingislessthanTWOHOURSANDAHALF；yetthequantityoffuelconsumedbythelatterisnearTHIRTEENTIMESgreaterthanthatemployedinthepublickitchenoftheHouseofIndustry。
ButImustnothereanticipatehereamatterwhichistobethesubjectofaseparateEssay；andwhich，fromitsgreatimportance，certainlydeservestobecarefullyandthoroughlyinvestigated。
CHAPTER。V。
Ofthegreatimportanceofmakingsoldierseattogetherinregularmesses。
Theinfluenceofsucheconomicalarrangementsextendseventothemoralcharacterofthosewhoaretheobjectsofthem。
Oftheexpenceoffeedingsoldiersinmesses。
OfthesurprisingsmallnessoftheexpenceoffeedingthepooratMunich。
SpecificproposalsrespectingthefeedingofthepoorinGreatBritain，withcalculationsoftheexpense，atthepresentpricesofprovisions。
Allthosewhohavebeenconversantinmilitaryaffairsmusthavehadfrequentopportunitiesofobservingthestrikingdifferencethereis，evenintheappearanceofthemen，betweenregimentsinwhichmessesareestablished，andFoodisregularlyprovidedunderthecareandinspectionoftheOfficers；andothers，inwhichthesoldiersareleftindividuallytoshiftforthemselves。
Andthedifferencewhichmaybeobservedbetweensoldierswholiveinmesses，andareregularlyfed，andotherswhoarenot，isnotconfinedmerelytotheirexternalappearance：
theinfluenceofthesecausesextendsmuchfarther，andeventheMORALCHARACTERofthemanisaffectedbythem。
Peaceofmind，whichisasessentialtocontentmentandhappinessasitistovirtue，dependsmuchuponorderandregularityinthecommonaffairsoflife；andinnocaseareorderandmethodmorenecessarytohappiness，andconsequentlytovirtue，thaninthat，wherethepreservationofhealthisconnectedwiththesatisfyingofhunger；anappetitewhosecravingsaresometimesasinordinateastheyareinsatiable。
Peaceofminddependslikewisemuchuponeconomy，orthemeansusedforpreventingpecuniaryembarrassments；andthesavingstosoldiersinprovidingFood，whicharisefromhousekeepinginmessesoftenortwelvepersonswholivetogether，isverygreatindeed。
Butgreatasthesesavingsnoware，Ithinktheymightbemadestillmoreconsiderable；andIshallgivemyreasonsforthisopinion。
ThoughtheBavariansoldiersliveataverysmallexpense，littlemorethanTWO-PENCEsterlinga-day，yetwhenIcomparethissum，smallasitis，withtheexpenseoffeedingthePoorintheHouseofIndustryatMunich，whichdoesnotamounttomorethanTWOFARTHINGSa-day，evenincludingthecostofthepieceofdryrye-bread，weighingsevenouncesAvoirdupois[11]，whichisgiventhemintheirhands，atdinner，butwhichtheyseldomeatatdinner，butcommonlycarryhomeintheirpocketsfortheirsuppers；——whenIcompare，Isay，thissmallsum，withthedailyexpenceofthesoldiersfortheirsubsistence，Ifindreasontoconclude，eitherthatthesoldiersmightbefedcheaper，orthatthePoormustbeabsolutelystarvedupontheirallowance。Thatthelatterisnotthecase，thehealthycountenancesofthePoor，andtheairofplacidcontentmentwhichalwaysaccompaniesthem，aswellinthedining-hallasintheirworking-rooms，affordsatthesametimethemostinterestingandmostsatisfactoryproofpossible。
Weretheytogohomeinthecourseoftheday，itmightbesuspectedthattheygotsomethingathometoeat，inadditiontowhattheyreceivefromthepublickitchenoftheEstablishment；——
butthistheyseldomoreverdo；andtheycometothehousesoearlyinthemorning，andleaveitsolateatnight，thatitdoesnotseemprobablethattheycouldfindtimetocookanythingattheirownlodgings。
Someofthem，Iknown，makeaconstantpracticeofgivingthemselvesatreatofapintofbeeratnight，aftertheyhavefinishedtheirwork；butIdonotbelievetheyhaveanythingelsefortheirsuppers，exceptitbethebreadwhichtheycarryhomefromtheHouseofIndustry。
Imustconfess，however，veryfairly，thatitalwaysappearedtomequitesurprising，andthatitisstillamysterywhichIdonotclearlyunderstand，howitispossibleforthesepoorpeopletobesocomfortablyfeduponthesmallallowanceswhichtheyreceive——Thefacts，however，arenotonlycertain，buttheyarenotorious。Manypersonsofthemostrespectablecharactersinthiscountry，GreatBritain，aswellasupontheContinent，whohavevisitedtheHouseofIndustryatMunich，canbearwitnesstotheirauthenticity；andtheyaresurelynotthelessinterestingforbeingextraordinary。
Itmusthoweverberemembered，thatwhatformerlycostTWOFARTHINGS
inBavaria，atthemeanpriceofprovisionsinthatcountry，costsTHREEfarthingsatthispresentmoment；andwouldprobablycostSIXinLondon，andinmostotherpartsofGreatBritain：butstill，itwilldoubtlessappearalmostincredible，thatacomfortableandnourishingmeal，sufficientforsatisfyingthehungerofastrongman，maybefurnishedinLondon，andatthisverymoment，whenprovisionsofallkindsaresoremarkablydear，atLESSTHANTHREEFARTHINGS。Thefact，however，ismostcertain，andmayeasilybedemonstratedbymakingtheexperiment。
Supposingthatitshouldbenecessary，infeedingthePoorinthiscountry，tofurnishthemwiththreemealsa-day，eventhatmightbedoneataverysmallexpence，werethesystemoffeedingthemadoptedwhichishereproposed。Theamountofthatexpencewouldbeasfollows：
Pence。Farths。
Forbreakfast，20ouncesoftheSoupNo，II。
composedofpearlbarley，peas，potatoes，andfinewheatenbreadSeepage210。021/2
Fordinner，20ouncesofthesameSoup，and7ouncesofrye-bread……12
Forsupper，20ouncesofthesameSoup……021/2——
Inall4lb。3oz。ofFood[12]，whichwouldcost23
Shoulditbethoughtnecessarytogivealittlemeatatdinner，thismaybestbedonebymixingit，cutfine，orminced，inbreaddumplins；orwhenbacon，oranykindofsaltedorsmokedmeatisgiven，tocutitfineandmixitwiththebreadwhichiseateninthesoup。Ifthebreadbefried，theFoodwillbemuchimproved；
butthiswillbeattendedwithsomeadditionalexpence——
Rye-breadisasgood，ifnotbetter，forfrying，thanbreadmadeofwheatflour；anditiscommonlynothalfsodear——
Perhapsrye-breadfriedmightbefurnishedalmostascheapaswheatenbreadnotfried；andifthiscouldbedone，itwouldcertainlybeaverygreatimprovement。
Thereisanotherwaybywhichthesecheapsoupsmaybemadeexceedinglypalatableandsavoury；——whichisbymixingwiththemaverysmallquantityofredherrings，mincedveryfineorpoundedinamortar——ThereisnokindofcheapFood，Ibelieve，thathassomuchtasteasredherrings，orthatcommunicatesitsflavourwithsomuchliberalitytoothereatables；andtomostpalatesitisremarkablyagreeable。
Cheesemaylikewisebemadeuseofforgivinganagreeablerelishtothesesoups；andaverysmallquantityofitwillbesufficientforthatpurpose，providedithasastrongtaste，andisproperlyapplied——Itshouldbegratedtoapowderwithagrater，andasmallquantityofthispowderthrownoverthesoup，AFTERITISDISHEDOUT——Thisisfrequentlydoneatthesumptuoustablesoftherich，andisthoughtagreatdelicacy；whilethePoor，whohavesofewenjoyments，havenotbeentaughttoavailthemselvesofthis，whichissomuchwithintheirreach。
Thosewholeavocationscallthemtovisitdistantcountries，andthosewhosefortuneenablesthemtotravelfortheiramusementorimprovement，havemanyopportunitiesofacquiringusefulinformation；andinconsequenceofthisintercoursewithstrangers，manyimprovements，andmoreREFINEMENTS，havebeenintroducedintothiscountry；butthemostimportantadvantagesthatMIGHTbederivedfromanintimateknowledgeofthemannersandcustomsofdifferingnations，——theintroductionofimprovementstendingtofacilitatethemeansofsubsistence，andtoincreasethecomfortsandconveniencesofthemostnecessitousandmostnumerousclassesofsociety，——havebeen，alas！littleattendedto。Ourextensivecommerceenablesustoprocure，andwedoactuallyimportmostofthevaluablecommoditieswhicharetheproduceeitherofthefoiloftheocean，oroftheindustryofmaninallthevariousregionsofthehabitableglobe；——buttheresultoftheEXPERIENCEOFAGESrespectingtheusethatcanbemadeofthosecommoditieshasseldombeenthoughtworthimporting！IneverseemaccaroniinEngland，orpolentainGermany，uponthetablesoftherich，withoutlamentingthatcheapandwholesomeluxuriesshouldbemonopolizedbythosewhostandleastinneedofthem；whilethePoor，who，onewouldthink，oughttobeconsideredashavingalmostanEXCLUSIVErighttothem，astheywerebothinventedbythePoorofaneighbouringnation，arekeptinperfectignoranceofthem。
ButthesetwokindsofFoodaresopalatable，wholesome，andnourishing，andmaybeprovidedsoeasily，andatsoverycheaparateinallcountries，andparticularlyinGreatBritain，thatIthinkIcannotdobetterthantodevoteafewpagestotheexaminationofthem；——andIshallbeginwithPolenta，orIndiancorn，asitiscalledinthiscountry。
CHAPTER。VI。
OfINDIANCORN。
Itaffordsthecheapestandmostnourishingfoodknown。
Proofsthatitismorenourishingthanrice。
Differentwaysofpreparingorcookingit。
Computationoftheexpenseoffeedingapersonwithit，foundedonexperiment。
ApprovedReceiptformakinganINDIANPUDDING。
IcannothelpincreasingthelengthofthisEssaymuchbeyondtheboundsIoriginallyassignedtoit，inordertohaveanopportunityofrecommendingakindofFoodwhichIbelievetobebeyondcomparisonthemostnourishing，cheapest，andmostwholesomethatcanbeprocuredforfeedingthePoor——ThisisIndianCorn，amostvaluableproduction；andwhichgrowsinalmostallclimates；andthoughitdoesnotsucceedremarkablywellinGreatBritain，andinsomepartsofGermany，yetitmayeasilybehadingreatabundance，fromothercountries；
andcommonlyataverylowrate。
ThecommonpeopleinthenorthernpartsofItalylivealmostentirelyuponit；andthroughoutthewholeContinentofAmericaitmakesaprincipalarticleofFood——InItalyitiscalledPolenta，whereitispreparedorcookedinavarietyofways，andformsthebasisofanumberofverynourishingdishes——
Themostcommonwayhoweverofusingitinthatcountryistogrinditintomeal，andwithwatertomakeitintoathickkindofpudding，likewhatinthiscountryiscalledahasty-pudding，whichiseatenwithvariouskindsofsauce，andsometimeswithoutanysauce。
InthenorthernpartsofNorthAmerica，thecommonhouseholdbreadthroughoutthecountryiscomposedofonepartofIndianmealandonepartofryemeal；andImuchdoubtwhetheramorewholesome，ormorenourishingkindofbreadcanbemade。
Riceisuniversallyallowedtobeverynourishing，——muchmoresoeventhanwheat；butthereisacircumstancewellknowntoallthosewhoareacquaintedwiththedetailsoffeedingthenegroslavesinthesouthernstatesofNorthAmerica，andintheWestIndies，thatwouldseemtoprove，inaverydecisiveandsatisfactorymanner，thatINDIANCORNISEVENMORENOURISHING
THANRICE——Inthosecountries，wherericeandIndianCornarebothproducedinthegreatestabundance，thenegroeshavefrequentlyhadtheiroptionbetweenthesetwokindsofFood；andhaveinvariablypreferredthelatter——Thereasonstheygiveforthispreferencetheyexpressinstrong，thoughnotinverydelicateterms——Theysaythat“Riceturnstowaterintheirbellies，andrunsoff；“——but“IndianCornstayswiththem，andmakesstrongtowork。”
ThisaccountofthepreferencewhichnegroesgivetoIndianCornforFood，andoftheirreasonsforthispreference，wascommunicatedtomebytwogentlemenofmostrespectablecharacter，wellknowninEngland，andnowresidentinLondon，whowereformerlyplanters；oneinGeorgia，andtheotherinJamaica。
ThenutritivequantitywhichIndianCornpossessed，inamosteminentdegree，whenemployedforfatteninghogsandpoultry，andforgivingstrengthtoworkingoxen，haslongbeenuniversallyknownandacknowledgedineverypartofNorthAmerica；andnobodyinthatcountrythinksofemployinganyothergrainforthosepurposes。
AllthesefactsprovetoademonstrationthatIndiaCornpossessesveryextraordinarynutritivepowers；anditiswellknownthatthereisnospeciesofgrainthatcanbehadsocheap，orinsogreatabundance；——itisthereforewellworthytheattentionofthosewhoareengagedinprovidingcheapandwholesomeFoodforthePoor，——orintakingmeasuresforwardingofftheevilswhichcommonlyattendageneralscarcityofprovisions，toconsiderintime，howthisusefularticleofFoodmaybeprocuredinlargequantities，andhowtheintroductionofitintocommonusecanbemosteasilybeeffected。
InregardtothemannerofusingIndianCorn，thereareavastvarietyofdifferentwaysinwhichitmaybeprepared，orcooked，inordertoitsbeingusedasFood——Onesimpleandobviouswayofusingit，istomixitwithwheat，rye，orbarleymeal，inmakingbread；butwhenitisusedformakingbread，andparticularlywhenitismixedwithwheatflour，itwillgreatlyimprovethequalityofthebreadiftheIndianmeal，thecoarserpartofthebranbeingfirstseparatedfromitbysifting，bepreviouslymixedwithwater，andboiledforaconsiderablelengthoftime，——twoorthreehoursforinstance，overaslowfire，beforetheothermealorflourisaddedtoit——Thisboiling，which，iftheproperquantityofwaterisemployed，willbringthemasstotheconsistencyofathinpudding，willeffectuallyremoveacertaindisagreeableRAWTASTEintheIndianCorn，whichsimplebakingwillnotentirelytakeaway；andthewheatflourbeingmixedwiththispuddingafterithasbeentakenfromthefireandcooked，andthewholewellkneadedtogether，maybemadetorise，andbeformedintoloaves，andbakedintobread，withthesamefacilitythatbreadismadeofwheatflouralone，orofanymixturesofdifferentkindsofmeal。
WhentheIndianmealispreviouslypreparedbyboiling，inthemannerheredescribed，amostexcellent，andverypalatablekindofbread，notinferiortowheatenbread，maybemadeofequalpartsofthismealandofcommonwheatflour。
Butthemostsimple，andIbelievethebest，andmosteconomicalwayofemployingIndianCornasFood，istomakeitintopuddings——Thereis，asIhavealreadyobserved，acertainrawnessinthetasteofit，whichnothingbutlongboilingcanremove；butwhenthatdisagreeabletasteisremoved，itbecomesextremelypalatable；andthatitisremarkablywholesome，hasbeenprovedbysomuchexperiencethatnodoubtscanpossiblybeentertainedofthatfact。
Thecultureofitrequiredmorelabourthanmostotherkindsofgrain；but，ontheotherhand，theproduceisveryabundant，anditisalwaysmuchcheaperthaneitherwheatorrye——
ThepriceofitintheCarolinas，andinGeorgia，hasoftenbeenaslowaseighteenpence，andsometimesasoneshillingsterlingperbushel；——buttheIndianCornwhichisgrowninthosesouthernstatesismuchinferior，bothinweightandinitsqualities，tothatwhichistheproduceofcolderclimates——IndianCornofthegrowthofCanada，andtheNewEnglandstates，whichisgenerallythoughttobeworthtwentypercent。moreperbushelthanthatwhichisgrowninthesouthernstates，maycommonlybeboughtfortwoandsixpence，orthreeshillingsabushel。
ItisnowthreeshillingsandsixpenceabushelatBoston；butthepricesofprovisionsofallkindshavebeenmuchraisedoflateinallpartsofAmerica，owingtotheuncommonlyhighpriceswhicharepaidforthemintheEuropeanmarketssincethecommencementofthepresentwar。
IndianCornandryeareverynearlyofthesameweight，buttheformergivesrathermoreflour，whengroundandsifted，thanthelatter——IfindbyareportoftheBoardofAgriculture，ofthe10thofNovember1795，thatthreebushelsofIndianCornweighed1cwt。1qr。18lb。or53lb。eachbushel，andgave1cwt。20lb。
offlourand26lb。ofbran；whilethreebushelsofrye，weighing1cwt。1qr。22lb。or54lb。thebushel，gaveonly1cwt。17lb。
offlourand28lb。ofbran——ButImuchsuspectthattheIndianCornusedintheseexperimentswasnotofthebestquality[13]。
Isawsomeofit，anditappearedtometobeofthatkindwhichiscommonlygrowninthesouthernstatesofNorthAmerica——
IndianCornofthegrowthofcolderclimatesis，probably，atleastasheavyaswheat，whichweightsatamediumabout58lb。
perbushel，andIimagineitwillgivenearlyasmuchflour[14]。
InregardtothemostadvantageousmethodofusingIndianCornasFood，Iwouldstronglyrecommend，particularlywhenitisemployedforfeedingthePoor，adishmadeofitthatisinthehighestestimationthroughoutAmerica，andwhichisreallyverygood，andverynourishing。Thisiscalledhasty-pudding；anditismadeinthefollowingmanner：Aquantityofwater，proportionedtothequantityofhasty-puddingintendedtobemade，isputoverthefireinanopenironpot，orkettle，andaproperquantityofsaltforseasoningthepuddingbeingpreviouslydissolvedinthewater，Indianmealisstirredintoit，bylittleandlittle，withawoodedspoonwithalonghandle，whilethewatergoesontobeheatedandmadetoboil；——greatcarebeingtakentoputinthemealbyverysmallquantities，andbysiftingitslowlythroughthefingersofthelefthand，andstirringthewateraboutverybrisklyatthesametimewiththewoodenspoon，withtherighthand，tomixthemealwiththewaterinsuchamannerastopreventlumpsbeingformed——
Themealshouldbeaddedsoslowly，that，whenthewaterisbroughttoboil，themassshouldnotbethickerthanwater-gruel，andhalfanhourmore，atleast，shouldbeemployedtoaddtheadditionalquantityofmealnecessaryforbringingthepuddingtobeoftheproperconsistency；duringwhichtimeitshouldbestirredaboutcontinually，andkeptconstantlyboiling——
Themethodofdeterminingwhenthepuddinghasacquiredtheproperconsistencyisthis；——thewoodenspoonusedforstirringitbeingplaceduprightinthemiddleofthekettle，ifitfallsdown，moremealmustbeadded；butifthepuddingissufficientlythickandadhesivetosupportitinaverticalposition，itisdeclaredtobePROOF；andnomoremealisadded——Iftheboiling，insteadofbeingcontinuedonlyhalfanhour，beprolongedtothreequartersofanhour，oranhour，thepuddingwillbeconsiderablyimprovedbythisprolongation。
Thishasty-pudding，whendone，maybeeateninvariousways——
Itmaybeput，whilehot，byspoonfulsintoabowlofmilk，andeatenwiththemilkwithaspoon，inlieuofbread；andusedinthiswayitisremarkablypalatable——Itmaylikewisebeeaten，whilehot，withasaucecomposedofbutterandbrownsugar，orbutterandmolasses，withorwithoutafewdropsofvinegar；andhoweverpeoplewhohavenotbeenaccustomedtothisAmericancookerymaybeprejudicedagainstit，theywillfindupontrialthatitmakesamostexcellentdish，andonewhichneverfailstobemuchlikedbythosewhoareaccustomedtoit——
TheuniversalfondnessofAmericansforitprovesthatitmusthavesomemerit；——forinacountrywhichproducesallthedelicaciesofthetableinthegreatestabundance，itisnottobesupposedthatawholenationshouldhaveatastesodepravedastogiveadecidedpreferencetoanyparticularspeciesofFoodwhichhasnotsomethingtorecommendit。
Themannerinwhichhasty-puddingiseatenwithbutterandsugar，orbutterandmolasses，inAmerica，isasfollows：Thehasty-puddingbeingspreadoutequallyuponaplate，whilehot，anexcavationismadeinthemiddleofit，withaspoon，intowhichexcavationapieceofbutter，aslargeasanutmeg，isput；anduponit，aspoonfulofbrownsugar，ormorecommonlyofmolasses——
Thebutterbeingsoonmeltedbytheheatofthepudding，mixeswiththesugar，ormolasses，andformsasauce，which，beingconfinedintheexcavationmadeforit，occupiesthemiddleoftheplate——Thepuddingistheneatenwithaspoon，eachspoonfulofitbeingdiptintothesaucebeforeitiscarriedtothemouth；
carebeinghadintakingitup，tobeginontheoutside，ornearthebrimoftheplate，andtoapproachthecenterbyregularadvances，inordernottodemolishtoosoontheexcavationwhichformsthereservoirforthesauce。
IfIamprolixinthesedescriptions，myreadermustexcuseme；
forpersuadedasIamthattheactionofFooduponthepalate，andconsequentlythepleasureofeating，dependsverymuchindeedupontheMANNERinwhichtheFoodisappliedtotheorgansoftaste，Ihavethoughtitnecessarytomention，andeventoillustrateintheclearestmanner，everycircumstancewhichappearedtometohaveinfluenceinproducingthoseimportanteffects。
Inthecaseinquestion，asitisthesaucealonewhichgivestasteandpalatablenesstotheFood，andconsequentlyisthecauseofthepleasureenjoyedineatingit，theimportanceofapplying，orusingit，insuchamannerastoproducethegreatestandmostdurableeffectpossibleontheorgansoftaste，isquiteevident；andinthemannerofeatingthisFoodwhichhasherebeendescribedandrecommended，thesmallquantityofsauceused，andthequantitymustbesmall，asitistheexpensivearticle，iscertainlyappliedtothepalatemoreimmediately；——
byagreatersurface；——andinastateofgreatercondensation；——
andconsequentlyactsuponitmorepowerfully；——andcontinuestoactuponitforagreaterlengthoftime，thanitcouldwellbemadetodowhenusedinanyotherway——Wereitmoreintimatelymixedwiththepudding，forinstance，insteadofbeingmerelyappliedtoitsexternalsurface，itsactionwouldcertainlybemuchlesspowerful；andwereitpouredoverthepudding，orwaspropercarenottakentokeepitconfinedinthelittleexcavationorreservoirmadeinthemidstofthepuddingtocontainit，muchofitwouldattachitselfandadheretothesurfaceoftheplate，andbelost。
Hasty-puddinghasthisinparticulartorecommendit；——andwhichrendersitsingularlyusefulasFoodforpoorfamilies，——thatwhenmoreofitismadeatoncethanisimmediatelywanted，whatremainsmaybepreservedgoodforseveraldays，andanumberofverypalatabledishesmaybemadeofit——Itmaybecutinthinslice，andtoastedbeforethefire，oronagridiron，andeateninsteadofbread，eitherinmilk，orinanykindofsouporpottage；orwithanyotherkindofFoodwithwhichbreadiscommonlyeaten；oritmaybeeatencold，withoutanypreparation，withawarmsaucemadeofbutter，molasses，orsugar，andalittlevinegar——Inthislast-mentionedwayofeatingit，itisquiteaspalatable，andIbelievemorewholesome，thanwheneatenwarm；thatistosay，whenitisfirstmade——Itmaylikewisebeputcold，withoutanypreparation，intohotmilk；
andthismixtureisbynomeansunpalatable，particularlyifitbesufferedtoremaininthemilktillitiswarmedthroughout，orifitbeboiledinthemilkforafewmoments。
AfavouritedishinAmerica，andaverygoodone，ismadeofcoldboiledcabbagechoppedfine，withasmallquantityofcoldboiledbeef，andslicesofcoldhasty-pudding，allfriedtogetherinbutterorhog’slard。
Thoughhasty-puddingsarecommonlymadeofIndianmeal，yetitisbynomeansuncommontomakethemofequalpartsofIndian，andofryemeal；——andtheyaresometimesmadeofryemealalone；
orofryemealandwheatflourmixed。
Togiveasatisfactoryideaoftheexpenceofpreparinghasty-puddingsinthiscountry，England，andoffeedingthePoorwiththem，Imadethefollowingexperiment：——About2pintsofwater，whichweighedjust2lb。Avoirdupois，wereputoverthefireinasaucepanofapropersize，and58grainsinweightor1/120ofapoundofsaltbeingadded，thewaterwasmadetoboil——Duringthetimethatiswasheating，smallquantitiesofIndianmealwerestirredintoit，andcarewastaken，bymovingthewaterbrisklyabout，withawoodenspoon，topreventthemealfrombeingformedintolumps；andasoftenasanylumpswereobserved，theywerecarefullybrokenwiththespoon；——theboilingwasthencontinuedhalfanhour，andduringthistimethepuddingwascontinuallystirredaboutwiththewoodenspoon，andsomuchmoremealwasaddedaswasfoundnecessarytobringthepuddingtobeoftheproperconsistency。
Thisbeingdone，itwastakenfromthefireandweighed，andwasfoundtoweighjust1lb。111/2oz——Uponweighingthemealwhichremained，thequantityfirstprovidedhavingbeenexactlydeterminedbyweightinthebeginningoftheexperiment，itwasfoundthatjustHALFAPOUNDofmealhadbeenused。
Fromtheresultofthisexperimentitappears，thatforeachpoundofIndianmealemployedinmakinghasty-pudding，wemayreckon3lb。9oz。ofthepudding——AndexpenceofprovidingthiskindofFood，orthecostofitbythepound，atthepresenthighpriceofgraininthiscountry，maybeseenbythefollowingcomputation：
L。s。d。
HalfapoundofIndianmeal，thequantity]
usedintheforegoingexperiment，at2d]
apoundor7s。6d。abushelforthecorn，]……001
thepricestatedinthereportofthe]
BoardofAgricultureofthe10thof]
November1795，sooftenreferredto，costs]
58grainsor1/120ofapoundofsalt，at]
2d。perpound]……0001/60——
Total，0011/60
Now，asthequantityofpuddingpreparedwiththeseingredientswas1lb。111/2oz。andthecostoftheingredientsamountedtoONEPENNYANDONESIXTIETHOFAPENNY，thisgivesforthecostofonepoundofhasty-pudding71/120ofapenny，or21/3farthings，verynearly——ItmusthoweverberememberedthattheIndianCornisherereckonedataveryexorbitantpriceindeed[15]。
ButbeforeitcanbedeterminedwhattheexpencewillbeoffeedingthePoorwiththiskindofFood，itwillbenecessarytoascertainhowmuchofitwillberequiredtogiveacomfortablemealtooneperson；andhowmuchtheexpencewillbeofprovidingthesauceforthatquantityofpudding——Todeterminethesetwopointswithsomedegreeofprecision，Imadethefollowingexperiment：——Havingtakenmybreakfast，consistingoftwodishesofcoffee，withcream，andadrytoast，atmyusualhourofbreakfasting，nineo’clockinthemorning，andhavingfastedfromthattimetillfiveo’clockintheafternoon，Ithendineduponmyhasty-pudding，withtheAmericansaucealreadydescribed，andIfound，aftermyappetiteforFoodwasperfectlysatisfied，andIfeltthatIhadmadeacomfortabledinner，thatIhadeatenjust1lb。11/2oz。ofthepudding；andtheingredients，ofwhichthesaucewhichwaseatenwithitwascomposed，werehalfanounceofbutter；threequartersofanounceofmolasses；
and21grainsor1/342ofapintofvinegar。
Thecostofthisdinnermaybeseenbythefollowingcomputation：
ForthePuddingFarthings。
1lb。11/2oz。ofhasty-pudding，at21/3farthingsapound……21/2——
FortheSauceHalfanounceofbutter，at10d。perpound11/4
Threequartersofanounceofmolasses，at6d。perpound……1
1/352ofapintofvinegar，at2s8d。
thegallon……01/16——
TotalfortheSauce，25/16farthings。
Sumtotalofexpencesforthisdinner，forthepuddinganditssauce……413/16farthings。
Orsomethinglessthanonepennyfarthing。
IbelieveitwouldnotbeeasytoprovideadinnerinLondon，atthistime，whenprovisionsofallkindsaresodear，equallygratefultothepalateandsatisfyingtothecravingsofhunger，atasmallerexpence——Andthatthismealwassufficientforallthepurposesofnourishmentappearsfromhence，thatthoughI
tookmyusualexercise，anddidnotsupafterit，Ineitherfeltanyparticularfaintness，noranyunusualdegreeofappetiteformybreakfastnextmorning。
Ihavebeenthemoreparticularinmyaccountofthisexperiment，toshowinwhatmannerexperimentsofthiskindought，inmyopinion，tobeconducted；——andalsotoinduceotherstoengageinthesemostusefulinvestigations。
Itwillnotescapetheobservationofthereader，thatsmallastheexpencewasofprovidingthisdinner，yetverynearone-halfofthatsumwaslaidoutinpurchasingtheingredientsforthesauce——Butitisprobablethataconsiderablepartofthatexpencemightbesaved——InItaly，polenta，whichisnothingmorethanhasty-puddingmadewithIndianmealandwater，isveryfrequently，andIbelievecommonlyeatenwithoutanysauce，andwhenonholidaysorotherextraordinaryoccasionstheyindulgethemselvesbyaddingasaucetoit，thissauceisfarfromexpensive——Itiscommonlynothingmorethanaverysmallquantityofbutterspreadovertheflatsurfaceofthehotpolentawhichisspreadoutthininalargeplatter；withalittleParmezanorotherstrongcheese，reducedtoacoarsepowderbygratingitwithagrater，strewedoverit。
PerhapsthisItaliansaucemightbemoreagreeabletoanEnglishpalatethanthatcommonlyusedinAmerica。Itwouldcertainlybelessexpensive，asmuchlessbutterwouldberequired，andascheeseinthiscountryisplentyandcheap。ButwhatevermaybethesauceusedwithFoodpreparedofIndianCorn，Icannottoostronglyrecommendtheuseofthatgrain。
WhileIwasemployedinmakingmyexperimentuponhasty-pudding，Ilearntfrommyservant，aBavarian，whoassistedme，afactwhichgavemegreatpleasure，asitservedtoconfirmmeintheopinionIhavelongentertainedofthegreatmeritofIndianCorn——HeassuredmethatpolentaismuchesteemedbythepeasantryinBavaria，andthatitmakesaveryconsiderablearticleoftheirFood；thatitcomesfromItalythroughtheTyrol；andthatitiscommonlysoldinBavariaATTHESAMEPRICE
ASWHEATFLOUR！Cantherebestrongerproofsofitsmerit？
ThenegroesinAmericapreferittorice；andtheBavarianpeasantstowheat——Whythenshouldnottheinhabitantsofthisislandlikeit？Itwillnot，Ihope，bepretended，thatitisinthisfavouredsoilalonethatprejudicestakesuchdeeprootthattheyarenevertobeeradicated，orthatthereisanythingpeculiarintheconstructionofthepalateofanEnglishman。
TheobjectionthatmaybemadetoIndianCorn，——thatitdoesnotthrivewellinthiscountry，——isofnoweight。Thesameobjectionmight，withequalreason，bemadetorice，andtwentyotherarticlesofFoodnowincommonuse。
Ithaseverbeenconsidered，bythoseversedinthescienceofpoliticaleconomy，asanobjectofthefirstimportancetokeepdownthepricesofprovisions，particularlyinmanufacturingandcommercialcountries；——andiftherebeacountryonearthwherethisoughttobedone，itissurelyGreatBritain：——andthereiscertainlynocountrywhichhasthemeansofdoingitsomuchinitspower。
Buttheprogressofnationalimprovementsmustbeveryslow，howeverfavorableothercircumstancesmaybe，wherethosecitizens，who，bytheirrankandsituationinsociety，aredestinedtodirectthepublicopinion，AFFECTtoconsiderthenationalprejudicesasunconquerable[16]——Buttoreturntothesubjectimmediatelyunderconsideration。
Thoughhasty-puddingis，Ibelieve，thecheapestFoodthatcanbepreparedwithIndianCorn，yetseveralotherverycheapdishesmaybemadeofit，whichingeneralareconsideredasbeingmorepalatable，andwhich，mostprobably，wouldbepreferredinthiscountry；andamongthese，whatinAmericaiscalledaplainIndianpuddingcertainlyholdsthefirstplace，andcanhardlyfailtobemuchlikedbythose，whowillbepersuadedtotryit——Itisnotonlycheapandwholesome，butagreatdelicacy；
anditisprincipallyonaccountofthesepuddingsthattheAmericans，whoresideinthiscountry，importannuallyfortheirownconsumptionIndianCornfromtheContinentofAmerica。
InordertobeabletogivethemostparticularandsatisfactoryinformationrespectingthemannerofpreparingtheseIndianpuddings，Icausedoneofthemtobemadehere，inLondon，
undermyimmediatedirection，byapersonbornandbroughtupinNorthAmerica，andwhounderstandsperfectlytheAmericanartofcookeryinallitsbranches[17]。Thispudding，whichwasallowedbycompetentjudgeswhotastedittobeasgoodastheyhadevereaten，wascomposedandpreparedinthefollowingmanner：
ApprovedReceiptformakingaplainIndianPudding。
ThreepoundsofIndianmealfromwhichthebranhadbeenseparatedbysiftingitinacommonhairsievewereputintoalargebowl，andfivepintsofboilingwaterwereputtoit，andthewholewellstirredtogether；threequartersofapoundofmolassesandoneounceofsaltwerethenaddedtoit，andthesebeingwellmixed，bystirringthemwiththeotheringredients，thepuddingwaspouredintoafitbag；andthebagbeingtiedup，anemptyspacebeingleftinthebagtyingit，equaltoaboutone-sixthofitscontents，forgivingroomforthepuddingtoswell，thispuddingwasputintoakettleofboilingwater，andwasboiledsixhourswithoutintermission；thelossofthewaterinthekettlebyevaporationduringthistimebeingfrequentlyreplacedwithboilingwaterfromanotherkettle。
Thepuddinguponbeingtakenoutofthebagweighedtenpoundsandoneounce；anditwasfoundtobeperfectlydone，nothavingthesmallestremainsofthatrawtastesodisagreeabletoallpalates，andparticularlytothosewhoarenotusedtoit，whichalwayspredominatesindishespreparedofIndianmealwhentheyarenotsufficientlycooked。
Asthisrawtasteistheonlywell-foundedobjectionthatcanbemadetothismostusefulgrain，andis，Iampersuaded，theonlycausewhichmakesitdislikedbythosewhoarenotaccustomedtoit，Iwouldadvisethosewhomayattempttointroduceitintocommonuse，whereitisnotknown，tobeginwithIndianbagpuddings，suchasIhaveherebeendescribing；andthatthisisaverycheapkindofFoodwillbeevidentfromthefollowingcomputation：
ExpenseofpreparingtheIndianPuddingabovementioned。
Pence。Pence。
3lb。ofIndianmealat……11/2……41/2
3/4lb。ofmolassesat……6……41/2
1oz。ofsaltat2d。perlb……01/8——
Totalfortheingredients，91/8
Asthispuddingweighed101/16lbs。andtheingredientscostninepenceandhalfafarthing，thisgivesthreefarthingsandahalfforeachpoundofpudding。
Itwillbeobserved，thatinthiscomputationIhavereckonedtheIndianmealatnomorethan11/2dperpound，whereasinthecalculationwhichwasgiventodeterminetheexpenseofpreparinghasty-puddingitwastakenattwopenceapound。Ihaveherereckoneditat11/2d。apound，becauseIampersuadeditmightbehadhereinLondonforthatprice，andevenforless——ThatwhichhaslatelybeenimportedfromBostonhasnotcostsomuch；
andwereitnotforthepresentuniversalscarcityofprovisionsinEurope，whichhasnaturallyraisedthepriceofgraininNorthAmerica，IhavenodoubtbutIndianmealmightbehadinthiscountryforlessthanonepennyfarthingperpound。
IncomposingtheIndianpuddingabovementioned，themolassesischargedat6d。thepound，butthatpriceisveryexorbitant。
Agallonofmolassesweighingabout10lb。commonlycostsintheWestIndiesfrom7d。to9d。sterling；andallowingsufficientlyfortheexpensesoffreight，insurance，andafairprofitforthemerchant，itcertainlyoughtnottocostinLondonmorethan1s。8d。
thegallon[18]；andthiswouldbringitto2d。perpound。
IfwetakethepricesofIndianmealandmolassesastheyarehereascertained，andcomputetheexpenseoftheingredientsforthepuddingbeforementioned，itwillbeasfollows：——
Pence。Pence。
3lb。ofIndianmealat……11/4……33/4
3/4lb。ofmolassesat……2……11/2
1oz。ofsaltat2d。perlb……01/8——
Totalfortheingredients，53/8
Nowasthepuddingweighed101/16lbs。thisgivestwofarthings，verynearly，foreachpoundofpudding；whichiscertainlyverycheapindeed，particularlywhentheexcellentqualitiesoftheFoodareconsidered。
Thispudding，whichoughttocomeoutofthebagsufficientlyhardtoretainitsform，andeventobecutintoslices，issorichandpalatable，thatitmayverywellbeeatenwithoutanysauce；butthosewhocanafforditcommonlyeatitwithbutter。
Asliceofthepudding，abouthalfaninch，orthreequartersofaninchinthickness，beinglaidhotuponaplate，anexcavationismadeinthemiddleofit，withthepointoftheknife，intowhichasmallpieceofbutter，aslargeperhapsasanutmeg，isput，andwhereitsoonmelts。Toexpeditethemeltingofthebutter，thesmallpieceofpuddingwhichiscutoutofthemiddleoftheslicetoformtheexcavationforreceivingthebutter，isfrequentlylaidoverthebutterforafewmoments，andistakenawayandeatenassoonasthebutterismelted。
Ifthebutterisnotsaltenough，alittlesaltisputintoitafteritismelted。Thepuddingistobeeatenwithaknifeandfork，beginningatthecircumferenceoftheslice，andapproachingregularlytowardsthecenter，eachpieceofpuddingbeingtakenupwiththefork，anddippedintothebutter，ordippedintoitINPARTONLY，asiscommonlythecase，beforeitiscarriedtothemouth。
Tothosewhoareaccustomedtoviewobjectsuponagreatscale，andwhoaretoomuchemployedindirectingwhatoughttobedone，todescendtothosehumbleinvestigationswhicharenecessarytoshowHOWitistobeeffected，thesedetailswilldoubtlessappeartriflingandridiculous；butasmymindisstronglyimpressedwiththeimportanceofgivingthemostminuteandcircumstantialinformationrespectingtheMANNEROFPERFORMING
anyoperation，howeversimpleitmaybe，towhichpeoplehavenotbeenaccustomed，Imustbegtheindulgenceofthosewhomaynotfeelthemselvesparticularlyinterestedinthesedescriptions。
InregardtotheamountoftheexpenceforsauceforaplainIndianbagpudding，Ihavefoundthatwhenbutterisusedforthatpurpose，andnoothersauceoughtevertobeusedwithit，
halfanounceofbutterwillsufficeforonepoundofthepudding——
Itisverypossibletocontrivematterssoastousemuchmore；——perhapstwice，orthreetimesasmuch；——butifthedirectionsrelativetotheMANNERofeatingthisFood，whichhavealreadybeengiven，arestrictlyfollowed，theallowanceofbutterheredeterminedwillbequitesufficientforthepurposeforwhichitisdesigned；thatistosay，forgivinganagreeablerelishtothepudding——Thosewhoareparticularlyfondofbuttermayusethreequartersofanounceofitwithapoundofthepudding；butIamcertain，thattouseanouncewouldbetowasteittonopurposewhatever。
IfnowwereckonIrish，orotherfirkinbutter，which，asitissalted，isthebestthatcanbeused，ateightpencethepound，thesauceforonepoundofpudding，namely，halfanounceofbutter，willcostjustonefarthing；andthis，addedtothecostofthepudding，twofarthingsthepound，givesthreefarthingforthecostbythepoundofthiskindoffood，withitssauce；and，asthisfoodisnotonlyveryrichandnutritive，butsatisfyingatthesametimeinaveryremarkabledegree，itappearshowwellcalculateditisforfeedingthePoor。
Itshouldberemembered，thatthemolassesusedasaningredientintheseIndianpuddings，doesnotservemerelytogivetastetothem；——itactsastillmoreimportantpart；——itgiveswhat，inthelanguageofthekitchen，iscalledlightness——Itisasubstituteforeggs，andnothingbuteggscanserveasasubstituteforit，exceptitbetreacle；which，infact，isakindofmolasses；orperhapscoarsebrownsugar，whichhasnearlythesameproperties——Itpreventsthepuddingfrombeingheavy，andclammy；andwithoutcommunicatingtoitanydisagreeablesweettaste，oranythingofthatflavourpeculiartomolasses，givesitarichnessuncommonlypleasingtothepalate。Andtothiswemayadd，thatitisnutritiveinaveryextraordinarydegree——Thisisafactwellknowninallcountrieswheresugarismade。
Howfarthelawsandregulationsoftradeexistinginthiscountrymightrenderitdifficulttoprocuremolassesfromthoseplaceswhereitmaybehadatthecheapestrate，Iknownot；——norcanItellhowfarthefreeimportationofitmightbedetrimentaltoourpublicfinances；——Icannot，however，helpthinking，thatitissogreatanobjecttothiscountrytokeepdownthepricesofprovisions，orrathertocheckthealarmingceleritywithwhichtheyarerising，thatmeansoughttobefoundtofacilitatetheimportation，andintroductionintocommonuse，ofanarticleofFoodofsuchextensiveutility。Itmightservetocorrectinsomemeasure，thebalefulinfluenceofanotherarticleofforeignproduce，tea，whichisdoinginfiniteharminthisisland。
ApointofgreatimportanceinpreparinganIndianpudding，istoboilitPROPERLYandSUFFICIENTLY。Thewatermustbeactuallyboilingwhenthepuddingisputintoit；anditnevermustbesufferedtoceaseboilingforamoment，tillitisdone；andifthepuddingisnotboiledfullsixhours，itwillnotbesufficientlycooked——Itshardness，whendone，willdependonthespaceleftinthebagitsexpansion。Theconsistencyofthepuddingoughttobesuch，thatitcanbetakenoutofthebagwithoutfallingtopieces；——butitisalwaysbetter，onmanyaccounts，tomakeittoohardthantoosoft。Theformofthepuddingmaybethatofacylinder；ofratherofatruncatedcone，thelargestendbeingtowardsthemouthofthebag，inorderthatitmaybegotoutofthebagwithgreaterfacility；oritmaybemadeofaglobularform，bytyingitupinanapkin——Butwhateveristheformofthepudding，thebag，ornapkininwhichitistobeboiled，mustbewetinboilingwaterbeforethepudding，whichisquiteliquidbeforeitisboiled，ispouredintoit；otherwiseitwillbeapttorunthroughthecloth。
Thoughthispuddingissogood，perfectlyplain，whenmadeaccordingtothedirectionsheregiven，thatIdonotthingitcapableofanyrealimprovement；yettherearevariousadditionsthatmaybemadetoit，andthatfrequentlyaremadetoit，whichmayperhapsbethoughtbysometorenderitmorepalatable，orotherwisetoimproveit。Suetmay，forinstance，beadded，andthereisnosuetpuddingwhateversuperiortoit；andasnosauceisnecessarywithasuetpudding，theexpenceforthesuetwillbenearlybalancedbythesavingofbutter。Toapuddingofthesizeofthatjustdescribed，inthecompositionofwhichthreepoundsofIndianmealwereused，onepoundofsuetwillbesufficient；andthis，ingeneral，willnotcostmorethanfromfivepencetosixpence，eveninLondon；——andthebutterforsaucetoaplainpuddingofthesamesizewouldcostnearlyasmuch。Thesuetpuddingwillindeedberatherthecheapestofthetwo，forthepoundofsuetwilladdapoundinweighttothepudding；——whereasthebutterwillonlyaddfiveounces。
Asthepudding，madeplain，weighing101/16lb。cost53/8pence，thesamepudding，withtheadditionofonepoundofsuet，wouldweigh111/16lb。andwouldcost111/8pence，——reckoningthesuetatsixpencethepound——HenceitappearsthatIndiansuetpuddingmaybemadeinLondonforaboutonepennyapound。
Wheatenbread，whichisbynomeanssopalatable，andcertainlynothalfsonutritive，nowcostssomethingmorethanthreepencethepound：andtothismaybeadded，thatdrybreadcanhardlybeeatenalone；butofsuetpuddingaverycomfortablemealmaybemadewithoutanythingelse。
ApuddingingreatreputeinallpartsofNorthAmerica，iswhatiscalledanapplepudding。ThisisanIndianpudding，sometimeswith，andsometimeswithoutsuet，withdriedcuttingsofsweetapplesmixedwithit；andwheneatenwithbutter，itismostdeliciousFood。Theseapples，whichareparedassoonastheyaregatheredfromthetree，andbeingcutintosmallpieces，arefreedfromtheircores，andthoroughlydriedinthesun，maybekeptgoodforseveralyears。Theproportionsoftheingredientsusedinmakingtheseapplepuddingsarevarious；but，ingeneral，aboutonepoundofdriedapplesismixedwiththreepoundsofmeal，——threequartersofapoundofmolasses，——halfanounceofsalt，andfivepintsofboilingwater。
InAmerica，variouskindsofberries，foundwildinthewoods，suchashuckle-berries，belberries，whortle-berries，etc。aregatheredanddried，andafterwardsusedasingredientsinIndianpuddings：anddriedcherriesandplumsmaybemadeuseofinthesamemanner。
AlltheseIndianpuddingshavethisadvantageincommon，thattheyareverygoodWARMEDUP——Theywillallkeepgoodseveraldays；andwhencutintothinslicesandtoasted，areanexcellentsubstituteforbread。
Itwilldoubtlessberemarked，thatincomputingtheexpenceofprovidingthesedifferentkindsofpuddings，Ihavetakennonoticeoftheexpencewhichwillbenecessaryforfueltocookthem——Thisisanarticlewhichoughtundoubtedlytobetakenintotheaccount。Thereasonofmynotdoingithereisthis：——
Having，inthecourseofmyExperimentsonHeat，foundmeanstoperformallthecommonoperationsofcookerywithasurprisinglysmallexpenceoffuel，Ifindthattheexpenceinquestion，whentheproperarrangementsaremadeforsavingfuel，willbeverytrifling。Andfarther，asImeansoontopublishmyTreatiseontheManagementofHeat，inwhichIshallgivethemostampledirectionsrelativetothemechanicalarrangementsofkitchenfire-places，andthebestformsforallkindsofkitchenutensils，IwasdesirousnottoanticipateasubjectwhichwillmorenaturallyfinditsplaceinanotherEssay——InthemeantimeI
wouldobserve，forthesatisfactionofthosewhomayhavedoubtsrespectingthesmallnessoftheexpencenecessaryforfuelincookingforthePoor，thattheresultofmanyexperiments，ofwhichIshallhereafterpublishaparticularaccount，hasprovedinthemostsatisfactorymanner，thatwhenFoodispreparedinlargequantities，andcookedinkitchensproperlyarranged，theexpenseforfueloughtnevertoamounttomorethantwopercent。
ofthecostoftheFood，evenwherevictualsofthecheapestkindareprovided，suchasiscommonlyusedinfeedingthePoor。
InthePublicKitchenoftheHouseofIndustryatMunichtheexpenceforfuelislessthanonepercent。ofthecostoftheFood，asmaybeseeninthecomputation，page206，ChapterIII。
ofthisEssay：anditoughtnottobegreaterinmanypartsofGreatBritain。
WithregardtothepriceatwhichIndianCorncanbeimportedintothiscountryfromNorthAmericaintimeofpeace，thefollowinginformation，whichIprocuredthroughthemediumofafriend，fromCaptainScott，amostworthyman，whohasbeenconstantlyemployedabovethirtyyearsasmasterofashipinthetradebetweenLondonandBostonintheStateofMassachusetts，willdoubtlessbeconsideredasauthentic[19]。
Thefollowingarethequestionswhichwereputtohim，——withhisanswerstothem：
Q。Whatisthefreight，perton，ofmerchandisefromBostoninNorthAmericatoLondonintimeofpeace？——A。Fortyshillingssterling。
Q。Whatisthefreight，perbarrel，ofIndianCorn？——A。Fiveshillings。
Q。Howmuchpercent。ispaidforinsurancefromBostontoLondonintimeofpeace？——A。Twopercent。
Q。WhatisthemediumpriceofIndianCorn，perbushel，inNewEngland？——A。Twoshillingsandsixpence。
Q。Whatisthepriceofitatthistime？——A。Threeshillingsandsixpence。
Q。HowmanybushelsofIndianCornarereckonedtoabarrel？——
A。FourFromthisaccountitappearsthatIndianCornmight，intimeofpeace，beimportedintothiscountryandsoldhereforlessthanfourshillingsthebushel；——andthatitoughtnottocostatthismomentmuchmorethanfiveshillingsabushel。
Ifitbeimportedincasks，whichiscertainlythebestwayofpackingit，asthefreightofabarrelcontainingfourbushelsisfiveshillings，thisgives1s。3d。abushelforfreight；andifweaddonepennyabushelforinsurance，thiswillmaketheamountoffreightandinsurance1s。4d。which，addedtotheprimecostoftheCorninAmerica，2s。6d。perbushelinthetimeofpeace，and3s。6d。atthistime，willbringitto3s。10d。perbushelintimeofpeace，and4s。10datthispresentmoment。
AbushelofIndianCornofthegrowthofNewEnglandwasfoundtoweigh61lb。；butwewillsupposeittoweighatamediumonly60
lb。perbushel；andwewillalsosupposethattoeachbushelofCornwhengroundthereis9lb。ofbran，whichissurelyaverylargeallowance，and1lb。ofwasteingrindingandsifting；——
thiswillleave50lb。offlourforeachbusheloftheCorn；
andasitwillcost，intimeofpeace，only3s。10d。or46pence，thisgivesforeachpoundofflour46/50ofapenny，or33/4
farthingsverynearly。
IfthepriceoftheIndianCornperbushelbetakenat4s。10d。
whatitoughttocostatthistimeinLondon，withoutanybountyonimportationbeingbroughtintotheaccount，——thepriceoftheflourwillbe4s。10dequalto58pencefor50lb。inweight，or11/6pennythepound，whichislessthanonethirdofthepresentpriceofwheatflour。Rice，whichiscertainlynotmorenourishingthanIndianCorn，costs41/2pencethepound。
If1/13ofthevalueofIndianCornbeaddedtodefraytheexpenceofgrindingit，thepriceoftheflourwillnoteventhenbegreaterinLondonthanonepennythepoundintimeofpeace，andaboutonepennyfarthingatthepresenthighpriceofthatgraininNorthAmerica。Henceitappears，thatinstatingthemeanpriceinLondonoftheflourofIndianCornatonepennyfarthing，Ihaveratherratedittoohighthantoolow。
Withregardtotheexpenseofimportingit，theremaybe，anddoubtlesstherearefrequentlyotherexpencesbesidesthoseoffreightandinsurance；but，ontheotherhand，averyconsiderablepartoftheexpencesattendingtheimportationofitmaybereimbursedbytheprofitsarisingfromthesaleofthebarrelsinwhichitisimported，asIhavebeeninformedbyapersonwhoimportsiteveryyear，andalwaysavailshimselfofthatadvantage。
OnecircumstancemuchinfavouroftheintroductionofIndianCornintocommonuseinthiscountryisthefacilitywithwhichitmaybehadinanyquantity。Itgrowsinallquartersoftheglobe，andalmostineveryclimate；andinhotcountriestwoorthreecropsofitmayberaisedfromthesamegroundinthecourseofayear——ItsucceedsequallywellinthecoldregionsofCanada；——inthetemperateclimesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica；——andintheburningheatsofthetropics；anditmightbehadfromAfricaandAsiaaswellasfromAmerica。Andwereiteventrue，——whatInevercanbepersuadedtobelieve，——thatitwouldbeimpossibletointroduceitasanarticleofFoodinthiscountry，itmightatleastbeusedasfodderforcattle，whoseaversiontoit，Iwillventuretosay，wouldnotbefoundtobeUNCONQUERABLE。
Oatsnowcostneartwopencethepoundinthiscountry。
IndianCorn，whichwouldcostbutalittlemorethanhalfasmuch，wouldcertainlybemuchmorenourishing，evenforhorses，aswellasforhornedcattle；——andasforhogsandpoultry，theyoughtnevertobefedwithanyothergrain。ThosewhohavetastedtheporkandthepoultryfattedonIndianCornwillreadilygivetheirassenttothisopinion。
CHAPTER。VII。
ReceiptsforpreparingvariousKindsofcheapFood。
OfMACCARONI。
OfPOTATOES。
Approvedreceiptsforboilingpotatoes。
Ofpotatoepuddings。
Ofpotatoedumplings。
Ofboiledpotatoeswithasauce。
Ofpotatoesalad。
OfBARLEY
Ismuchmorenutritiousthanwheat。
Barleymeal，agoodsubstituteforpearlbarley，formakingsoups。
Generaldirectionsforpreparingcheapsoups。
Receiptforthecheapestsoupthatcanbemade。
OfSAMP
MethodofpreparingitIsanexcellentSubstituteforBread。
OfbrownSoup。
OfRYEBREAD。
WhenIbeganwritingtheforegoingChapterofthisEssay，IhadhopesofbeingabletoprocuresatisfactoryinformationrespectingthemannerinwhichthemaccaronieatenbythePoorinItaly，andparticularlyinthekingdomofNaples，isprepared；——
butthoughIhavetakenmuchpainsinmakingtheseinquiries，mysuccessinthemhasnotbeensuchasIcouldhavewished：——
Theprocess，Ihaveoftenbeentold，isverysimple；andfromtheverylowpriceatwhichmaccaroniissold，readycooked，totheLazzaroniinthestreetsofNaples，itcannotbeexpensive——
ThereisabetterkindofmaccaroniwhichispreparedandsoldbythenunsinsomeoftheconventsinItaly，whichismuchdearer；
butthissortwouldinanycountrybetooexpensivetobeusedasFoodforthePoor——ItishowevernotdearerthanmanykindsofFoodusedbythePoorinthiscountry；andasitisverypalatableandwholesome，andmaybeusedinavarietyofways，areceiptforpreparingitmayperhapsnotbeunacceptabletomanyofmyreaders。
AReceiptformakingthatKindofMaccaronicalledinItalyTAGLIATI。
Takeanynumberoffresh-laideggsandbreakthemintoabowlortray，beatthemupwithaspoon，butnottoafroth，——addofthefinestwheatflourasmuchasisnecessarytoformadoughoftheconsistenceofpaste——Workthispastewellwitharolling-pin；——
rollitoutintoverythinleaves；——laytenortwelveoftheseleavesoneupontheother，andwithasharpknifecutthemintoveryfinethreads——Thesethreadswhich，ifthemassisofaproperconsistency，willnotadheretoeachotheraretobelaidonacleanboard，oronpaper，anddriedintheair。
Thismaccaroni，orcutpasteasitiscalledinGermany，whereitisingreatrepute，maybeeateninvariousways；butthemostcommonwayofusingitistoeatitwithmilkinsteadofbread，andwithchickenbroth，andotherbrothsandsoups，withwhichitisboiled。Withpropercareitmaybekeptgoodformanymonths。Itissometimesfriedinbutter，andinthiswayofcookingit，itformsamostexcellentdishindeed；inferior，Ibelieve，tonodishofflourthatcanbemade。Itisnot，however，averycheapdish，aseggsandbutterarebothexpensivearticlesinmostcountries。
AninferiourkindofcutpasteissometimespreparedbythePoorinGermany，whichismadesimplyofwaterandwheatflour，andthishasmoreresemblancetocommonmaccaronithanthatjustdescribed；andmight，inmanycases，beusedinsteadofit。Idonotthink，however，thatitcanbekeptlongwithoutspoiling；
whereasmaccaroni，asiswellknown，maybekeptgoodforagreatlengthoftime——ThoughIhavenotbeenabletogetanysatisfactoryinformationrelativetotheprocessofmakingmaccaroni，yetIhavemadesomeexperimentstoascertaintheexpenseofcookingit，andofthecostofthecheesenecessaryforgivingitarelish。
Halfapoundofmaccaroni，whichwaspurchasedatanItalianshopinLondon，andwhichcosttenpence[20]，wasboiledtillitwassufficientlydone，namely，aboutonehourandanhalf，when，beingtakenoutoftheboilingwaterandweighed，itwasfoundtoweighthirty-oneouncesandanhalf，oronepoundfifteenouncesandanhalf。Thequantityofcheeseemployedtogivearelishtothisdishofboiledmaccaroni，andwhichwasgratedoveritafteritwasputintothedish，wasoneounce，andcosttwofarthings。
MaccaroniisconsideredasverycheapFoodinthosecountrieswhereitispreparedinthegreatestperfection，andwhereitisincommonuseamongthelowerclassesofsociety；andaswheat，ofwhichgrainitisalwaysmade，isastaplecommodityinthiscountry，itwouldcertainlybeworthwhiletotakesometroubletointroducethemanufactureofit，particularlyasitisalreadybecomeanarticleofluxuryuponthetablesoftherich，andasgreatquantitiesofitareannuallyimportedandsoldhereatamostexorbitantprice[21]：——ButmaccaroniisbynomeansthecheapestFoodthatcanbeprovidedforfeedingthePoor，inthisisland；——nordoIbelieveitissoinanycountry——Polenta，orIndianCorn，ofwhichsomuchhasalreadybeensaid，——
andPotatoes，ofwhichtoomuchcannotbesaid，——arebothmuchbetteradapted，inallrespects，forthatpurpose——Maccaroniwouldhowever，Iampersuaded，coulditbepreparedinthiscountry，bemuchlessexpensivethanmanykindsofFoodnowcommonlyusedbyourPoor；andconsequentlymightbeofconsiderableusetothem。
WithregardtoPotatoestheyarenowsogenerallyknownandtheirusefulnessissouniversallyacknowledged，thatitwouldbeawasteoftimetoattempttorecommendthem——Ishallthereforecontentmyselfwithmerelygivingreceiptsforafewcheapdishesinwhichtheyareemployedasaprincipalingredient。
ThoughthereisnoarticleusedasFoodofwhichagreatervarietyofwell-tastedandwholesomedishesmaybepreparedthanofpotatoes，yetitseemstobetheunanimousopinionofthosewhoaremostacquaintedwiththeseusefulvegetables，thatthebestwayofcookingthemistoboilthemsimply，andwiththeirskinson，inwater——Butthemannerofboilingthemisbynomeansamatterofindifference——ThisprocessisbetterunderstoodinIreland，wherebymuchthegreaterpartoftheinhabitantslivealmostentirelyonthisFood，thananywhereelse。
Thisiswhatmighthavebeenexpected；——butthosewhohaveneverconsideredwithattentiontheextremeslownessoftheprogressofnationalimprovements，WHERENOBODYTAKESPAINSTOACCELERATE
THEM，willdoubtlessbesurprisedwhentheyaretoldthatinmostpartsofEngland，thoughtheuseofpotatoesalloverthecountryhasforsomanyyearsbeengeneral，yet，tothishour，few，comparatively，whoeatthem，knowhowtodressthemproperly——
Theinhabitantsofthosecountrieswhichlieonthesea-coastoppositetoIrelandhaveadoptedtheIrishmethodofboilingpotatoes；butitismorethanprobablethatacenturyatleastwouldhavebeenrequiredforthoseimprovementstohavemadetheirwaythroughtheisland，hadnotthepresentalarmsonaccountofascarcityofgrainrousedthepublic，andfixedtheirattentionuponasubjecttoolongneglectedinthisenlightenedcountry。
Theintroductionofimprovementstendingtoincreasethecomfortsandinnocentenjoymentsofthatnumerousandusefulclassofmankindwhoearntheirbreadbythesweatoftheirbrow，isanobjectnotmoreinterestingtoabenevolentmindthanitisimportantintheeyesofanenlightenedstatesman。
Thereare，withoutdoubt，GREATMENwhowillsmileatseeingtheseobservationsconnectedwithasubjectsohumbleandobscureastheboilingofpotatoes，butGOODMENwillfeelthatthesubjectisnotunworthyoftheirattention。
Thefollowingdirectionsforboilingpotatoes，whichIhavecopiedfromalateReportoftheBoardofAgriculture，Icanrecommendfrommyownexperience：
OntheboilingofPotatoessoastobeeatasBread。
ThereisnothingthatwouldtendmoretopromotetheconsumptionofpotatoesthantohavethepropermodeofpreparingthemasFoodgenerallyknown——InLondon，thisislittleattendedto；
whereasinLancashireandIrelandtheboilingofpotatoesisbroughttoverygreatperfectionindeed。Whenpreparedinthefollowingmanner，ifthequalityoftherootisgood，theymaybeeatasbread，apracticenotunusualinIreland——Thepotatoesshouldbe，asmuchaspossible，ofthesamesize，andthelargeandsmallonesboiledseparately——Theymustbewashedclean，and，withoutparingorscraping，putinapotwithcoldwater，notsufficienttocoverthem，astheywillproducethemselves，beforetheyboil，aconsiderablequantityoffluid——Theydonotadmitbeingputintoavesselofboilingwaterlikegreens——
Ifthepotatoesaretolerablylarge，itwillbenecessary，assoonastheybegintoboil，tothrowinsomecoldwater，andoccasionallytorepeatit，tillthepotatoesareboiledtotheheart，whichwilltakefromhalfanhourtoanhourandaquarter，accordingtotheirsize，theywillotherwisecrack，andbursttopiecesontheoutside，whilsttheinsidewillbenearlyinacrudestate，andconsequentlyveryunpalatableandunwholesome——Duringtheboiling，throwinginalittlesaltoccasionallyisfoundagreatimprovement，anditiscertainthattheslowertheyarecookedthebetter——Whenboiled，pouroffthewater，andevaporatethemoisture，byreplacingthevesselinwhichthepotatoeswereboiledoncemoreoverthefire——
Thismakesthemremarkablydryandmealy——Theyshouldbebroughttothetablewiththeskinson，andeatwithalittlesalt，asbread——Nothingbutexperiencecansatisfyanyonehowsuperiorthepotatoeis，thusprepared，ifthesortisgoodandmeally——Somepreferroastingpotatoes；butthemodeabovedetailed，extractedpartlyfromtheinterestingpaperofSamuelHayes，Esquire，ofAvondale，inIreland，ReportontheCultureofPotatoes，P。103。，andpartlyfromtheLancashirereprintedReportp。63。，andothercommunicationstotheBoard，isatleastequal，ifnotsuperior——Somehavetriedboilingpotatoesinsteam，thinkingbythatprocessthattheymustimbibelesswater——Butimmersioninwatercausesthedischargeofacertainsubstance，whichthesteamaloneisincapableofdoing，andbyretainingwhich，theflavouroftherootisinjured，andtheyafterwardsbecomedrybybeingputoverthefireasecondtimewithoutwater——Withalittlebutter，ormilk，offish，theymakeanexcellentmess。
Thesedirectionsaresoclear，thatitishardlypossibletomistakethem；andthosewhofollowthemexactlywillfindtheirpotatoessurprisinglyimproved，andwillbeconvincedthatthemannerofboilingthemisamatterofmuchgreaterimportancethanhashithertobeenimagined。
Werethismethodofboilingpotatoesgenerallyknownincountrieswherethesevegetablesareonlybeginningtomaketheirwayintocommonuse，——asinBavaria，forinstance，——Ihavenodoubtbutitwouldcontributemorethananythingelsetotheirspeedyintroduction。
Thefollowingaccountofanexperiment，latelymadeinoneoftheparishesofthismetropolisLondon，wascommunicatedtomebyafriend，whohaspermittedmetopublishit——Itwillservetoshow，——whatIammostanxioustomakeappear，——thattheprejudicesofthePoorinregardtotheirFoodARENOT