CountEustacetonameafewhad12，GeoffreydeMandeville2，theAbbotofWestminster4，theAbbessofBarking3，andseeminglytothesehousesnostripsinthearablefieldswereattached。79*Thus，thoughmanyoftheburgessesmaytillthesoil，theboroughcommunityisnotanagrariancommunity。Wecannottreatitasavillagecommunitythathasprosperedandslowlychangeditshabits。Anewprinciplehasbeenintroduced，anelementofheterogeneity。Themenwhomeeteachotherincourtandmarket，themenwhowillhereafterfarmthecourtandmarket，arenottheshareholdersinanagriculturalconcern。
Thattenurialheterogeneityofwhichwehavebeenspeakinghadanotherimportanteffect。Wheninlaterdaysaruralmanorisbeingraisedtotherankofaliberburgus，theintroductionof\'burgagetenure\'seemstoberegardedastheveryessenceoftheenfranchisement。80*Probablythisfeaturehadappearedinmanyboroughsatanearlydate。ThelordwithlandsinOxfordshiremayhavebeenboundtokeepafewhousesandretainersinOxford。If，however，thecommercialelementinthetownbegantogetthebetterofthemilitaryelement，ifOxfordbecameacentreoftrade，thenahouseinOxfordcouldbeletforamoneyrent。InDomesdayBookthebaronsaredrawingrentsfromtheirboroughhouses。Ifanyreturnistobemadebytheoccupiertotheowneritwilltaketheformofamoneyrent；itcanhardlytakeanotherform。Thustenureatamoneyrentwouldbecomethetypicaltenureofaburgagetenement。Itwillbeasecurelyheritabletenure，becausethelandlordisanabsenteeandhastoofewtenantsinthetowntorequirethecareofaresidentreeve。Buttheremayhavebeenmanydwellersinsomeoftheboroughswhowereboundtohelpinthecultivationofastretchofroyalorepiscopaldemesnethatlayclosetothewalls。Inthewestsomeoftheking\'sburgessesseemtohavebeenholdingunderonerousterms。
AtShrewsbury，whichliesneartheborderofWaleswhereeverygirl\'smarriagegaverisetoanamobyr，amaidhadtopayten，awidowtwentyshillingswhenshetookahusband，andareliefoftenshillingswasduewhenaburgessdied。81*AtHerefordthereeve\'sconsentwasnecessarywhenaburgagewastobesold，andhetookathirdoftheprice。WhenaburgessdiedthekinggothishorseandarmstheseHerefordburgesseswerefightingmen；
ifhehadnohorse，thentenshillings\'orhislandwiththehouses。\'Anyonewhowastoopoortodohisservicemightabandonhistenementtothereevewithouthavingtopayforit。Suchanentryasthisseemstotellusthattheserviceswerenotrivialreturnforthetenement。82*
Ontheotherhand，wemayseeatStamfordwhatseemtobetheremainsofaveryfreegroupofsettlers，presumablyDanes。Thetowncontainsamongotherhouses77housesofsokemen\'whoholdtheirlandsindemesneandseeklordswherevertheyplease，andoverwhomthekinghasnothingbutwiteandheriotandtoll。\'
Thesemaybethesamepersonswhohold272acresoflandandpaynorentforit。83*AtNorwich，again，weseemtohearofatimewhentheburgesseswerefreetocommendthemselvestowhomevertheywould，andwerethereforelivinginhouseswhichwerealltheirown，andforwhichtheypaidnorent。84*Itisverypossiblethat，sofaraslandlordlyrightsareconcerned，therewasasmuchdifferencebetweentheeasternandthewesterntownsastherewasbetweentheeasternandthewesternvillages。Stillifwelookatboroughafterborough，tenureatamoneyrentisthetenureoftheburgagehousesthatweexpecttofind，andsuchatenure，evenifinitsoriginithasbeenprecarious，islikelytobecomeheritableandsecure。Astotheshirethegns，theyhaveinsomecasespaidtothekingsmallrentsfortheirhaws；butinothers，forexampleatOxford，tenurebywall-workhasbeentheirtenure，andwheninothertownswefindthempayingrenttothekingwemayperhapsseecommutedwall-work。
TracesarefewinDomesdayBookofanypropertythatcanberegardedasthepropertyofanascentmunicipalcorporation，andevenofanythatcanbecalledthejointorcommonpropertyoftheburgesses。Ingeneraleachburgessholdshishouseinthetownofthekingorofsomeotherlordbyaseveraltitle，and，ifhehaslaodintheneighbouringfields，thisalsoheholdsbyaseveraltitle。\'IntheboroughofNottinghamtherewereinKingEdward\'sday183burgessesand19villani。Tothisboroughbelong6carucatesoflandfortheking\'sgeldandonemeadowandcertainsmallwoods……Thislandwasdividedbetween38burgessesand[theking]received75s。7d。fromtherentofthelandandtheworksoftheburgesses。\'\'IntheboroughofDerbytherewereinKingEdward\'sday243residentburgesses……Tothisboroughbelong12carucatesoflandforthegeld，buttheymightbeploughedby8teams。Thislandwasdividedamong41burgesseswhohad12teams。85*Inthesecasesweseeplainlyenoughthatsucharablelandasisinanywayconnectedwiththeboroughhasbeenheldbybutafewoutofthetotalnumberoftheburgesses。
Thereforewemustdealcautiouslywithentriesthatarelessexplicit。When，forexample，inthedescriptionofStamfordweread“Lagemannietburgenseshabentcclxxiiacrassineomniconsuetudine，\'86*wemustnotatoncedecidethatthereisanyownershipbytheburgessesasacorporation，oranyjointownership，oreventhatalltheburgesseshavestripsinthesefields，thoughapparentlytheburgesseswhohavestripspaynorentforthem。Thisisthefactandtheonlyfactthatthecommissionersdesiretorecord。Theydonotcarewhethereveryburgesshasapiece，orwhetheraswascertainlythecaseelsewhereonlysomeofthemheldlandoutsidethewalls。WhenofNorwichweread\'etinburgotenentburgensesxliiicapellas，\'87*wedonotsupposethatalltheNorwichburghershavechapels，stilllessthattheyholdtheforty-threechapelsasco-owners，stilllessthatthesechapelsbelongtoacorporation。WerememberthattheLatinlanguagehasneitheradefinitenoranindefinitearticle。Thereforewhenof80acresatCanterbury，whicharenowheldbyRalphdeColombiers，weread\'quastenebantburgensesinalodiaderege，\'weneednotsupposethattheseacreshadbelongedtothei。e。toalltheburgessesofCanterbury。88*SoofExeteritiswritten：\'BurgensesExoniaeurbishabentextracivitatemterramxiicaruc[arum]quaenullamconsuetudinemredduntnisiadipsamcivitatem。\'This，thoughanotherinterpretationispossible，mayonlymeanthatthereareoutsidethecitytwelveplough-landswhichareheldbyburgesseswhoserentsgotomakeupthatsumof？8whichispaidtotheking，orratherinparttothesheriffandinparttothequeendowager，asthefermofthecity。89*ConcerningColchesterthereisanentrywhichperhapsascribestothecommunityofburgessestheownershiporthetenancyoffourscoreacresoflandandofastripeightperchesinwidthsurroundingthetownwall；butthisentryisexceedinglyobscure。90*
AnotherdarkcaseoccursatCanterbury。Wearetoldthattheburgessesorcertainburgessesusedtoholdlandoftheking\'intheirgild。\'91*AlongwiththiswemustreadanotherpassagewhichstateshowinthesamecitytheArchbishophastwelveburgessesandthirty-twohouseswhich\'theclerksofthevillholdintheirgild。\'Apparentlyinthislastcasewehaveaclericalcluborfraternityholdingland，andtheburgher\'sgildmaybeofmuchthesamenature，avoluntaryassociation。NotverylongafterthedateofDomesday，forAnselmwasstillalive，anexchangeoflandswasmadebetweentheconventhired，familia
ofChristChurchandthe\'cnihts\'ofthechapmangildofCanterbury。Thetransactiontakesplacebetweenthe\'hired\'ontheonehand，the\'heap\'forsuchisthewordemployedontheother。ThewitnessestothistransactionareArchbishopAnselmandthe\'hired\'ontheonehand，Calvealtheportreeveand\'theeldestmenoftheheap\'ontheother。92*Buttoseeamunicipalcorporationintheburghers\'gildofDomesdayBookwouldbeveryrash。Wedonotknowthatalltheburghersbelongedtoitorthatithadanygovernmentalfunctions。93*
Wemayofcoursefindthatagroupofburgesseshas\'rightsofcommon；\'butrightsofcommon，thoughtheyarerightswhicharetobeenjoyedincommon，areapttobecommonrightsinnoothersense，foreachcommonerhasaseveraltitletosendhisbeastsontothepasture。Thus\'alltheburgessesofOxfordhavepastureincommonoutsidethewallwhichbringsin[totheking]
6s。8d。\'94*Thesoilistheking\'s；theburgessespayfortherightofgrazingit。Theroundnessofthesumthattheypayseemsindeedtohintatsomearrangementbetweenthekingandtheburgessestakeninmass；butprobablyeachburgess，andthelordofeachburgess，regardarightofpastureasappurtenanttoaburgagetenement。Thecaseisstriking，forwehaveseenhowheterogeneousagrouptheseOxfordburgesseswere。95*Nolessthannineprelates，tosaynothingofearlsandbarons，hadburgessesinthecity。WemustgreatlydoubtwhetherthereisanypowerinanyassemblyoftheburgessestotakefromtheBishopofWinchesterortheCountofMortainthecustomaryrightsofpasturethathavebeenenjoyedbythetenantsofhistenements。
Wemightperhapshaveguessedthattheboroughswouldbetheplacesofallothersinwhichsuchcommunalismastherewasintheancientvillagecommunitywouldmaintainanddevelopitself，untilincourseoftimetheboroughcorporation，theidealborough，wouldstandoutastheowneroflandswhichlaywithinandwithoutthewall。But，ifwehavenotbeengoingastray，wemayseewhythisdidnothappen，atleastinwhatwemaycalltheoldnationalboroughs。Theburgensicgroupwasnothomogeneousenough。Wemaysupposethatsomemembersofithadinheritedarablestripsandpasturerightsfromtheoriginalsettlers；butotherswere\'knights\'whohadbeenplacedinthehawsoftheshire-thegns，orweremerchantsandcraftsmenwhohadbeenattractedbythemarket，andforthemtherewouldbenoroominanoldagrarianscheme。Indeeditisnotimprobablethat，evenasregardsrightsofpasture，therewasmoredifferencebetweenburgessandburgessthentherewasbetweenvillagerandvillager。
Inmoderntimesitisnotunknownthatsomeoftheburgesseswillhavepasturerights，whileotherswillhavenone，andinthosewhoarethusfavouredwemayfancythatweseethesuccessorsintitleoftheking\'stenantswhoturnedouttheirbeastsontheking\'sland。96*
Wehaveseenthatintheboroughsagroupofmenisformedwhoseprincipleofcohesionisnottobefoundinlandtenure。
Thedefinitionofaburgessmayinvolvethepossessionofahousewithinorhardbythewalls；buttheburgessesdonotcoalesceasbeingthetenantsorthemenofonelord；andyetcoalescetheywill。Theyareunitedinandbythemootandthemarket-place，unitedunderthekinginwhosepeacetheytraffic；andthentheyaresoonunitedoveragainsttheking，whoexactstollfromthemandhasfavourstograntthem。Theyaspiretofarmtheirowntolls，tomanagetheirownmarketandtheirowncourt。Theking\'srightsarepecuniaryrights；heisentitledtocollectnumeroussmallsums。insteadofthesehemaybewillingtotakeafixedsumeveryyear，or，inotherwords，tolethisrightstofarm。
ThisstepseemstohavebeenverygenerallytakenbeforetheConquest。Alreadytheboroughswerefarmed。Nowthesumswhichthekingwoulddrawfromaboroughwouldbeofseveraldifferentkinds。Inthefirstplace，therewouldbetheprofitsofthemarketandoftheboroughcourt。Inthesecondplace，therewouldbethegafol，the\'haw-gavel\'and\'land-gavel\'arisingfromtenementsbelongingtothekingandoccupiedbyburgesses。Inthethirdplace，theremightbethedanegeld；butthedanegeldwasatax，anoccasionaltax，andforthemomentwemayleaveitoutofourconsideration。Nowtheprofitsofthemarketandcourtseemtohavebeenfarmed。Thesumsthattheybringintothekingareroundsums。Thefarmerseemstohavebeenthesherifforinsomecasestheking\'sportreeve。Wecanfindnocaseinwhichitisabsolutelycleartoourmindsthattheborough。itself，thecommunitasburgi，isreckonedtobetheking\'sfarmer。Again，theking\'sgafol，thatishisburgagerents，maybefarmed：theyarecomputedataroundsum。ThusatHuntingdontenpoundsarepaidbywayofland-gafol，andwemaybefairlycertainthatthesumoftherentsoftheindividualburgesseswhoheldtheirtenementsimmediatelyofthekingtherewereotherburgesseswhobelongedtotheAbbotofRamseydidnotexactlymakeupthisneatsum。97*Inthiscase，however，thesumduetothekingfromhisfarmer，probablythesheriff，inrespectoftheland-gafolisexpresslydistinguishedfromthesumthathehastopayforthefarmoftheboroughfirmaburgi：——atleastinitsnarrowestsense，theburguswhichisfarmedisnotamassoflandsandhouses，itisamarketandacourt。98*But，thoughwefindnocaseinwhichthecommunityoftheboroughisunambiguouslytreatedastheking\'sfarmer，therearecasesinwhichitseemstocomebeforeusasthesheriff\'sfarmer。\'Theburgesses\'ofNorthamptonpaytothesheriff？010s。perannum：——\'thisbelongstohisfarm。\'99*ThesheriffofNorthamptonshireisliabletothekingforaroundsumasthefarmoftheshire，but\'theburgesses\'ofNorthamptonareliabletothesheriffforaroundsum。Thismaymeanthatforthisroundsumtheyarejointlyandseverallyliable，while，ontheotherhand，theycollectthetollsandfines，perhapsalsotheking\'sburgagerents，andhaveanopportunityofmakingprofitbythetransaction。
Wemustnotbeinhastetoexpelthesherifffromtheboroughsoftheshire，ortobringtheburgessesintoimmediatecontactwiththeking\'streasury。WemustrememberthatatthebeginningofHenryII\'sreignthereisscarcelyanexceptiontotherulethattheboroughsoftheshireareintheeyesofauditorsattheExchequersimplypartsofthatcountywhichthesherifffarms。Sofarasthefarmisconcerned，theroyaltreasuryknowsnothingofanyboroughs。100*ThesheriffofGloucestershire，forexample，accountsforaroundsumwhichisthefarmofhiscounty；neitherhenoranyoneelseaccountstothekingforanyfarmoftheboroughofGloucester。If，asismostprobable，theboroughisbeingfarmed，itisbeingfarmedbysomepersonorpersonstowhom，nottheking，butthesheriffhasletitforalongerorshorterperiodatafixedrent。Here，again，weseethelikenessbetweenaboroughandahundred。Thekingletstheshiretofarm；theshireincludeshundredsandboroughs；thesheriff\'letsthehundredstofarm；thesheriffletstheboroughstofarm。\'Afewyearslateranewarrangementismade。ThekingbeginstolettheboroughofGloucestertofarm。Asumof？0blanchisnowdeductedfromtherentthatthesheriffhasbeenpayingforhisshire，and，ontheotherhand，Osmundthereeveaccountsfor？5，whichistherentoftheborough。Wemustnotantedateachangewhichistakingplaceverygraduallyinthemiddleofthetwelfthcentury。Normustweatoncerejecttheinferencethat，asthebailiffstowhomthesheriffletsthehundredsarechosenbyhim，soalsothebailiffsorport-reevestowhomheletstheboroughsareorhavebeenchosenbyhim。Itseemsverypossiblethatoneofthefirststepstowardsindependencethataboroughtakesisthatitsburgessesinducethesherifftoaccepttheirnomineeashisfarmerofthetowniftheyinmasswillmakethemselvesjointlyandseverallyliablefortherent。Thesemovementstakeplaceinthedarkandwecannotdatethem；buttoantedatethemwouldbeeasy。
Wealsoseethatthe\'geld\'thattheboroughhastopayisaroundsumthatremainsconstantfromyeartoyear。Cambridge，forexample，isassessedatahundredhides，Bedfordathalfahundred。101*Nowwehavegoodreasontobelievethatintheopencountryalso，aroundsumofgeldorandthisisthesamethingaroundnumberofhideshadbeenthrownuponthehundreds，thatthesumthrownuponahundredwasthenpartitionedamongthevills，andthatthesumthrownuponavillwaspartitionedamongthepersonswhoheldlandinthevill。Intheopencountry，however，whenoncethepartitionhad-beenmade，thenumberofhidesthatwascastuponthelandofanyoneproprietorseemstohavebeenfixedforgoodandall。102*Ifwesuppose，forexample，thatavillhadbeenassessedattenhidesandthatfiveofthoseunitshadbeenassignedtoacertainEdward，thenEdwardorhissuccessorsintitlewouldalwayshavetopayforfivehides，andwouldhavetopayfornomorealthoughtheotherproprietorsinthevillobtainedanexemptionfromthetaxorwereinsolvent。Inshort，thetaxthoughoriginallydistributedbyapartitionarymethodwasnotrepartitionable。Ontheotherhand，intheboroughsamorecommunalarrangementseemstohaveprevailed。Insomesenseoranother，thewholeborough，nomatterwhatitsfortunesmightbe，remainedanswerableforthetwenty，fiftyorahundredhidesthathadbeenimposeduponit。Suchadifferencewouldnaturallyarise。Intheopencountrythetaxationalhidationwassupposedtorepresentanddidrepresent，albeitrudely，astateoffactsthathadonceexisted。Themanwhowaschargedwithahideoughtintruthtohavehadoneofthoseagrarianunitsthatwerecommonlyknownashides。Butwhenaboroughwaschargedwithhides，amethodoftaxationthatwasadaptedtoandsuggestedbyruralarrangementswasbeinginappropriatelyappliedtowhathadbecomeorwouldsoonbecomeanurbandistrict。Thusthegrosssumthatiscastupontheboroughdoesnotsplititselfonceandforallintomanysmallsumseachofwhichtakesrootinaparticulartenement。Thewholesumiseligiblefromthewholeborougheverytimeageldisimposed。Itisrepartionable。
Forallthis，however，wemustbecarefulnottoseemorecommunalismormorelocalself-governmentthanreallyexists。Atfirstsightwemaythinkthatwedetectacommunalorajointliabilityofalltheburgessesforthewholesumthatisduefromtheboroughinanyoneyear。\'TheEnglishborn\'burgessesofShrewsburysendupapiteouswail。103*TheystillhavetopaythewholegeldastheypaiditintheConfessor\'sday，althoughtheearlhastakenforhiscastlethesitesoffifty-onehouses，andotherfiftyhousesarewaste，andforty-threeFrenchburgessesholdhouseswhichusedtopaygeld，andtheearlhasgiventotheabbey，whichhehasfounded，thirty-nineburgesseswhousedtopaygeldalongwiththeothers。Butwhenweexaminethemattermoreclosely，wemaydoubtwhetherthereishereanyjointandseveraltosaynothingofanycorporateliability。
Veryvariousarethemodesinwhichaland-taxorhouse-taxmaybeassessedandlevied。Supposeataxof？00imposeduponacertaindistrictinwhichthereareahundredhouses。Supposeitalsotobelawthat，thoughsomeofthesehousescometothehandsofeleemosynarycorporationswhichwewillimaginetoenjoyanimmunityfromtaxationstillthewhole？00mustberaisedannuallyfromthehouseholdersofthedistrict。Forallthis，wehavenotasyetdecidedthatanyhouseholderwilleverbeliable，eveninthefirstinstance，formorethanhisownparticularshareofthe？00。Areadjustmentoftaxationtheremustbe。Itmaytakeoneofmanyforms。Theremaybearevaluationofthedistrict，andthe？00maybenewlyapportionedbysomemeetingofhouseholdersorsomegovernmentofficer。But，againthereadjustmentmaybeautomatic。Formerlytherewere100housestopay？00。Nowthereare90housestopay？00。Thateachofthe90mustpayten-ninthsofapoundisaconclusionthattheruleofthreedrawsforus。Inthemiddleagesanautomaticreadjustmentwasalltheeasierbecauseofthecommonassumptionthatthevalueoflandsandhouseswasknowntoeveryoneandthatonevirgateinamanorwasasgoodasanother，one\'haw\'inaboroughasgoodasanother。104*WedonotsaythatthecomplaintoftheburgessesatShrewsburypointstonomorethananautomaticreadjustmentoftaxationwhichallalonghasbeenataxationofindividuals；stillthewarningisneedfulthattheexactionatregularorirregularintervalsofafixedamountfromadistrict，orfromthehouseholdersorinhabitantsofadistrict，anamountwhichremainsconstantthoughcertainportionsofthedistrictobtainimmunityfromtheimpost，doesnotofnecessitypointtoanykindofliabilitythatisnottheliabilityofonesingleindividualforspecificsumswhichheandheonlyhastopay；nordoesitofnecessitypointtoanyself-governingorself-assessingassemblyofinhabitants。105*
Returning，however，tothecaseofNorthampton，itcertainlyseemstotellusofacomposition，notindeedbetweentheburgessesandtheking，butbetweentheburgessesandthesheriff。\'TheburgessesofNorthamptonpaytothesheriff？0
10s。\'Wemaybelievethat\'theburgesses\'whopaythissumhaveachanceofmakingaprofit。Ifso，\'theburgesses\'arealreadybeginningtofarm\'theborough。\'Fromthis，nevertheless，wemustnotleaptocorporateliabilityorcorporateproperty。VerylikelythesheriffregardseveryburgessofNorthamptonasliabletohimforthewhole？010s。；verycertainly，aswethink，hedoesnotlookforpaymentmerelytopropertywhichbelongs，nottoanyindividualburgessnortoanysumofindividualburgesses，butto\'theborough\'ofNorthampton。Noriftheburgessesmakeprofitoutoftollsandfines，doesitfollowthattheyhaveapermanentcommonpurse；theymaydividethesurpluseveryyear，106*orwemaysuspectthemofdrinkingtheprofitsassoonastheyaremade。
Entrieswhichdescribethelimitsthataresettothedutyofmilitaryorofnavalservicemayseemmoreeloquent。ThusofDoverwearetoldthattheburgessesusedtosupplytwentyshipsforfifteendaysintheyearwithtwenty-onemenineachship，andthattheydidthisbecausethekinghadreleasedtothemhissakeandsoke。107*Hereweseemtoreadofadefinitetransactionbetweenthekingoftheonepartandtheboroughoftheotherpart，andonewhichimpliesagooddealofgovernmentalorganizationintheborough。Wewouldsaynothingtolessenthejustforceofsuchapassage，whichdoesnotstandalone；108*
butstillthereneedbebutlittlemoreorganizationintheboroughofDoverthanthereisinBerkshire。Itwasthecustomofthatcountythat，whenthekingsummonedhishost，onlyonesoldierwentfromeveryfivehides，whileeachhideprovidedhimwithfourshillingsforhisequipmentandwages。109*Wemayguessthatinacountysuchaschemeveryrapidly\'realized\'
itselfandtookrootinthesoil，thatinaboroughtherewasless\'realism，\'thatthereweremorefrequentreadjustmentsoftheburden；butthedifferenceisadifferenceofdegree。
Ofanythingthatcouldbecalledtheconstitutionoftheboroughs，nexttonothingcanwelearn。Wemaytakeitthatinmostcasestheking\'sfarmerwasthesheriffoftheshire；insomefewcases，asforexampleatHereford，thereeveoftheboroughmayhavebeendirectlyaccountabletotheking。110*Weknownoproofthatinanycasethereevewasanelectedofficer。
Probablyineachboroughacourtwasheldwhichwasacourtfortheborough；probablyitwas，atleastasageneralrule，co-ordinatewithahundredcourt，andindeedatstartingtheboroughseemstoberegardedasavillwhichisalsoahundred。111*Theactionofthiscourt，however，liketheactionofotherhundredcourts，mustastimewentonhavebeenhamperedbythegrowthofseignorialjustice。Thesakeandsokewhichalordmighthaveoverhismenandoverhislandswerecertainlynotexcludedbytheboroughwalls。Hehadsometimesbeenexpresslytoldthathemightenjoytheserights\'withinboroughandwithoutborough。\'Itisdifficultforustorealizetheexactmeaningthat\'sakeandsoke\'wouldbearwhenascribedtoaprelateorthegnwhohadbuttwoorthreehouseswithinthetown。
Perhapsinsuchcasesthetownhouseswereforjurisdictionalpurposesdeemedtobesituatewithinsomeruralmanoroftheirlord。Butinaboroughalordmighthaveacompactgroupoftenantsquitelargeenoughtoformapettycourt。Insuchacasetheboroughcourtwouldhavetheseignorialcourtsasrivals，andmanyadisputewouldtherebe。AtLincolnoneTochihadahallwhichundoubtedlywasfree\'fromallcustom\'；buthehadalsothirtyhousesoverwhichthekingbadtollandforfeiture。Sotheburgessesswore；butacertainpriestwasreadytoprovebyordealthattheysworefalsely。112*Inthesecasesthelord\'sterritorywouldappearinlatertimesasalittle\'liberty\'lyingwithintheboroughwalls。Themiddleageswerefarspentbeforesuchlibertieshadbecomemorepettynuisances。113*Intheoldcathedraltowns，suchasCanterburyandWinchester，thebishop\'sjurisdictionalpowersandimmunitieswereseriousaffairs，forthebishop\'stenantswerenumerous。114*Nevertheless，inthegreatandancientboroughs，theboroughswhichstandoutastypesandmodels，therewasfromaveryremotetimeacourt，aborough-mootorportman-moot，whichwasnotseignorial，acourtwhichwasaunitinanationalsystemofcourts。
Oftheformthattheboroughcourttookwecansaylittle。
Perhapsatfirstitwouldbeanassemblyofallthefreeburgmenorport-men。Asitsbusinessincreasedinthelargeboroughs，asitbegantositonceaweekinsteadofthriceayear，asetofpersonsboundtoserveasdoomsmenmayhavebeenformed，asetofaldermenorlawmenwhoseofficesmightormightnotbehereditary，mightormightnot\'runwith\'thepossessionofcertainspecifictenements。A\'husting\'mightbeformed，thatis，ahouse-thingasdistinctfroma\'thing\'orcourtheldintheopenair。Lawrequiredthatthereshouldbestandingwitnessesinaborough，beforewhombargainsandsalesshouldtakeplace。Suchademandmighthastentheformationofasmallbodyofdoomsmen。
InCambridgetherewerelawmenofthegnlyrank；115*inLincolnthereweretwelvelawmen；116*inStamfordtherehadbeentwelve，thoughatthedateofDomesdayBooktherewerebutnine；117*wereadoffouriudicesinYork，118*andoftwelveiudicesinChester。119*Solateas1275thetwelvelawmenofStamfordlivedoninthepersonsoftheirheirsorsuccessors。
Thereare，saidajury，twelvemeninStamfordwhoarecalledlawmenbecausetheirancestorswereinoldtimethejudgesofthelawsiudicesleguminthesaidtown；theyholdofthekinginchief；bywhatservicewedonotknow。butyoucanfindoutfromDomesdayBook。120*Overthebodiesofthese，presumably，Danish，lawmentherehasbeenmuchdisputation。WeknowthattakenindividuallythelawmenofLincolnwereholdersofheritablefranchises，ofsakeandsoke。WeknowthatamongthetwelveiudicesofChesterweremenoftheking，menoftheearl，menofthebishop；theyhadtoattendthe\'hundred\'，thatis，wetakeit，theboroughcourt。Weknownomore；butitseemslikelythatwehavetodealwithpersonswhocollectivelyformagroupofdoomsmen，whileindividuallyeachofthemisagreatman，ofthegnlyrank，withsakeandsokeoverhismenandhislands；hisofficepassestohisheir。121*Onthewhole，however，wemustdoubtwhetherthegeneralityofEnglishboroughshadarrivedateventhissomewhatrudimentarystageoforganization。In1200themenofIpswich，havingreceivedacharterfromKingJohn，decidedthatthereshouldbeintheirboroughtwelvechiefportmen，\'astherewereintheotherfreeboroughsinEngland，\'whoshouldhavefullpowertogovernandmaintainthetownandtorenderthejudgmentsofitscourt。122*NowIpswichhasarighttobeplacedintheclassofancientboroughs，ofcountytowns，andyettoallappearanceithadnodefiniteclassofchiefmenordoomsmenuntiltheyear1200。Stillweoughtnottoinferfromthisthatthetownmoothadbeeninpracticeademocraticinstitution。Theremaybeagreatdealofoligarchy，andoligarchyofanoppressivekind，thoughtherulingclasshasneverbeendefinedbylaw。DomesdayBookallowsustoseeinvarioustownsalargenumberofpoorfolkwhocannotpaytaxesorcanonlypayapolltax。Wemustbecharyofconcedingtothiscrowdanyshareinthedoomsofthecourt。123*
Butwhatconcernsthegovernmentoftheboroughshasforthetimebeensufficientlysaidbyothers。Inourfewlastwordswewillreturntoourfirsttheme，thedifferencebetweentheboroughandthemeretownship。
WehaveseenthatinDomesdayBookaprominentpositionisconcededtocertaintowns。Theyarenotbroughtunderanyrubricwhichwouldplacethemupontheking\'soranyotherperson\'sland。Itmustnowbeconfessedthattherearesomeothertownsthatarenotthustreatedandthatnonethelessarecalledboroughs。If，however，werememberthatburgessesoftenareinlawwheretheyarenotinfact，thelistthatweshallmakeoftheseboroughswillnotbelong。Stillsuchboroughsexistandafewwordsshouldbesaidaboutthem。Theyseemtofallintotwoclasses，fortheyaredescribedasbeingontheking\'slandoronthelandofsomenobleorprelate。Ofthelatterclasswewillspeakfirst。ItdoesnotcontainmanymembersandinsomecaseswecanbecertainthatintheConfessor\'sdaytheboroughinquestionhadnootherlordthantheking。Totnessisacaseinpoint。ItnowfallsunderthetitleTerraJudheldeTottenais；
butwearetoldthatKingEdwardhelditindemesne。124*InSussexweseethatSteyning，PevenseyandLewesarecalledburgi，125*SteyningisplacedonthelandoftheAbbotofF閏amp，PevenseyonthatoftheCountofMortainandLewesonthatofWilliamofWarenne；butatLewestherehavebeenmanyhawsappurtenanttotheruralmanorsoftheshirethegns。126*
InKenttheboroughofHytheseemstobecompletelyunderthearchbishop。127*HehasburgessesatRomneyoverwhomhehasjusticiaryrights，buttheyservetheking。128*The\'littleboroughcalledFordwich\'belongedtotheAbbotofStAugustin。
Butofthisweknowthehistory。TheConfessorgavehimtheroyaltwo-thirds，whilethebishopofBayeuxasthesuccessorofEarlGodwingavehimthecomitalone-third。129*Furthernorth，LouthinLincolnshireandNewarkinNottinghamshireseemtobeaccountedboroughs；theybothbelongtothebishopofLincoln；
butinthecaseofNewarkwhichwasprobablyanoldburhwemaydoubtwhetherhistitleisveryancient。130*WearetoldthatatTattershall，thePontefractoflaterdays，131*therearesixty\'minuteburgesses，\'thatis，wetakeit，burgessesinasmallway。IlbertdeLacyisnowtheirlord；buthereagainwemaysuspectarecentactofmediatization。132*GranthaminLincolnshireisplacedontheTerraRegis；ithadbelongedtoQueenEdith；therewere，however，seventy-seventoftsinitwhichbelongedto\'thesokemenofthethegns，\'thatis，tothesokemenofthethegnsoftheshire。133*TheninSuffolkweseethatIpswichisdescribedattheendofthesectionwhichdealswiththeroyalestates；asimilarplaceisfoundforNorwich，YarmouthandThetfordinthesurveyofNorfolk。134*ButforDunwichwemustlookelsewhere。TherewereburgessesatDunwich；buttoallseemingtheroyalrightsoverthetownhadpassedintothehandsofEadricofLaxfield。135*ThesuccessorofthesameEadrichasburgessesamonghistenantsatEye。136*ThereareburgessesatClare，thoughClarebelongsaltogethertotheprogenitorofthelordlyracewhichwilltakeitsnamefromthislittletown。137*
Butatleastinthislastcase，theburgessesmaybenew-comers，orratherperhapswemayseethatanoldideaisgivingwaytoanewerideaofaborough，andthatifmenengagedintradeorhandicraftsettleroundamarket-placeandpaymoney-rentstoalordtheywillbecalledburgesses，thoughthetownisnonationalfortress。AtBerkhampstead52burgessesarecollectedinaburbium，buttheymaybeasnewasthetwoarpentsofvineyard。138*WemustnotsaydogmaticallythatneverinthedaysbeforetheConquesthadavillagebecomeaboroughwhileithadforitsoneandonlylandlordsomepersonotherthantheking，somebishop，orsomethegn。ThismayhavehappenedatTaunton。In1086，therewereburgessesatTauntonanditenjoyed\'burh-riht，\'andyetfromaveryremotetimeithadbelongedtothebishopsofWinchester。ButthecasesinwhichwemaysupposethatavillageinprivatehandsbecameaburgusandthatthischangetookplacebeforetheNormaninvasionseemtobeextremelyfew。Inthesefewthecauseofthechangemayhavebeenthatthekingbywayofspecialfavourimposedhisburhgriduponthetownandtherebyaugmentedtherevenueofitslord。139*
Astotheboroughsthatareregardedasstandingontheking\'sland，thesealsoseemtobefewandforthemoreparttheyaresmall。ThereareburgessesatMaldon；140*butMaldonisnotplacedbythesideofColchester；141*itisdescribedamong，butBristoltheroyalestates。ThereareburgessesatBristol；142*isnotplacedbesideGloucesterandWinchcombe。
Perhapsweshouldhaveheardmoreofit，ifithadnot，likeTamworth，stoodontheborderoftwocounties。Inthesouth-westtheking\'sofficialsseemtobegrapplingwithdifficultiesasbesttheymay。InDorsettheyplaceDorchester，Bridport，WarehamandShaftesburyabovetherubricTerraRegis，143*andwecannotfindthattheyreckonanyotherplaceasaborough。InDevonshireweseeExeterabovetheline；LidfordandBarnstaple，however，arecalledboroughsthoughtheyareassignedtotheking\'sland，andasalreadysaidTotnessisaborough，thoughitismediatizedandisdescribedamongtheestatesofitsBretonlord。144*NoboroughinSomersetisplacedabovetheline，thoughwelearnthatthekinghas107burgessesinIlchesterwhopayhim20shillings，145*andthatheandothershaveburgessesatBath。146*Perhapsthespacethatstandsvacantbeforethelistofthetenantsinchiefshouldhavebeenfilledwithsomewordsaboutthesetwotowns。Axbridge，LangportandMilborneseemtobeboroughs；AxbridgeandLangportoccurinthatlistofancientfortresseswhichwehavecalledTheBurghalHidage。147*
Wellswasanepiscopal，Somertonaroyalmanor；wehavenoreasonforcallingeitherofthemaborough。InHampshireanotheroftheancientfortresses，TwynehamthemodernChristChurchisstillcalledburgus，butseemstobefindingitslevelamongtheroyalmanors。148*InWiltshireMalmesburyandMarlboroughareplacedabovetheline。Welearnthatthekingreceives？0fromtheburgusofWilton，149*andwealsolearnincidentallythatvariouslordshaveburgessesinthattown；forexample，thebishopofSalisburyhasburgessesinWiltonwhobelongtohismanorofSalisbury。150*OldSalisbury\'oldSarum\'aswefoolishlycallitseemstobeameremanorbelongingtothebishop；butthekingreceivesitsthirdpenny。HereceivesalsothethirdpennyofCricklade，whichwehavenamedbeforenowasoneoftheoldWessexstrongholds，andseveralofthecountymagnateshadburgessesthere。OntheotherhandCalne，BedwindandWarminsterarereckonedtobemanorsontheking\'sland。
Burgessesbelongtothem；butwhetherthoseburgessesarereallyresidentinthemmaynotbequitecertain。151*Devizeswecannotfind。Thatpuzzlesshouldoccurinthisquarteriswhatourgeneraltheorymightleadustoexpect。IntheoldhomeoftheWest-Saxonkingstheremaywellhavebeentownswhichhadlongagosecuredthenameandthepeaceofroyalburgs，thoughtheymanifestednoneofthattenurialheterogeneitywhichisthecommonmarkofaborough。Atown，avillage，whichnotonlybelongedtothekingbutcontainedapalaceorhouseinwhichheoftendwelt，wouldenjoyhisspecialpeace，andmightmaintainitsburghaldignitylongaftertherewaslittle，ifany，realdifferencebetweenitandothermanorsorvillagesofwhichthekingwastheimmediatelandlord。Alreadyin1086theremayhavebeen\'rottenboroughs，\'boroughsthatwererottenbeforetheywereripe。152*
Aboroughbelongstothegenusvillat鷑。Inageafterageourtaskistodiscoveritsdifferentia，andthetaskishardbecause，asagesucceedsage，changesinlawandchangesinfactaremakingtheolddistinctionsobsoletewhileothersarebecomingimportant。Letusobserve，then，thatalreadywhenDomesdayBookwasinthemakingthoseancientattributesofwhichwehavebeenspeakingweredisappearingorwerefatedsoontodisappear。Wehavethoughtofthetypicalboroughasafortifiedtownmaintainedbyadistrictformilitarypurposes。Butalreadytheshirethegnshavebeenlettingtheirhawsatarentandprobablyhavebeenlettingthemtocraftsmenandtraders。Alsothetimehascomeforknight-serviceandcastlesandcastle-guard。Wehavethoughtofthetypicalboroughasthesphereofaspecialpeace。Butthedayisathandwhenarevolutioninthecriminallawwilldestroytheoldsystemofwerandw韙eandb髏，andtheking\'speacewillreignalwaysandeverywhere。153*Wehavethoughtofthetypicalboroughasatownwhichhasacourt。Butthedayisathandwhenalmosteveryvillagewillhaveitscourt，itsmanorialcourt。Newcontrasts，however，areemergingastheoldcontrastsfadeaway。Againstabackgroundofvilleinageandweek-work，theboroughbeginstostandoutasthesceneorburgagetenure。Theservicebywhichtheburgessholdshistenementisamoneyrent。Thismayleadtoalargeincreaseinthenumberofboroughs。Ifalordenfranchisesamanor，abolishesvilleincustoms，takesmoneyrents，allowshistenantstofarmthecourtandperhapsalsotofarmamarketthathehasacquiredfromtheking，hewillbesaidtocreatealiberburgus。154*Merchantgilds，electedbailiffs，electedmayorsandcommonsealswillappearandwillcomplicatethequestion。Therewillfollowatimeofuncertaintyandconfusionwhenthesheriffswilldecideassuitsthembestwhichofthesmallertownsareboroughsandwhicharenot。
Ifthetheorythatwehavebeensuggestingistrue，allorverynearlyallourancientboroughsandwewilldrawthelineofancientryattheConquestareintheirinceptionroyalboroughs。Thegroupofburgesseswhentakenasawholehadnosuperiorotherthantheking。Hiswasthepeacethatprevailedinthestreets；theprofitsofthecourtandofthemarketwerehis，thoughtheywerefarmedbyareeve。Rarely，however，washethelandlordofalltheburgesses。Ingeneralnotafewofthemlivedinhousesthatbelongedtothethegnsoftheshire。Wemustbecarefulthereforebeforewespeakofthesetownsas\'boroughsontheroyaldemesne。\'Forthemorepart，thecompilersofDomesdayBookhaverefusedtoplacethemontheTerraRegis。Incourseoftimesomeofthemwillbecurrentlyspokenofasboroughsonoroftheroyaldemesne。Therightsofthosewhorepresentthethegnsoftheshirewillhavebecomemererightstorent，and，theiroriginbeingforgotten，theywillevenbetreatedasmererent-charges。155*Thegreatmajorityoftheburgesseswillinmanyinstancesbetheking\'simmediatetenantsandhewillbetheonlylordofthatincorporealthing，\'theborough，\'theonlymanwhocangrantitacharterorletittofarm。ButwemustdistinguishbetweenthesetownsandthosewhichattheConquestweremanorsontheking\'sland。Theselatter，ifheenfranchisesthem，willbeboroughsontheroyaldemesneinanexactersense。
So，again，wemustdistinguishbetweenthoseancientboroughswhichthekinghasmediatizedandthosemanorsofmesnelordswhichareraisedtotherankofboroughs。Wehaveseenthatfromtheancientboroughthekingreceivedarevenueoftollsandfines。Thereforehehadsomethingtogiveaway。Hecouldmediatizetheborough。DomesdayBookshowsusthatthishadalreadybeendoneinafewinstances。156*Atalatertimesomeevenofthecountytownspassedoutoftheking\'shandsintothehandsofearls。ThishappenedatLeicesterandatWarwick。Theearlsucceededtotheking\'srights，andtheburgesseshadtogototheearlfortheirlibertiesandtheircharters。Butsuchcasesareverydistinctfromthoseinwhichamesnelordgrantsanenfranchisingchartertothemenofaplacewhichhashithertobeenoneofhismanors，andbyspeakingofboroughswhichare\'onthelandofmesnelords\'wemustnotconfusetwoclassesoftownswhichhavelonghaddifferenthistories。Intheancientboroughsthereisfromthefirstanelementthatwemustcallbothartificialandnational。Theboroughdoesnotgrowupspontaneously；itismade；itis\'wrought\'；itis\'timbered。\'Ithasanationalpurpose；itismaintained\'atthecostofthenation\'bythedutythattheshireowestoit。Thistraitmaysoonhavedisappeared，maysoonhavebeenforgotten，butagreatworkhadbeendone。Inthesenationallysupportedandheterogeneouslypeopledtownsanewkindofcommunitymightwaxandthrive。
NOTES：
1。AsketchoftheprincipalargumentofthissectionwaspublishedinEng。Hist。Rev。，xi。13，asareviewofKeutgen\'sUntersuchungen黚erdenUrsprungderdeutschenStadtverfassung。
TheoriginoftheFrenchandGermantownsbasbecomethethemeofalargeandveryinterestingliterature。AgoodintroductiontothiswillbefoundinanarticlebyM。Pirenne，L\'originedesconstitutionsurbaines，Revuehistorique，liii。52，lvii。293，andanarticlebyMrAshley，QuarterlyJournalofEconomics，vol。
x。July，1896。ThecontinuoussurvivalofRomanmunicipalinstitutionseveninGaulseemstobedeniedbyalmostallmodernstudents。
2。Hist。Eng。Law，i。625。
3。Stubbs，Const。Hist。iii。448。
4。Wemustexcludecasesinwhichthekingtakesanaidfromhiswholedemesne，e。g。forhisdaughter\'smarriage，forinsuchacasemanyroyalmanorswhichhavenorighttobecalledboroughsmustmakeagift。
5。Round，GeoffreydeMandeville，347，hasexcellentremarksonthispoint。
6。Nearly。
7。ThismaycomeonlyfromtheStaffordshirepartofTamworth。
8。Chichesterpaysinlateryears；butverylittle。
9。PipeRoll，31Hen。I。p。139。
10。WastheblankspaceinD。B。i。246leftfortheboroughofTamworth？ThisboroughisincidentallymentionedinD。B。i。238，246，246b。
11。Buttheaccountofthetwosisterboroughsherefallsbetweentheaccountsofthetwosistercounties。
12。D。B。i。337。ItisevencalledasuburbiumofLincoln，thoughitliesfull10milesfromthecity。
13。TheoneglimpsethatIhavehadofthemanuscriptsuggestedtome1thattheaccountsofsomeoftheboroughswerepostscripts，and2thatspacewasleftforaccountsofLondonandWinchester。Theanatomyofthebookdeservesexaminationbyanexpert。
14。D。B。i。154。
15。D。B。i。56。
16。D。B。i。58。
17。D。B。i。238。
18。D。B。i。143。
19。Ellis，Introduction，ii。446；WinchcombeLand-boc，ed。Royce，p。xiv；Stevenson，RentalofGloucester，p。ix。
20。D。B。i。128，128b；andabove，p。144。
21。K。855iv。211。
22。Stow，Survey，ed。Strype，Bk。iii。p。121。
23。D。B。i。135b。
24。Hist。Eng。Law，i。636。
25。Rot。Hund。ii。361。
26。D。B。i。189。
27。RentalofGloucester，ed。W。H。Stevenson：Gloucester，1890，p。x。
28。TherearemanyexamplesinKemble\'sCodex。
29。PipeRoll，31Hen。I。p。41：\'Vicecomesredditcompotumde？0deauxiliocivitatis……Etinperdonis……ComitideMellent25sol……ComitideLerecestria35sol……ComitideWarenna16
sol……Comiti。Gloecestriae116sol。et8den。SeealsotheLiberWintoniae，D。B。iv。531ff。
30。IntheA-S。land-booksthewordcivitasiscommonlyappliedtoWorcester，Winchester，Canterbury，andothersuchplaces，whicharebothbishops\'seesandtheheadplacesoflargedistricts。ButK。v。p。180Gloucesterisacivitas，andforsometimeaftertheConquestitisratherthecountytownthanthecathedraltownthatbearsthistitle。DidanyoneeverspeakofSelseyorSherborneasacivitas？In803K。v。p。65thebishopsofCanterbury，Lichfield，Leicester，Sidnacester，Worcester，Winchester，Dunwich，LondonandRochesterstylethemselvesbishopsofcivitates，whilethoseofHereford，Sherborne，ElmhamandSelseydonotusethisword。Butaninferencefromthiswouldberash。
31。Aninterestingexampleisthis。In779OffaconveystoathegnlandatSulmonnesburg。TheboundariesmentionedinthecharterarethoseofthepresentofBourton-on-the-Water。
\'Sulmonnesburg……istheancientcampparishclosetoBourtonwhichgaveitsnametotheDomesdayHundredofSalmanesberie，andatagapintherampartofwhichaCourtLeetwasheldtillrecently。\'SeeC。S。Taylor，Pre-DomesdayHideofGloucestershire，Trans。BristolandGloucestershireArchaeol。
Soc。vol。xviii。pt。2。Asregardsthenanmesofhillsandofvillagesnamedfromhillstheremayoccasionallybesomedifficultyinmarkingoffthosewhichgobacktobeorhberry，berrow，barrowfromthosewhichgobacktoburhburgh，borough，bury。Mr。StevensontellsmethatintheWestofEnglandthetermination-boroughsometimesrepresents-beorh。
32。Alfred，40；Ine，45。
33。Aethelr。iv。4。TheQuadripartitusisouronlyauthorityfortheseInstituta；butDr。LiebermannQuadrip。p。138holdsthatthetranslatorhadinfrontofhimadocumentwrittenbeforetheConquest。Schmidwouldreadborh-bryce：seep。541；butthisemendationseemsneedless。HaslIotthesumbeenNormanized？Theking\'sburh-bryceusedtobe120i。e。inEnglish\'ahundred\'
shillings，andahundredNormanshillingsmake？。SoaccordingtotheBerkshirecustomD。B。i。56bhewhobynightbreaksacivitaspays100shillingstothekingandnotitisnotedtothesheriff。
34。D。B。i。2：\'Concordatumestderectiscallibusquaehabentpercivitatemintroitumetexitum，quicunqueinillisforisfecerit，regiemendabit。\'SeetheimportantdocumentcontainedinaSt。Augustin\'sCartularyandprintedinLarking，DomesdayofKent，Appendix，35：\'Etomnesviecivitatisquehabentduasportas，hocestintroitumetexitum，illesuntdeconsuetudineRegis。\'
35。Schmid，App。XII；Leg。Henr。c。I6。
36。Fleta，p。66；seealso13Ric。II。stat。I。cap。3。
37。Edmund，II，2。
38。SeealsoSchmid，App。IVgrideandbemunde，section15；\'Ifanymanfightsorstealsintheking\'sburhortheneighbourhoodthe\'verge\'，heforfeitshislife，ifthekingwillnotconcedethatheberedeemedbyawergild。\'
39。AEthelstan，II。20。
40。K。1334vi。p。195：acontractmadeatExeterbeforeEarlGodwinandalltheshire。
41。Edgar，III。5；Cnut，II。I8。
42。MentionismadeofthewallsofRochesterandCanterburyinvariouschartersfromthemiddleofcent。viiionwards：K。vol。
i。pp。138，183，274；vol。ii。pp。I，26，36，57，86；vol。v。p。
68。
43。Green，ConquestofEngland，189-207。
44。Forinstance，K。iii。pp。5，50。
45。K。I154v。302：\'adiacentetiamagriquamplurimicircacastellumquodWelingafordvocitatur。\'K。152i。183：\'castelliquodnominaturHrofescester。\'——K。276ii。57：\'castelliHrobi。\'
46。AbeautifulexampleisgivenbyStaffordshireandWarwickshire。Eachhasitsboroughinitscentre，whileTamworthontheborderispartlyintheoneshire，partlyintheother。
SeePipeRoll，31Hen。I。75，76，107，108。AstotheseMercianshires，seeStubbs，Const。Hist。，i。123；Green，ConquestofEngland，237：\'Hertfordshire，BuckinghamshireandBedfordshireareotherinstancesofpurelymilitarycreation，districtsassignedtothefortresseswhichEadwardraisedatthesepoints。\'
47。SeeourindexunderBurghalHidage。MrW。H。Stevenson\'svaluableaidintheidentificationoftheseburgsisgratefullyacknowledged。
48。D。B。i。154。
49。D。B。i。262b。
50。Itwillbeunderstoodthatwearenotcontendingforanexactcorrespondencebetweencivilandmilitarygeography。OxfordandWallingfordarebordertowns。BerkshiremenhelptoOxford，andOxfordshiremenhelptomaintainWallinford。
51。Widukind，1。35。ForcommentsseeWaitz，HeinrichV。95；
Richter，Annalen，iii。8；Giesebrecht，Kaiserzeited。5，i。
222，811；Keutgen，UrsprungderdeutschenStadtverfassung，p。44。
GiesebrechtholdsthatEdward\'smeasuresmaywellhavebeenHenry\'smodel。
52。A-S。Chron。ann。894。
53。Acharterof899K。v。p。141professestotellhowKingAlfred，AbpPlegmundandAEthelredealdormanoftheMerciansheldamoot\'deinstaurationeurbisLondoniae。\'Oneresultofthismootwasthattwoplotsoflandinsidethewalls，withhythesoutsidethewalls，weregivenbytheking，theonetothechurchofCanterbury，theothertothechurchofWorcester。HowwilltheinstauratioofLondonbesecuredbysuchgrants？
54。K。1144v。280。Othercases：K。663Chichester，673
Winchester，705Warwick，724Warwick，746Oxford，1235
Winchester。
55。K。765-6，805。
56。Schmid，App。VThismightmeanaseatofjusticeinthegateofhisownburh。ButthisdOcumentwillhardlybeolderthan，ifsooldas，cent。x。，bywhichtimeweshouldsupposethatburhmoreoftenpointedtoaboroughthantoastronghouse。
WemayguessthatinthelattersenseitwassupplantedbythehallofwhichwereadagreatdealinDomesday。Seeabove，p。
109。However，itdoesnotseemcertainthatO。E。geatcanmeanstreet。
57。A-S。Chron。ann。994。
58。Thorpe，Diplomatarium，610。WhentheConfessorsendsawrittoLondonheaddressesittothebishop，portreeveandburh-thegns。SeeK。iv。pp。856，857，861，872。
59。Gross，GildMerchant，i。183，189。
60。Gross，op。cit。ii。37。
61。Hist。Eng。Law，i。257。
62。A-S。Chron。ann。1097：\'Eacmanegesciran