TheLeedsandSkiptonrailwayrunsalongadeepvalleyoftheAire；aslowandsluggishstream，comparedtotheneighbouringriverofWharfe。Keighleystationisonthislineofrailway，aboutaquarterofamilefromthetownofthesamename。ThenumberofinhabitantsandtheimportanceofKeighleyhavebeenverygreatlyincreasedduringthelasttwentyyears，owingtotherapidlyextendedmarketforworstedmanufactures，abranchofindustrythatmainlyemploysthefactorypopulationofthispartofYorkshire，whichhasBradfordforitscentreandmetropolis。
Keighleyisinprocessoftransformationfromapopulous，old-
fashionedvillage，intoastillmorepopulousandflourishingtown。Itisevidenttothestranger，thatasthegable-endedhouses，whichobtrudethemselvescorner-wiseonthewideningstreet，fallvacant，theyarepulleddowntoallowofgreaterspacefortraffic，andamoremodernstyleofarchitecture。Thequaintandnarrowshop-windowsoffiftyyearsago，aregivingwaytolargepanesandplate-glass。Nearlyeverydwellingseemsdevotedtosomebranchofcommerce。Inpassinghastilythroughthetown，onehardlyperceiveswherethenecessarylawyeranddoctorcanlive，solittleappearanceisthereofanydwellingsoftheprofessionalmiddle-class，suchasaboundinouroldcathedraltowns。Infact，nothingcanbemoreopposedthanthestateofsociety，themodesofthinking，thestandardsofreferenceonallpointsofmorality，manners，andevenpoliticsandreligion，insuchanewmanufacturingplaceasKeighleyinthenorth，andanystately，sleepy，picturesquecathedraltowninthesouth。YettheaspectofKeighleypromiseswellforfuturestateliness，ifnotpicturesqueness。Greystoneabounds；andtherowsofhousesbuiltofithaveakindofsolidgrandeurconnectedwiththeiruniformandenduringlines。Theframe-workofthedoors，andthelintelsofthewindows，eveninthesmallestdwellings，aremadeofblocksofstone。Thereisnopaintedwoodtorequirecontinualbeautifying，orelsepresentashabbyaspect；andthestoneiskeptscrupulouslycleanbythenotableYorkshirehousewives。Suchglimpsesintotheinteriorasapasser-byobtains，revealaroughabundanceofthemeansofliving，anddiligentandactivehabitsinthewomen。Butthevoicesofthepeoplearehard，andtheirtonesdiscordant，promisinglittleofthemusicaltastethatdistinguishesthedistrict，andwhichhasalreadyfurnishedaCarrodustothemusicalworld。Thenamesovertheshopsofwhichtheonejustgivenisasampleseemstrangeeventoaninhabitantoftheneighbouringcounty，andhaveapeculiarsmackandflavouroftheplace。
ThetownofKeighleyneverquitemeltsintocountryontheroadtoHaworth，althoughthehousesbecomemoresparseasthetravellerjourneysupwardstothegreyroundhillsthatseemtoboundhisjourneyinawesterlydirection。Firstcomesomevillas；justsufficientlyretiredfromtheroadtoshowthattheycanscarcelybelongtoanyoneliabletobesummonedinahurry，atthecallofsufferingordanger，fromhiscomfortablefire-side；thelawyer，thedoctor，andtheclergyman，liveathand，andhardlyinthesuburbs，withascreenofshrubsforconcealment。
Inatownonedoesnotlookforvividcolouring；whattheremaybeofthisisfurnishedbythewaresintheshops，notbyfoliageoratmosphericeffects；butinthecountrysomebrilliancyandvividnessseemstobeinstinctivelyexpected，andthereisconsequentlyaslightfeelingofdisappointmentatthegreyneutraltintofeveryobject，nearorfaroff，onthewayfromKeighleytoHaworth。Thedistanceisaboutfourmiles；and，asI
havesaid，whatwithvillas，greatworstedfactories，rowsofworkmen’shouses，withhereandthereanold-fashionedfarmhouseandoutbuildings，itcanhardlybecalled\"country\"anypartoftheway。Fortwomilestheroadpassesovertolerablylevelground，distanthillsontheleft，a\"beck\"flowingthroughmeadowsontheright，andfurnishingwaterpower，atcertainpoints，tothefactoriesbuiltonitsbanks。Theairisdimandlightlesswiththesmokefromallthesehabitationsandplacesofbusiness。Thesoilinthevalleyor\"bottom，\"tousethelocaltermisrich；but，astheroadbeginstoascend，thevegetationbecomespoorer；itdoesnotflourish，itmerelyexists；and，insteadoftrees，thereareonlybushesandshrubsaboutthedwellings。Stonedykesareeverywhereusedinplaceofhedges；
andwhatcropsthereare，onthepatchesofarableland，consistofpale，hungry-looking，greygreenoats。RightbeforethetravelleronthisroadrisesHaworthvillage；hecanseeitfortwomilesbeforehearrives，foritissituatedonthesideofaprettysteephill，withaback-groundofdunandpurplemoors，risingandsweepingawayyethigherthanthechurch，whichisbuiltattheverysummitofthelongnarrowstreet。Allroundthehorizonthereisthissamelineofsinuouswave-likehills；thescoopsintowhichtheyfallonlyrevealingotherhillsbeyond，ofsimilarcolourandshape，crownedwithwild，bleakmoors——grand，fromtheideasofsolitudeandlonelinesswhichtheysuggest，oroppressivefromthefeelingwhichtheygiveofbeingpent-upbysomemonotonousandillimitablebarrier，accordingtothemoodofmindinwhichthespectatormaybe。
ForashortdistancetheroadappearstoturnawayfromHaworth，asitwindsroundthebaseoftheshoulderofahill；butthenitcrossesabridgeoverthe\"beck，\"andtheascentthroughthevillagebegins。Theflag-stoneswithwhichitispavedareplacedend-ways，inordertogiveabetterholdtothehorses’feet；and，evenwiththishelp，theyseemtobeinconstantdangerofslippingbackwards。Theoldstonehousesarehighcomparedtothewidthofthestreet，whichmakesanabruptturnbeforereachingthemorelevelgroundattheheadofthevillage，sothatthesteepaspectoftheplace，inonepart，isalmostlikethatofawall。Butthissurmounted，thechurchliesalittleoffthemainroadontheleft；ahundredyards，orso，andthedriverrelaxeshiscare，andthehorsebreathesmoreeasily，astheypassintothequitelittleby-streetthatleadstoHaworthParsonage。Thechurchyardisononesideofthislane，theschool-houseandthesexton’sdwellingwherethecuratesformerlylodgedontheother。
Theparsonagestandsatrightanglestotheroad，facingdownuponthechurch；sothat，infact，parsonage，church，andbelfriedschool-house，formthreesidesofanirregularoblong，ofwhichthefourthisopentothefieldsandmoorsthatliebeyond。Theareaofthisoblongisfilledupbyacrowdedchurchyard，andasmallgardenorcourtinfrontoftheclergyman’shouse。Astheentrancetothisfromtheroadisattheside，thepathgoesroundthecornerintothelittleplotofground。Underneaththewindowsisanarrowflower-border，carefullytendedindaysofyore，althoughonlythemosthardyplantscouldbemadetogrowthere。
Withinthestonewall，whichkeepsoutthesurroundingchurchyard，arebushesofelderandlilac；therestofthegroundisoccupiedbyasquaregrass-plotandagravelwalk。Thehouseisofgreystone，twostorieshigh，heavilyroofedwithflags，inordertoresistthewindsthatmightstripoffalightercovering。Itappearstohavebeenbuiltaboutahundredyearsago，andtoconsistoffourroomsoneachstory；thetwowindowsontherightasthevisitorstandswithhisbacktothechurch，readytoenterinatthefrontdoorbelongingtoMr。Bronte’sstudy，thetwoonthelefttothefamilysitting-room。Everythingabouttheplacetellsofthemostdaintyorder，themostexquisitecleanliness。
Thedoor-stepsarespotless；thesmallold-fashionedwindow-panesglitterlikelooking-glass。Insideandoutsideofthathousecleanlinessgoesupintoitsessence，purity。
Thelittlechurchlies，asImentioned，abovemostofthehousesinthevillage；andthegraveyardrisesabovethechurch，andisterriblyfullofuprighttombstones。Thechapelorchurchclaimsgreaterantiquitythananyotherinthatpartofthekingdom；butthereisnoappearanceofthisintheexternalaspectofthepresentedifice，unlessitbeinthetwoeasternwindows，whichremainunmodernized，andinthelowerpartofthesteeple。
Inside，thecharacterofthepillarsshowsthattheywereconstructedbeforethereignofHenryVII。Itisprobablethatthereexistedonthisground，a\"field-kirk，\"ororatory，intheearliesttimes；and，fromtheArchbishop’sregistryatYork，itisascertainedthattherewasachapelatHaworthin1317。Theinhabitantsreferinquirersconcerningthedatetothefollowinginscriptiononastoneinthechurchtower:-
\"HicfecitCaenobiumMonachorumAutestefundator。A。D。
sexcentissimo。\"
Thatistosay，beforethepreachingofChristianityinNorthumbria。Whitakersaysthatthismistakeoriginatedintheilliteratecopyingout，bysomemodernstone-cutter，ofaninscriptioninthecharacterofHenrytheEighth’stimeonanadjoiningstone:-
\"OrateprobonostatuEutestTod。\"
\"Noweveryantiquaryknowsthattheformulaofprayer’bonostatu’
alwaysreferstotheliving。IsuspectthissingularChristiannamehasbeenmistakenbythestone-cutterforAustet，acontractionofEustatius，butthewordTod，whichhasbeenmis-
readfortheArabicfigures600，isperfectlyfairandlegible。
Onthepresumptionofthisfoolishclaimtoantiquity，thepeoplewouldneedssetupforindependence，andcontesttherightoftheVicarofBradfordtonominateacurateatHaworth。\"
Ihavegiventhisextract，inordertoexplaintheimaginarygroundworkofacommotionwhichtookplaceinHaworthaboutfiveandthirtyyearsago，towhichIshallhaveoccasiontoalludeagainmoreparticularly。
Theinteriorofthechurchiscommonplace；itisneitheroldenoughnormodernenoughtocompelnotice。Thepewsareofblackoak，withhighdivisions；andthenamesofthosetowhomtheybelongarepaintedinwhitelettersonthedoors。Thereareneitherbrasses，noraltar-tombs，normonuments，butthereisamuraltabletontheright-handsideofthecommunion-table，bearingthefollowinginscription:-
HERE
LIETHEREMAINSOF
MARIABRONTE，WIFE
OFTHE
REV。P。BRONTE，A。B。，MINISTEROPHAWORTH。
HERSOUL
DEPARTEDTOTHESAVIOUR，SEPT。15TH，1821，INTHE39THYEAROFHERAGE。
\"Beyealsoready:forinsuchanhourasyethinknottheSonofMancometh。\"MATTHEWxxiv。44。
ALSOHERELIETHEREMAINSOF
MARIABRONTE，DAUGHTEROFTHEAFORESAID；
SHEDIEDONTHE
6THOFMAY，1825，INTHE12THYEAROFHERAGE；
ANDOF
ELIZABETHBRONTE，HERSISTER，WHODIEDJUNE15TH，1825，INTHE11THYEAROFHERAGE。
\"VerilyIsayuntoyou，Exceptyebeconverted，andbecomeaslittlechildren，yeshallnotenterintothekingdomofheaven。\"——
MATTHEWxviii。3。
HEREALSOLIETHEREMAINSOF
PATRICKBRANWELLBRONTE，WHODIEDSEPT。24TH，1848，AGED3OYEARS；
ANDOF
EMILYJANEBRONTE，WHODIEDDEC。19TH，1848，AGED29YEARS，SONANDDAUGHTEROFTHE
REV。P。BRONTE，INCUMBENT。
THISSTONEISALSODEDICATEDTOTHE
MEMORYOFANNEBRONTE，{1}
YOUNGESTDAUGHTEROFTHEREV。P。BRONTE，A。B。
SHEDIED，AGED27YEARS，MAY28TH，1849，ANDWASBURIEDATTHEOLDCHURCH，SCARBORO。’
Attheupperpartofthistabletamplespaceisallowedbetweenthelinesoftheinscription；whenthefirstmemorialswerewrittendown，thesurvivors，intheirfondaffection，thoughtlittleofthemarginandvergetheywereleavingforthosewhowerestillliving。Butasonedeadmemberofthehouseholdfollowsanotherfasttothegrave，thelinesarepressedtogether，andthelettersbecomesmallandcramped。AftertherecordofAnne’sdeath，thereisroomfornoother。
Butonemoreofthatgeneration——thelastofthatnurseryofsixlittlemotherlesschildren——wasyettofollow，beforethesurvivor，thechildlessandwidowedfather，foundhisrest。Onanothertablet，belowthefirst，thefollowingrecordhasbeenaddedtothatmournfullist:-
ADJOININGLIETHEREMAINSOF
CHARLOTTE，WIFE
OFTHE
REV。ARTHURBELLNICHOLLS，A。B。，ANDDAUGHTEROFTHEREV。P。BRONTE，A。B。，INCUMBENT
SHEDIEDMARCH31ST，1855，INTHE39TH
YEAROFHERAGE。{2}
Thistablet，whichcorrectstheerrorintheformertabletastotheageofAnneBronte，bearsthefollowinginscriptioninRomanletters；theinitials，however，beinginoldEnglish。
InMemoryofMaria，wifeoftheRev。P。Bronte，A。B。，MinisterofHaworth，ShediedSept。15th，1821，inthe39thyearofherage。
Also，ofMaria，theirdaughter，whodiedMay6th，1825，inthe12thyearofherage。
Also，ofElizabeth，theirdaughter，whodiedJune15th，1825，inthe11thyearofherage。
Also，ofPatrickBranwell，theirson，whodiedSept。24th，1848，aged31years。
Also，ofEmilyJane，theirdaughter，whodiedDec。19th，1848，aged30years。
Also，ofAnne，theirdaughter，whodiedMay28th，1849，aged29
years。ShewasburiedattheOldChurch，Scarborough。
Also，ofCharlotte，theirdaughter，wifeoftheRev。A。B。
Nicholls，B。A。ShediedMarch31st，1855，inthe39thyearofherage。
\"Thestingofdeathissin，andthestrengthofsinisthelaw，butthanksbetoGodwhichgivethusthevictorythroughourLordJesusChrist。\"——1Cor。xv。56，57。
CHAPTERII
Forarightunderstandingofthelifeofmydearfriend，CharlotteBronte，itappearstomemorenecessaryinhercasethaninmostothers，thatthereadershouldbemadeacquaintedwiththepeculiarformsofpopulationandsocietyamidstwhichherearliestyearswerepassed，andfromwhichbothherownandhersisters’
firstimpressionsofhumanlifemusthavebeenreceived。Ishallendeavour，therefore，beforeproceedingfurtherwithmywork，topresentsomeideaofthecharacterofthepeopleofHaworth，andthesurroundingdistricts。
EvenaninhabitantoftheneighbouringcountyofLancasterisstruckbythepeculiarforceofcharacterwhichtheYorkshiremendisplay。Thismakestheminterestingasarace；while，atthesametime，asindividuals，theremarkabledegreeofself-
sufficiencytheypossessgivesthemanairofindependenceratherapttorepelastranger。Iusethisexpression\"self-sufficiency\"
inthelargestsense。ConsciousofthestrongsagacityandthedoggedpowerofwillwhichseemalmostthebirthrightofthenativesoftheWestRiding，eachmanreliesuponhimself，andseeksnohelpatthehandsofhisneighbour。Fromrarelyrequiringtheassistanceofothers，hecomestodoubtthepowerofbestowingit:fromthegeneralsuccessofhisefforts，hegrowstodependuponthem，andtoover-esteemhisownenergyandpower。
Hebelongstothatkeen，yetshort-sightedclass，whoconsidersuspicionofallwhosehonestyisnotprovedasasignofwisdom。
Thepracticalqualitiesofamanareheldingreatrespect；butthewantoffaithinstrangersanduntriedmodesofaction，extendsitselfeventothemannerinwhichthevirtuesareregarded；andiftheyproducenoimmediateandtangibleresult，theyareratherputasideasunfitforthisbusy，strivingworld；
especiallyiftheyaremoreofapassivethananactivecharacter。
Theaffectionsarestrongandtheirfoundationsliedeep:buttheyarenot——suchaffectionsseldomare——wide-spreading；nordotheyshowthemselvesonthesurface。Indeed，thereislittledisplayofanyoftheamenitiesoflifeamongthiswild，roughpopulation。Theiraccostiscurt；theiraccentandtoneofspeechbluntandharsh。Somethingofthismay，probably，beattributedtothefreedomofmountainairandofisolatedhill-sidelife；
somethingbederivedfromtheirroughNorseancestry。Theyhaveaquickperceptionofcharacter，andakeensenseofhumour；thedwellersamongthemmustbepreparedforcertainuncomplimentary，thoughmostlikelytrue，observations，pithilyexpressed。Theirfeelingsarenoteasilyroused，buttheirdurationislasting。
Hencethereismuchclosefriendshipandfaithfulservice；andforacorrectexemplificationoftheforminwhichthelatterfrequentlyappears，Ineedonlyreferthereaderof\"WutheringHeights\"tothecharacterof\"Joseph。\"
Fromthesamecausecomealsoenduringgrudges，insomecasesamountingtohatred，whichoccasionallyhasbeenbequeathedfromgenerationtogeneration。IrememberMissBronteoncetellingmethatitwasasayingroundaboutHaworth，\"Keepastoneinthypocketsevenyear；turnit，andkeepitsevenyearlonger，thatitmaybeeverreadytothinehandwhenthineenemydrawsnear。\"
TheWestRidingmenaresleuth-houndsinpursuitofmoney。MissBronterelatedtomyhusbandacuriousinstanceillustrativeofthiseagerdesireforriches。Amanthatsheknew，whowasasmallmanufacturer，hadengagedinmanylocalspeculationswhichhadalwaysturnedoutwell，andtherebyrenderedhimapersonofsomewealth。Hewasratherpastmiddleage，whenhebethoughthimofinsuringhislife；andhehadonlyjusttakenouthispolicy，whenhefellillofanacutediseasewhichwascertaintoendfatallyinaveryfewdays。Thedoctor，half-hesitatingly，revealedtohimhishopelessstate。\"Byjingo！\"criedhe，rousingupatonceintotheoldenergy，\"IshallDOtheinsurancecompany！
Ialwayswasaluckyfellow！\"
Thesemenarekeenandshrewd；faithfulandperseveringinfollowingoutagoodpurpose，fellintrackinganevilone。Theyarenotemotional；theyarenoteasilymadeintoeitherfriendsorenemies；butonceloversorhaters，itisdifficulttochangetheirfeeling。Theyareapowerfulracebothinmindandbody，bothforgoodandforevil。
ThewoollenmanufacturewasintroducedintothisdistrictinthedaysofEdwardIII。ItistraditionallysaidthatacolonyofFlemingscameoverandsettledintheWestRidingtoteachtheinhabitantswhattodowiththeirwool。ThemixtureofagriculturalwithmanufacturinglabourthatensuedandprevailedintheWestRidinguptoaveryrecentperiod，soundspleasantenoughatthisdistanceoftime，whentheclassicalimpressionisleft，andthedetailsforgotten，oronlybroughttolightbythosewhoexplorethefewremotepartsofEnglandwherethecustomstilllingers。Theideaofthemistressandhermaidensspinningatthegreatwheelswhilethemasterwasabroadploughinghisfields，orseeingafterhisflocksonthepurplemoors，isverypoeticaltolookbackupon；butwhensuchlifeactuallytouchesonourowndays，andwecanhearparticularsfromthelipsofthosenowliving，therecomeoutdetailsofcoarseness——oftheuncouthnessoftherusticmingledwiththesharpnessofthetradesman——ofirregularityandfiercelawlessness——thatrathermarthevisionofpastoralinnocenceandsimplicity。Still，asitistheexceptionalandexaggeratedcharacteristicsofanyperiodthatleavethemostvividmemorybehindthem，itwouldbewrong，andinmyopinionfaithless，toconcludethatsuchandsuchformsofsocietyandmodesoflivingwerenotbestfortheperiodwhentheyprevailed，althoughtheabusestheymayhaveledinto，andthegradualprogressoftheworld，havemadeitwellthatsuchwaysandmannersshouldpassawayforever，andaspreposteroustoattempttoreturntothem，asitwouldbeforamantoreturntotheclothesofhischildhood。
ThepatentgrantedtoAldermanCockayne，andthefurtherrestrictionsimposedbyJamesI。ontheexportofundyedwoollenclothsmetbyaprohibitiononthepartoftheStatesofHollandoftheimportofEnglish-dyedcloths，injuredthetradeoftheWestRidingmanufacturersconsiderably。Theirindependenceofcharacter，theirdislikeofauthority，andtheirstrongpowersofthought，predisposedthemtorebellionagainstthereligiousdictationofsuchmenasLaud，andthearbitraryruleoftheStuarts；andtheinjurydonebyJamesandCharlestothetradebywhichtheygainedtheirbread，madethegreatmajorityofthemCommonwealthmen。IshallhaveoccasionafterwardstogiveoneortwoinstancesofthewarmfeelingsandextensiveknowledgeonsubjectsofbothhomeandforeignpoliticsexistingatthepresentdayinthevillageslyingwestandeastofthemountainousridgethatseparatesYorkshireandLancashire；theinhabitantsofwhichareofthesameraceandpossessthesamequalityofcharacter。
ThedescendantsofmanywhoservedunderCromwellatDunbar，liveonthesamelandsastheirancestorsoccupiedthen；andperhapsthereisnopartofEnglandwherethetraditionalandfondrecollectionsoftheCommonwealthhavelingeredsolongasinthatinhabitedbythewoollenmanufacturingpopulationoftheWestRiding，whohadtherestrictionstakenofftheirtradebytheProtector’sadmirablecommercialpolicy。Ihaveitongoodauthoritythat，notthirtyyearsago，thephrase，\"inOliver’sdays，\"wasincommonusetodenoteatimeofunusualprosperity。
TheclassofChristiannamesprevalentinadistrictisoneindicationofthedirectioninwhichitstideofhero-worshipsets。Graveenthusiastsinpoliticsorreligionperceivenottheludicroussideofthosewhichtheygivetotheirchildren；andsomearetobefound，stillintheirinfancy，notadozenmilesfromHaworth，thatwillhavetogothroughlifeasLamartine，Kossuth，andDembinsky。AndsothereisatestimonytowhatI
havesaid，ofthetraditionalfeelingofthedistrict，inthefactthattheOldTestamentnamesingeneraluseamongthePuritansareyettheprevalentappellationsinmostYorkshirefamiliesofmiddleorhumblerank，whatevertheirreligiouspersuasionmaybe。
Therearenumerousrecords，too，thatshowthekindlywayinwhichtheejectedministerswerereceivedbythegentry，aswellasbythepoorerpartoftheinhabitants，duringthepersecutingdaysofCharlesII。Theselittlefactsalltestifytotheoldhereditaryspiritofindependence，readyevertoresistauthoritywhichwasconceivedtobeunjustlyexercised，thatdistinguishesthepeopleoftheWestRidingtothepresentday。
TheparishofHalifaxtouchesthatofBradford，inwhichthechapelryofHaworthisincluded；andthenatureofthegroundinthetwoparishesismuchtheofthesamewildandhillydescription。Theabundanceofcoal，andthenumberofmountainstreamsinthedistrict，makeithighlyfavourabletomanufactures；andaccordingly，asIstated，theinhabitantshaveforcenturiesbeenengagedinmakingcloth，aswellasinagriculturalpursuits。Buttheintercourseoftradefailed，foralongtime，tobringamenityandcivilizationintotheseoutlyinghamlets，orwidelyscattereddwellings。Mr。Hunter，inhis\"LifeofOliverHeywood，\"quotesasentenceoutofamemorialofoneJamesRither，livinginthereignofElizabeth，whichispartiallytruetothisday:-
\"Theyhavenosuperiortocourt，nocivilitiestopractise:asourandsturdyhumouristheconsequence，sothatastrangerisshockedbyatoneofdefianceineveryvoice，andanairoffiercenessineverycountenance。\"
Evennow，astrangercanhardlyaskaquestionwithoutreceivingsomecrustyreply，if，indeed，hereceiveanyatall。Sometimesthesourrudenessamountstopositiveinsult。Yet，ifthe\"foreigner\"takesallthischurlishnessgood-humouredly，orasamatterofcourse，andmakesgoodanyclaimupontheirlatentkindlinessandhospitality，theyarefaithfulandgenerous，andthoroughlytobereliedupon。Asaslightillustrationoftheroughnessthatpervadesallclassesintheseout-of-the-wayvillages，Imayrelatealittleadventurewhichhappenedtomyhusbandandmyself，threeyearsago，atAddingham-
FromPenigenttoPendleHill，FromLintontoLong-ADDINGHAM
AndallthatCravencoastsdidtell，&c-
oneoftheplacesthatsentforthitsfightingmentothefamousoldbattleofFloddenField，andavillagenotmanymilesfromHaworth。
Weweredrivingalongthestreet，whenoneofthosene’er-do-weelladswhoseemtohaveakindofmagneticpowerformisfortunes，havingjumpedintothestreamthatrunsthroughtheplace，justwhereallthebrokenglassandbottlesarethrown，staggerednakedandnearlycoveredwithbloodintoacottagebeforeus。Besidesreceivinganotherbadcutinthearm，hehadcompletelylaidopentheartery，andwasinafairwayofbleedingtodeath——which，oneofhisrelationscomfortedhimbysaying，wouldbelikelyto\"saveadealo’trouble。\"
Whenmyhusbandhadcheckedtheeffusionofbloodwithastrapthatoneofthebystandersunbuckledfromhisleg，heaskedifasurgeonhadbeensentfor。
\"Yoi，\"wastheanswer；\"butwedunnathinkhe’llcome。\"
\"Whynot？\"
\"He’sowd，yoseen，andasthmatic，andit’sup-hill。\"
Myhusbandtakingaboyforhisguide，droveasfastashecouldtothesurgeon’shouse，whichwasaboutthree-quartersofamileoff，andmettheauntofthewoundedladleavingit。
\"Ishecoming？\"inquiredmyhusband。
\"Well，hedidna’sayhewouldna’come。\"
\"But，tellhimtheladmaybleedtodeath。\"
\"Idid。\"
\"Andwhatdidhesay？\"
\"Why，only，’D-nhim；whatdoIcare？’\"
Itended，however，inhissendingoneofhissons，who，thoughnotbroughtupto\"thesurgeringtrade，\"wasabletodowhatwasnecessaryinthewayofbandagesandplasters。Theexcusemadeforthesurgeonwas，that\"hewasneareighty，andgettingabitdoited，andhadhadamattero’twentychilder。\"
Amongthemostunmovedofthelookers-onwasthebrotheroftheboysobadlyhurt；andwhilehewaslyinginapoolofbloodontheflagfloor，andcryingouthowmuchhisarmwas\"warching，\"
hisstoicalrelationstoodcoollysmokinghisbitofblackpipe，andutterednotasinglewordofeithersympathyorsorrow。
Forestcustoms，existinginthefringesofdarkwood，whichclothedthedeclivityofthehillsoneitherside，tendedtobrutalizethepopulationuntilthemiddleoftheseventeenthcentury。Executionbybeheadingwasperformedinasummarywayuponeithermenorwomenwhowereguiltyofbutveryslightcrimes；andadogged，yetinsomecasesfine，indifferencetohumanlifewasthusgenerated。Theroadsweresonotoriouslybad，evenuptothelastthirtyyears，thattherewaslittlecommunicationbetweenonevillageandanother；iftheproduceofindustrycouldbeconveyedatstatedtimestotheclothmarketofthedistrict，itwasallthatcouldbedone；and，inlonelyhousesonthedistanthill-side，orbythesmallmagnatesofsecludedhamlets，crimesmightbecommittedalmostunknown，certainlywithoutanygreatuprisingofpopularindignationcalculatedtobringdownthestrongarmofthelaw。Itmustberememberedthatinthosedaystherewasnoruralconstabulary；andthefewmagistrateslefttothemselves，andgenerallyrelatedtooneanother，weremostoftheminclinedtotolerateeccentricity，andtowinkatfaultstoomuchliketheirown。
Menhardlypastmiddlelifetalkofthedaysoftheiryouth，spentinthispartofthecountry，when，duringthewintermonths，theyrodeuptothesaddle-girthsinmud；whenabsolutebusinesswastheonlyreasonforstirringbeyondtheprecinctsofhome，andwhenthatbusinesswasconductedunderapressureofdifficultieswhichtheythemselves，bornealongtoBradfordmarketinaswiftfirst-classcarriage，canhardlybelievetohavebeenpossible。
Forinstance，onewoollenmanufacturersaysthat，notfiveandtwentyyearsago，hehadtorisebetimestosetoffonawinter’s-
morninginordertobeatBradfordwiththegreatwaggon-loadofgoodsmanufacturedbyhisfather；thisloadwaspackedover-night，butinthemorningtherewasagreatgatheringaroundit，andflashingoflanterns，andexaminationofhorses’feet，beforetheponderouswaggongotunderway；andthensomeonehadtogogropinghereandthere，onhandsandknees，andalwayssoundingwithastaffdownthelong，steep，slipperybrow，tofindwherethehorsesmighttreadsafely，untiltheyreachedthecomparativeeasy-goingofthedeep-ruttedmainroad。Peoplewentonhorsebackovertheuplandmoors，followingthetracksofthepack-horsesthatcarriedtheparcels，baggage，orgoodsfromonetowntoanother，betweenwhichtheredidnothappentobeahighway。
Butinwinter，allsuchcommunicationwasimpossible，byreasonofthesnowwhichlaylongandlateonthebleakhighground。Ihaveknownpeoplewho，travellingbythemail-coachoverBlackstoneEdge，hadbeensnowedupforaweekortendaysatthelittleinnnearthesummit，andobligedtospendbothChristmasandNewYear’sDaythere，tillthestoreofprovisionslaidinfortheuseofthelandlordandhisfamilyfallingshortbeforetheinroadsoftheunexpectedvisitors，theyhadrecoursetotheturkeys，geese，andYorkshirepieswithwhichthecoachwasladen；andeventhesewerebeginningtofail，whenafortunatethawreleasedthemfromtheirprison。
Isolatedasthehillvillagesmaybe，theyareintheworld，comparedwiththelonelinessofthegreyancestralhousestobeseenhereandthereinthedensehollowsofthemoors。Thesedwellingsarenotlarge，yettheyaresolidandroomyenoughfortheaccommodationofthosewholiveinthem，andtowhomthesurroundingestatesbelong。ThelandhasoftenbeenheldbyonefamilysincethedaysoftheTudors；theownersare，infact，theremainsoftheoldyeomanry——smallsquires——whoarerapidlybecomingextinctasaclass，fromoneoftwocauses。Eitherthepossessorfallsintoidle，drinkinghabits，andsoisobligedeventuallytosellhisproperty:orhefinds，ifmoreshrewdandadventurous，thatthe\"beck\"runningdownthemountain-side，orthemineralsbeneathhisfeet，canbeturnedintoanewsourceofwealth；andleavingtheoldploddinglifeofalandownerwithsmallcapital，heturnsmanufacturer，ordigsforcoal，orquarriesforstone。
Stilltherearethoseremainingofthisclass——dwellersinthelonelyhousesfarawayintheuplanddistricts——evenatthepresentday，whosufficientlyindicatewhatstrangeeccentricity——
whatwildstrengthofwill——nay，evenwhatunnaturalpowerofcrimewasfosteredbyamodeoflivinginwhichamanseldommethisfellows，andwherepublicopinionwasonlyadistantandinarticulateechoofsomeclearervoicesoundingbehindthesweepinghorizon。
Asolitarylifecherishesmerefanciesuntiltheybecomemanias。
AndthepowerfulYorkshirecharacter，whichwasscarcelytamedintosubjectionbyallthecontactitmetwithin\"busytownorcrowdedmart，\"hasbeforenowbrokenoutintostrangewilfulnessintheremoterdistricts。Asingularaccountwasrecentlygivenmeofalandownerliving，itistrue，ontheLancashiresideofthehills，butofthesamebloodandnatureasthedwellersontheother，whowassupposedtobeinthereceiptofsevenoreighthundredayear，andwhosehouseboremarksofhandsomeantiquity，asifhisforefathershadbeenforalongtimepeopleofconsideration。Myinformantwasstruckwiththeappearanceoftheplace，andproposedtothecountrymanwhowasaccompanyinghim，togouptoitandtakeanearerinspection。Thereplywas，\"Yo’dbetternot；he’dthreapyo’downth’loan。He’sletflyatsomefolk’slegs，andletshotlodgein’emaforenow，forgoingtooneartohishouse。\"Andfinding，oncloserinquiry，thatsuchwasreallytheinhospitablecustomofthismoorlandsquire，thegentlemangaveuphispurpose。Ibelievethatthesavageyeomanisstillliving。
Anothersquire，ofmoredistinguishedfamilyandlargerproperty——
oneisthenceledtoimagineofbettereducation，butthatdoesnotalwaysfollow——diedathishouse，notmanymilesfromHaworth，onlyafewyearsago。Hisgreatamusementandoccupationhadbeencock-fighting。Whenhewasconfinedtohischamberwithwhatheknewwouldbehislastillness，hehadhiscocksbroughtupthere，andwatchedthebloodybattlefromhisbed。Ashismortaldiseaseincreased，anditbecameimpossibleforhimtoturnsoastofollowthecombat，hehadlooking-glassesarrangedinsuchamanner，aroundandabovehim，ashelay，thathecouldstillseethecocksfighting。Andinthismannerhedied。
Thesearemerelyinstancesofeccentricitycomparedtothetalesofpositiveviolenceandcrimethathaveoccurredintheseisolateddwellings，whichstilllingerinthememoriesoftheoldpeopleofthedistrict，andsomeofwhichweredoubtlessfamiliartotheauthorsof\"WutheringHeights\"and\"TheTenantofWildfellHall。\"
Theamusementsofthelowerclassescouldhardlybeexpectedtobemorehumanethanthoseofthewealthyandbettereducated。Thegentleman，whohaskindlyfurnishedmewithsomeoftheparticularsIhavegiven，remembersthebull-baitingsatRochdale，notthirtyyearsago。Thebullwasfastenedbyachainorropetoapostintheriver。Toincreasetheamountofwater，aswellastogivetheirworkpeopletheopportunityofsavagedelight，themasterswereaccustomedtostoptheirmillsonthedaywhenthesporttookplace。Thebullwouldsometimeswheelsuddenlyround，sothattheropebywhichhewasfastenedsweptthosewhohadbeencarelessenoughtocomewithinitsrangedownintothewater，andthegoodpeopleofRochdalehadtheexcitementofseeingoneortwooftheirneighboursdrowned，aswellasofwitnessingthebullbaited，andthedogstornandtossed。
ThepeopleofHaworthwerenotlessstrongandfullofcharacterthantheirneighboursoneithersideofthehills。Thevillageliesembeddedinthemoors，betweenthetwocounties，ontheoldroadbetweenKeighleyandColne。Aboutthemiddleofthelastcentury，itbecamefamousinthereligiousworldasthesceneoftheministrationsoftheRev。WilliamGrimshaw，curateofHaworthfortwentyyears。Beforethistime，itisprobablethatthecurateswereofthesameorderasoneMr。Nicholls，aYorkshireclergyman，inthedaysimmediatelysucceedingtheReformation，whowas\"muchaddictedtodrinkingandcompany-keeping，\"andusedtosaytohiscompanions，\"YoumustnotheedmebutwhenIamgotthreefeetabovetheearth，\"thatwas，intothepulpit。
Mr。Grimshaw’slifewaswrittenbyNewton，Cowper’sfriend；andfromitmaybegatheredsomecuriousparticularsofthemannerinwhicharoughpopulationwereswayedandgovernedbyamanofdeepconvictions，andstrongearnestnessofpurpose。Itseemsthathehadnotbeeninanywayremarkableforreligiouszeal，thoughhehadledamorallife，andbeenconscientiousinfulfillinghisparochialduties，untilacertainSundayinSeptember，1744，whentheservant，risingatfive，foundhermasteralreadyengagedinprayer；shestatedthat，afterremaininginhischamberforsometime，hewenttoengageinreligiousexercisesinthehouseofaparishioner，thenhomeagaintopray；thence，stillfasting，tothechurch，where，ashewasreadingthesecondlesson，hefelldown，and，onhispartialrecovery，hadtobeledfromthechurch。
Ashewentout，hespoketothecongregation，andtoldthemnottodisperse，ashehadsomethingtosaytothem，andwouldreturnpresently。Hewastakentotheclerk’shouse，andagainbecameinsensible。Hisservantrubbedhim，torestorethecirculation；
andwhenhewasbroughttohimself\"heseemedinagreatrapture，\"
andthefirstwordsheutteredwere，\"Ihavehadagloriousvisionfromthethirdheaven。\"Hedidnotsaywhathehadseen，butreturnedintothechurch，andbegantheserviceagain，attwointheafternoon，andwentonuntilseven。
Fromthistimehedevotedhimself，withthefervourofaWesley，andsomethingofthefanaticismofaWhitfield，tocallingoutareligiouslifeamonghisparishioners。Theyhadbeeninthehabitofplayingatfoot-ballonSunday，usingstonesforthispurpose；
andgivingandreceivingchallengesfromotherparishes。Therewerehorse-racesheldonthemoorsjustabovethevillage，whichwereperiodicalsourcesofdrunkennessandprofligacy。Scarcelyaweddingtookplacewithouttheroughamusementoffoot-races，wherethehalf-nakedrunnerswereascandaltoalldecentstrangers。Theoldcustomof\"arvills，\"orfuneralfeasts，ledtofrequentpitchedbattlesbetweenthedrunkenmourners。SuchcustomsweretheoutwardsignsofthekindofpeoplewithwhomMr。
Grimshawhadtodeal。But，byvariousmeans，someofthemostpracticalkind，hewroughtagreatchangeinhisparish。InhispreachinghewasoccasionallyassistedbyWesleyandWhitfield，andatsuchtimesthelittlechurchprovedmuchtoosmalltoholdthethrongthatpouredinfromdistantvillages，orlonelymoorlandhamlets；andfrequentlytheywereobligedtomeetintheopenair；indeed，therewasnotroomenoughinthechurchevenforthecommunicants。Mr。WhitfieldwasoncepreachinginHaworth，andmadeuseofsomesuchexpression，asthathehopedtherewasnoneedtosaymuchtothiscongregation，astheyhadsatundersopiousandgodlyaministerforsomanyyears；\"whereuponMr。
Grimshawstoodupinhisplace，andsaidwithaloudvoice，’Oh，sir！forGod’ssakedonotspeakso。Iprayyoudonotflatterthem。Ifearthegreaterpartofthemaregoingtohellwiththeireyesopen。’\"Butiftheyweresobound，itwasnotforwantofexertiononMr。Grimshaw’sparttopreventthem。Heusedtopreachtwentyorthirtytimesaweekinprivatehouses。Ifheperceivedanyoneinattentivetohisprayers，hewouldstopandrebuketheoffender，andnotgoontillhesaweveryoneontheirknees。HewasveryearnestinenforcingthestrictobservanceofSunday；andwouldnotevenallowhisparishionerstowalkinthefieldsbetweenservices。HesometimesgaveoutaverylongPsalmtraditionsaysthe119th，andwhileitwasbeingsung，heleftthereading-desk，andtakingahorsewhipwentintothepublic-
houses，andfloggedtheloiterersintochurch。Theywereswiftwhocouldescapethelashoftheparsonbysneakingoutthebackway。Hehadstronghealthandanactivebody，androdefarandwideoverthehills，\"awakening\"thosewhohadpreviouslyhadnosenseofreligion。Tosavetime，andbenochargetothefamiliesatwhosehousesheheldhisprayer-meetings，hecarriedhisprovisionswithhim；allthefoodhetookinthedayonsuchoccasionsconsistingsimplyofapieceofbreadandbutter，ordrybreadandarawonion。
Thehorse-raceswerejustlyobjectionabletoMr。Grimshaw；theyattractednumbersofprofligatepeopletoHaworth，andbroughtamatchtothecombustiblematerialsoftheplace，onlytooreadytoblazeoutintowickedness。Thestoryis，thathetriedallmeansofpersuasion，andevenintimidation，tohavetheracesdiscontinued，butinvain。Atlength，indespair，heprayedwithsuchfervourofearnestnessthattheraincamedownintorrents，anddelugedtheground，sothattherewasnofootingformanorbeast，evenifthemultitudehadbeenwillingtostandsuchafloodletdownfromabove。AndsoHaworthraceswerestopped，andhaveneverbeenresumedtothisday。Evennowthememoryofthisgoodmanisheldinreverence，andhisfaithfulministrationsandrealvirtuesareoneoftheboastsoftheparish。
Butafterhistime，Ifeartherewasafallingbackintothewildroughheathenways，fromwhichhehadpulledthemup，asitwere，bythepassionateforceofhisindividualcharacter。HehadbuiltachapelfortheWesleyanMethodists，andnotverylongaftertheBaptistsestablishedthemselvesinaplaceofworship。Indeed，asDr。Whitakersays，thepeopleofthisdistrictare\"strongreligionists；\"only，fiftyyearsago，theirreligiondidnotworkdownintotheirlives。Halfthatlengthoftimeback，thecodeofmoralsseemedtobeformeduponthatoftheirNorseancestors。
Revengewashandeddownfromfathertosonasanhereditaryduty；
andagreatcapabilityfordrinkingwithouttheheadbeingaffectedwasconsideredasoneofthemanlyvirtues。Thegamesoffoot-ballonSundays，withthechallengestotheneighbouringparishes，wereresumed，bringinginaninfluxofriotousstrangerstofillthepublic-houses，andmakethemoresober-mindedinhabitantslongforgoodMr。Grimshaw’sstoutarm，andreadyhorsewhip。Theoldcustomof\"arvills\"wasasprevalentasever。
Thesexton，standingatthefootoftheopengrave，announcedthatthe\"arvill\"wouldbeheldattheBlackBull，orwhateverpublic-
housemightbefixeduponbythefriendsofthedead；andthitherthemournersandtheiracquaintancesrepaired。Theoriginofthecustomhadbeenthenecessityoffurnishingsomerefreshmentforthosewhocamefromadistance，topaythelastmarkofrespecttoafriend。InthelifeofOliverHeywoodtherearetwoquotations，whichshowwhatsortoffoodwasprovidedfor\"arvills\"inquietNonconformistconnectionsintheseventeenthcentury；thefirstfromThoresbytellsof\"coldpossets，stewedprunes，cake，andcheese，\"asbeingthearvillafterOliverHeywood’sfuneral。Thesecondgives，asrathershabby，accordingtothenotionofthetimes1673，\"nothingbutabitofcake，draughtofwine，pieceofrosemary，andpairofgloves。\"
ButthearvillsatHaworthwereoftenfarmorejovialdoings。
Amongthepoor，themournerswereonlyexpectedtoprovideakindofspicedrollforeachperson；andtheexpenseoftheliquors——
rum，orale，oramixtureofbothcalled\"dog’snose\"——wasgenerallydefrayedbyeachguestplacingsomemoneyonaplate，setinthemiddleofthetable。Richerpeoplewouldorderadinnerfortheirfriends。AtthefuneralofMr。CharnockthenextsuccessorbutonetoMr。Grimshawintheincumbency，aboveeightypeoplewerebidtothearvill，andthepriceofthefeastwas4s。6d。perhead，allofwhichwasdefrayedbythefriendsofthedeceased。Asfew\"shirkedtheirliquor，\"therewereveryfrequently\"up-and-downfights\"beforethecloseoftheday；
sometimeswiththehorridadditionsof\"pawsing\"and\"gouging，\"
andbiting。
AlthoughIhavedweltontheexceptionaltraitsinthecharacteristicsofthesestalwartWest-Ridingers，suchastheywereinthefirstquarterofthiscentury，ifnotafewyearslater，Ihavelittledoubtthatintheevery-daylifeofthepeoplesoindependent，wilful，andfullofgrimhumour，therewouldbemuchfoundevenatpresentthatwouldshockthoseaccustomedonlytothelocalmannersofthesouth；and，inreturn，Isuspecttheshrewd，sagacious，energeticYorkshiremanwouldholdsuch\"foreigners\"innosmallcontempt。
Ihavesaid，itismostprobablethatwhereHaworthChurchnowstands，therewasonceanancient\"field-kirk，\"ororatory。Itoccupiedthethirdorlowestclassofecclesiasticalstructures，accordingtotheSaxonlaw，andhadnorightofsepulture，oradministrationofsacraments。Itwassocalledbecauseitwasbuiltwithoutenclosure，andopentotheadjoiningfieldsormoors。Thefounder，accordingtothelawsofEdgar，wasbound，withoutsubtractingfromhistithes，tomaintaintheministeringpriestoutoftheremainingninepartsofhisincome。AftertheReformation，therightofchoosingtheirclergyman，atanyofthosechapelsofeasewhichhadformerlybeenfield-kirks，wasvestedinthefreeholdersandtrustees，subjecttotheapprovalofthevicaroftheparish。Butowingtosomenegligence，thisrighthasbeenlosttothefreeholdersandtrusteesatHaworth，eversincethedaysofArchbishopSharp；andthepowerofchoosingaministerhaslapsedintothehandsoftheVicarofBradford。Sorunstheaccount，accordingtooneauthority。
Mr。Brontesays，——\"ThislivinghasforitspatronstheVicarofBradfordandcertaintrustees。MypredecessortookthelivingwiththeconsentoftheVicarofBradford，butinoppositiontothetrustees；inconsequenceofwhichhewassoopposedthat，afteronlythreeweeks’possession，hewascompelledtoresign。\"
AYorkshiregentleman，whohaskindlysentmesomeadditionalinformationonthissubjectsincethesecondeditionofmyworkwaspublished，write，thus:-
\"ThesolerightofpresentationtotheincumbencyofHaworthisvestedintheVicarofBradford。Heonlycanpresent。Thefunds，however，fromwhichtheclergyman’sstipendmainlyproceeds，arevestedinthehandsoftrustees，whohavethepowertowithholdthem，ifanomineeissentofwhomtheydisapprove。OnthedeceaseofMr。Charnock，theVicarfirsttenderedtheprefermenttoMr。Bronte，andhewentovertohisexpectedcure。Hewastoldthattowardshimselftheyhadnopersonalobjection；butasanomineeoftheVicarhewouldnotbereceived。Hethereforeretired，withthedeclarationthatifhecouldnotcomewiththeapprovaloftheparish，hisministrycouldnotbeuseful。UponthistheattemptwasmadetointroduceMr。Redhead。
\"WhenMr。Redheadwasrepelled，afreshdifficultyarose。Someonemustfirstmovetowardsasettlement，butaspiritbeingevokedwhichcouldnotbeallayed，actionbecameperplexing。Thematterhadtobereferredtosomeindependentarbitrator，andmyfatherwasthegentlemantowhomeachpartyturneditseye。A
meetingwasconvened，andthebusinesssettledbytheVicar’sconcedingthechoicetothetrustees，andtheacceptanceoftheVicar’spresentation。ThatchoiceforthwithfellonMr。Bronte，whosepromptnessandprudencehadwontheirhearts。\"
InconversingonthecharacteroftheinhabitantsoftheWestRidingwithDr。Scoresby，whohadbeenforsometimeVicarofBradford，healludedtocertainriotoustransactionswhichhadtakenplaceatHaworthonthepresentationofthelivingtoMr。
Redhead，andsaidthattherehadbeensomuchintheparticularsindicativeofthecharacterofthepeople，thatheadvisedmetoinquireintothem。Ihaveaccordinglydoneso，and，fromthelipsofsomeofthesurvivorsamongtheactorsandspectators，IhavelearntthemeanstakentoejectthenomineeoftheVicar。
ThepreviousincumbenthadbeentheMr。CharnockwhomIhavementionedasnextbutoneinsuccessiontoMr。Grimshaw。Hehadalongillnesswhichrenderedhimunabletodischargehisdutieswithoutassistance，andMr。Redheadgavehimoccasionalhelp，tothegreatsatisfactionoftheparishioners，andwashighlyrespectedbythemduringMr。Charnock’slifetime。Butthecasewasentirelyalteredwhen，atMr。Charnock’sdeathin1819，theyconceivedthatthetrusteeshadbeenunjustlydeprivedoftheirrightsbytheVicarofBradford，whoappointedMr。Redheadasperpetualcurate。
ThefirstSundayheofficiated，HaworthChurchwasfilledeventotheaisles；mostofthepeoplewearingthewoodenclogsofthedistrict。ButwhileMr。Redheadwasreadingthesecondlesson，thewholecongregation，asbyoneimpulse，begantoleavethechurch，makingallthenoisetheycouldwithclatteringandclumpingofclogs，till，atlength，Mr。Redheadandtheclerkweretheonlytwolefttocontinuetheservice。Thiswasbadenough，butthenextSundaytheproceedingswerefarworse。Then，asbefore，thechurchwaswellfilled，buttheaisleswereleftclear；notacreature，notanobstaclewasintheway。Thereasonforthiswasmadeevidentaboutthesametimeinthereadingoftheserviceasthedisturbanceshadbegunthepreviousweek。A
manrodeintothechurchuponanass，withhisfaceturnedtowardsthetail，andasmanyoldhatspiledonhisheadashecouldpossiblycarry。Hebeganurginghisbeastroundtheaisles，andthescreams，andcries，andlaughterofthecongregationentirelydrownedallsoundofMr。Redhead’svoice，and，Ibelieve，hewasobligedtodesist。
Hithertotheyhadnotproceededtoanythinglikepersonalviolence；butonthethirdSundaytheymusthavebeengreatlyirritatedatseeingMr。Redhead，determinedtobravetheirwill，rideupthevillagestreet，accompaniedbyseveralgentlemenfromBradford。TheyputuptheirhorsesattheBlackBull——thelittleinncloseuponthechurchyard，fortheconvenienceofarvillsaswellasforotherpurposes——andwentintochurch。Onthisthepeoplefollowed，withachimney-sweeper，whomtheyhademployedtocleanthechimneysofsomeout-buildingsbelongingtothechurchthatverymorning，andafterwardpliedwithdrinktillhewasinastateofsolemnintoxication。Theyplacedhimrightbeforethereading-desk，wherehisblackenedfacenoddedadrunken，stupidassenttoallthatMr。Redheadsaid。Atlast，eitherpromptedbysomemischief-maker，orfromsometipsyimpulse，heclamberedupthepulpitstairs，andattemptedtoembraceMr。Redhead。Thentheprofanefungrewfastandfurious。Someofthemoreriotous，pushedthesoot-coveredchimney-sweeperagainstMr。Redhead，ashetriedtoescape。Theythrewbothhimandhistormentordownonthegroundinthechurchyardwherethesoot-baghadbeenemptied，and，though，atlast，Mr。RedheadescapedintotheBlackBull，thedoorsofwhichwereimmediatelybarred，thepeopleragedwithout，threateningtostonehimandhisfriends。Oneofmyinformantsisanoldman，whowasthelandlordoftheinnatthetime，andhestandstoitthatsuchwasthetemperoftheirritatedmob，thatMr。Redheadwasinrealdangerofhislife。Thisman，however，plannedanescapeforhisunpopularinmates。TheBlackBullisnearthetopofthelong，steepHaworthstreet，andatthebottom，closebythebridge，ontheroadtoKeighley，isaturnpike。
Givingdirectionstohishuntedgueststostealoutatthebackdoorthroughwhich，probably，manyane’er-do-weelhasescapedfromgoodMr。Grimshaw’shorsewhip，thelandlordandsomeofthestable-boysrodethehorsesbelongingtothepartyfromBradfordbackwardsandforwardsbeforehisfrontdoor，amongthefiercely-
expectantcrowd。Throughsomeopeningbetweenthehouses，thoseonthehorsessawMr。Redheadandhisfriendscreepingalongbehindthestreet；andthen，strikingspurs，theydashedquicklydowntotheturnpike；theobnoxiousclergymanandhisfriendsmountedinhaste，andhadspedsomedistancebeforethepeoplefoundoutthattheirpreyhadescaped，andcamerunningtotheclosedturnpikegate。
ThiswasMr。Redhead’slastappearanceatHaworthformanyyears。
Longafterwards，hecametopreach，andinhissermontoalargeandattentivecongregationhegood-humouredlyremindedthemofthecircumstanceswhichIhavedescribed。Theygavehimaheartywelcome，fortheyowedhimnogrudge；althoughbeforetheyhadbeenreadyenoughtostonehim，inordertomaintainwhattheyconsideredtobetheirrights。
Theforegoingaccount，whichIheardfromtwoofthesurvivors，inthepresenceofafriendwhocanvouchfortheaccuracyofmyrepetition，hastoacertaindegreebeenconfirmedbyaletterfromtheYorkshiregentleman，whosewordsIhavealreadyquoted。
\"Iamnotsurprisedatyourdifficultyinauthenticatingmatter-
of-fact。IfindthisinrecallingwhatIhaveheard，andtheauthorityonwhichIhaveheardanything。Astothedonkeytale，Ibelieveyouareright。Mr。RedheadandDr。Ramsbotham，hisson-
in-law，arenostrangerstome。Eachofthemhasanicheinmyaffections。
\"Ihaveasked，thisday，twopersonswholivedinHaworthatthetimetowhichyouallude，thesonanddaughterofanactingtrustee，andeachofthembetweensixtyandseventyyearsofage，andtheyassuremethatthedonkeywasintroduced。Oneofthemsaysitwasmountedbyahalf-wittedman，seatedwithhisfacetowardsthetailofthebeast，andhavingseveralhatspiledonhishead。Neitherofmyinformantswas，however，presentattheseedifyingservices。IbelievethatnomovementwasmadeinthechurchoneitherSunday，untilthewholeoftheauthorisedreading-servicewasgonethrough，andIamsurethatnothingwasmoreremotefromthemorerespectablepartythananypersonalantagonismtowardMr。Redhead。Hewasoneofthemostamiableandworthyofmen，amantomyselfendearedbymanytiesandobligations。Ineverheardbeforeyourbookthatthesweepascendedthepulpitsteps。Hewaspresent，however，intheclericalhabilimentsofhisorder……ImayalsoaddthatamongthemanywhowerepresentatthosesadSundayorgiesthemajoritywerenon-residents，andcamefromthosemoorlandfastnessesontheoutskirtsoftheparishlocallydesignatedas’ovverth’steyres，’
onestagemoreremotethanHaworthfrommoderncivilization。
\"ToaninstanceortwomoreoftherusticityoftheinhabitantsofthechapelryofHaworth，Imayintroduceyou。
\"AHaworthcarriercalledattheofficeofafriendofminetodeliveraparcelonacoldwinter’sday，andstoodwiththedooropen。’Robin！shutthedoor！’saidtherecipient。’Haveyounodoorsinyourcountry？’’Yoi，’respondedRobin，’wehev，butwenivversteik’em。’Ihavefrequentlyremarkedthenumberofdoorsopeneveninwinter。
\"Whenwelldirected，theindomitableandindependentenergiesofthenativesofthispartofthecountryareinvaluable；dangerouswhenperverted。Ishallneverforgetthefierceactionsandutterancesofonesufferingfromdeliriumtremens。Whetherinitswrath，disdain，oritsdismay，thecountenancewasinfernal。I
calledonceuponatimeonamostrespectableyeoman，andIwas，inlanguageearnestandhomely，pressedtoacceptthehospitalityofthehouse。Iconsented。Thewordtomewas，’Nah，Maister，yahmunstopanhevsumte-ah，yahmun，eah，yahmun。’A
bountifultablewassoonspread；atallevents，timesoonwentwhileIscaledthehillstosee’t’maireatworthrettyyearowd，an’t’feilatworfewer。’Onsittingdowntothetable，avenerablewomanofficiated，andafterfillingthecups，shethusaddressedme:’Nah，Maister，yahmunloawzeth’taible’loosethetable。Themastersaid，’Shahmeeansyahmunseyt’greyce。’I
tookthehint，andutteredtheblessing。
\"Ispokewithanagedandtriedwomanatonetime，who，afterrecordinghermercies，stated，amongothers，herpowersofspeech，byasserting’ThanktheLord，ahnivverworameilly-meouthedwumman。’Ifeelparticularlyatfaultinattemptingtheorthographyofthedialect，butmustexcusemyselfbytellingyouthatIoncesawaletterinwhichthewordIhavejustnowusedexcusewaswritten’ecksqueaize！’
\"Therearesomethings，however，whichrathertendtosoftentheideaoftherudenessofHaworth。Noruraldistricthasbeenmoremarkedlytheabodeofmusicaltasteandacquirement，andthisataperiodwhenitwasdifficulttofindthemtothesameextentapartfromtownsinadvanceoftheirtimes。IhavegonetoHaworthandfoundanorchestratomeetme，filledwithlocalperformers，vocalandinstrumental，towhomthebestworksofHandel，Haydn，Mozart，Marcello，&c。&c。，werefamiliarashouseholdwords。Byknowledge，taste，andvoice，theyweremarkedlyseparatefromordinaryvillagechoirs，andhavebeenputinextensiverequisitionforthesoloandchorusofmanyanimposingfestival。
Onemanstillsurvives，who，forfiftyyears，hashadoneofthefinesttenorvoicesIeverheard，andwithitarefinedandcultivatedtaste。Tohimandtoothersmanyinducementshavebeenofferedtomigrate；buttheloom，theassociation，themountainairhavehadcharmsenowtosecuretheircontinuanceathome。I
lovetherecollectionoftheirperformance；thatrecollectionextendsovermorethansixtyyears。Theattachments，theantipathiesandthehospitalitiesofthedistrictareardent，hearty，andhomely。Cordialityineachistheprominentcharacteristic。Asapeople，thesemountaineershaveeverbeenaccessibletogentlenessandtruth，sofarasIhaveknownthem；
butexcitesuspicionorresentment，andtheygiveemphaticandnotimpotentresistance。Compulsiontheydefy。
\"IaccompaniedMr。HeaponhisfirstvisittoHaworthafterhisaccessiontothevicarageofBradford。ItwasonEasterday，either1816or1817。Hispredecessor，thevenerableJohnCrosse，knownasthe’blindvicar，’hadbeeninattentivetothevicarialclaims。Asearchinginvestigationhadtobemadeandenforced，andasitproceededstoutandsturdyutteranceswerenotlackingonthepartoftheparishioners。Toaspectator，thoughrude，theywereamusing，andsignificant，foretellingwhatmightbeexpected，andwhatwasafterwardsrealised，ontheadventofanewincumbent，iftheydeemedhimanintruder。
\"Fromtheirpeculiarparochialpositionandcircumstances，theinhabitantsofthechapelryhavebeenprompt，earnest，andperseveringintheiroppositiontochurch-rates。Althoughtenmilesfromthemother-church，theywerecalledupontodefrayalargeproportionofthisobnoxioustax，——Ibelieveonefifth。
\"Besidesthis，theyhadtomaintaintheirownedifice，&c。，&c。
Theyresisted，therefore，withenergy，thatwhichtheydeemedtobeoppressionandinjustice。ByscoreswouldtheywendtheirwayfromthehillstoattendavestrymeetingatBradford，andinsuchservicefailednottoshowlessoftheSUAVITERINMODOthantheFORTITERINRE。Happilysuchoccasionfortheiractionhasnotoccurredformanyyears。
\"Theuseofpatronymicshasbeencommoninthislocality。InquireforamanbyhisChristiannameandsurname，andyoumayhavesomedifficultyinfindinghim:ask，however，for’Georgeo’Ned’s，’
or’Dicko’Bob’s，’or’Tomo’Jack’s，’asthecasemaybe，andyourdifficultyisatanend。Inmanyinstancesthepersonisdesignatedbyhisresidence。InmyearlyyearsIhadoccasiontoinquireforJonathanWhitaker，whoownedaconsiderablefarminthetownship。Iwassenthitherandthither，untilitoccurredtometoaskfor’Jonathano’th’Gate。’Mydifficultieswerethenatanend。Suchcircumstancesariseoutofthesettledcharacterandisolationofthenatives。
\"ThosewhohavewitnessedaHaworthweddingwhenthepartieswereabovetherankoflabourers，willnoteasilyforgetthescene。A
levywasmadeonthehorsesoftheneighbourhood，andamerrycavalcadeofmountedmenandwomen，singleordouble，traversedthewaytoBradfordchurch。Theinnandchurchappearedtobeinnaturalconnection，andasthelaboursoftheTemperanceSocietyhadthentobegin，theinterestsofsobrietywerenotalwaysconsulted。Onremountingtheirsteedstheycommencedwitharace，andnotunfrequentlyaninebriateorunskilfulhorsemanorwomanwasputHORSDECOMBAT。Aracealsowasfrequentattheend。oftheseweddingexpeditions，fromthebridgetothetoll-baratHaworth。Therace-courseyouwillknowtobeanythingbutlevel。\"
Intothemidstofthislawless，yetnotunkindlypopulation，Mr。
Brontebroughthiswifeandsixlittlechildren，inFebruary，1820。Therearethoseyetalivewhoremembersevenheavily-ladencartslumberingslowlyupthelongstonestreet，bearingthe\"newparson’s\"householdgoodstohisfutureabode。
Onewondershowthebleakaspectofhernewhome——thelow，oblong，stoneparsonage，highup，yetwithastillhigherback-groundofsweepingmoors——struckonthegentle，delicatewife，whosehealtheventhenwasfailing。
CHAPTERIII
TheRev。PatrickBronteisanativeoftheCountyDowninIreland。
HisfatherHughBronte，wasleftanorphanatanearlyage。Hecamefromthesouthtothenorthoftheisland，andsettledintheparishofAhaderg，nearLoughbrickland。Therewassomefamilytraditionthat，humbleasHughBronte’scircumstanceswere，hewasthedescendantofanancientfamily。Butaboutthisneitherhenorhisdescendantshavecaredtoinquire。Hemadeanearlymarriage，andrearedandeducatedtenchildrenontheproceedsofthefewacresoflandwhichhefarmed。Thislargefamilywereremarkableforgreatphysicalstrength，andmuchpersonalbeauty。
Eveninhisoldage，Mr。Bronteisastriking-lookingman，abovethecommonheight，withanobly-shapedhead，anderectcarriage。
Inhisyouthhemusthavebeenunusuallyhandsome。
HewasbornonPatrickmasdayMarch17，1777，andearlygavetokensofextraordinaryquicknessandintelligence。Hehadalsohisfullshareofambition；andofhisstrongsenseandforethoughtthereisaproofinthefact，that，knowingthathisfathercouldaffordhimnopecuniaryaid，andthathemustdependuponhisownexertions，heopenedapublicschoolattheearlyageofsixteen；andthismodeoflivinghecontinuedtofollowforfiveorsixyears。HethenbecameatutorinthefamilyoftheRev。Mr。Tighe，rectorofDrumgoolandparish。ThenceheproceededtoSt。John’sCollege，Cambridge，wherehewasenteredinJuly，1802，beingatthetimefive-and-twentyyearsofage。Afternearlyfouryears’residence，heobtainedhisB。A。degree，andwasordainedtoacuracyinEssex，whenceheremovedintoYorkshire。
Thecourseoflifeofwhichthisistheoutline，showsapowerfulandremarkablecharacter，originatingandpursuingapurposeinaresoluteandindependentmanner。Hereisayouth——aboyofsixteen——separatinghimselffromhisfamily，anddeterminingtomaintainhimself；andthat，notinthehereditarymannerbyagriculturalpursuits，butbythelabourofhisbrain。
Isuppose，fromwhatIhaveheard，thatMr。Tighebecamestronglyinterestedinhischildren’stutor，andmayhaveaidedhim，notonlyinthedirectionofhisstudies，butinthesuggestionofanEnglishuniversityeducation，andinadviceastothemodeinwhichheshouldobtainentrancethere。Mr。BrontehasnownotraceofhisIrishoriginremaininginhisspeech；henevercouldhaveshownhisCelticdescentinthestraightGreeklinesandlongovalofhisface；butatfive-and-twenty，freshfromtheonlylifehehadeverknown，topresenthimselfatthegatesofSt。John’sprovednolittledeterminationofwill，andscornofridicule。
WhileatCambridge，hebecameoneofacorpsofvolunteers，whowerethenbeingcalledoutalloverthecountrytoresisttheapprehendedinvasionbytheFrench。Ihaveheardhimallude，inlateyears，toLordPalmerstonasonewhohadoftenbeenassociatedwithhimtheninthemimicmilitarydutieswhichtheyhadtoperform。
WetakehimupnowsettledasacurateatHartshead，inYorkshire——
farremovedfromhisbirth-placeandallhisIrishconnections；
withwhom，indeed，hecaredlittletokeepupanyintercourse，andwhomhenever，Ibelieve，re-visitedafterbecomingastudentatCambridge。
Hartsheadisaverysmallvillage，lyingtotheeastofHuddersfieldandHalifax；and，fromitshighsituation——onamound，asitwere，surroundedbyacircularbasin——commandingamagnificentview。Mr。Bronteresidedhereforfiveyears；and，whiletheincumbentofHartshead，hewooedandmarriedMariaBranwell。
ShewasthethirddaughterofMr。ThomasBranwell，merchant，ofPenzance。Hermother’smaidennamewasCarne:and，bothonfather’sandmother’sside，theBranwellfamilyweresufficientlywelldescendedtoenablethemtomixinthebestsocietythatPenzancethenafforded。Mr。andMrs。Branwellwouldbeliving——
theirfamilyoffourdaughtersandoneson，stillchildren——duringtheexistenceofthatprimitivestateofsocietywhichiswelldescribedbyDr。Davyinthelifeofhisbrother。
\"Inthesametown，whenthepopulationwasabout2，000persons，therewasonlyonecarpet，thefloorsofroomsweresprinkledwithsea-sand，andtherewasnotasinglesilverfork。
\"Atthattime，whenourcolonialpossessionswereverylimited，ourarmyandnavyonasmallscale，andtherewascomparativelylittledemandforintellect，theyoungersonsofgentlemenwereoftenofnecessitybroughtuptosometradeormechanicalart，towhichnodiscredit，orlossofcaste，asitwere，wasattached。
Theeldestson，ifnotallowedtoremainanidlecountrysquire，wassenttoOxfordorCambridge，preparatorytohisengaginginoneofthethreeliberalprofessionsofdivinity，law，orphysic；
thesecondsonwasperhapsapprenticedtoasurgeonorapothecary，orasolicitor；thethirdtoapewtererorwatchmaker；thefourthtoapackerormercer，andsoon，weretheremoretobeprovidedfor。
\"Aftertheirapprenticeshipswerefinished，theyoungmenalmostinvariablywenttoLondontoperfectthemselvesintheirrespectivetradeorart:andontheirreturnintothecountry，whensettledinbusiness，theywerenotexcludedfromwhatwouldnowbeconsideredgenteelsociety。Visitingthenwasconducteddifferentlyfromwhatitisatpresent。Dinner-partieswerealmostunknown，exceptingattheannualfeast-time。Christmas，too，wasthenaseasonofpeculiarindulgenceandconviviality，andaroundofentertainmentswasgiven，consistingofteaandsupper。Exceptingatthesetwoperiods，visitingwasalmostentirelyconfinedtotea-parties，whichassembledatthreeo’clock，brokeupatnine，andtheamusementoftheeveningwascommonlysomeroundgameatcards，asPopeJoan，orCommerce。Thelowerclasswasthenextremelyignorant，andallclasseswereverysuperstitious；eventhebeliefinwitchesmaintaineditsground，andtherewasanalmostunboundedcredulityrespectingthesupernaturalandmonstrous。TherewasscarcelyaparishintheMount’sBaythatwaswithoutahauntedhouse，oraspottowhichsomestoryofsupernaturalhorrorwasnotattached。EvenwhenI
wasaboy，IrememberahouseinthebeststreetofPenzancewhichwasuninhabitedbecauseitwasbelievedtobehaunted，andwhichyoungpeoplewalkedbyatnightataquickenedpace，andwithabeatingheart。Amongstthemiddleandhigherclassestherewaslittletasteforliterature，andstilllessforscience，andtheirpursuitswererarelyofadignifiedorintellectualkind。