463Burnet，i。634。
464Calamy’sMemoirs；Commons’Journals，December26，1690；
SunderlandtoJeffreys，September14，1685；PrivyCouncilBook，February26，1685—6。
465LansdowneMS。1152；Harl。MS。6845；LondonGazette，July20，1685。
466Manywritershaveasserted，withouttheslightestfoundation，thatapardonwasgrantedtoFergusonbyJames。Somehavebeensoabsurdastocitethisimaginarypardon，which，ifitwererealwouldproveonlythatFergusonwasacourtspy，inproofofthemagnanimityandbenignityoftheprincewhobeheadedAliceLisleandburnedElizabethGaunt。Fergusonwasnotonlynotspeciallypardoned，butwasexcludedbynamefromthegeneralpardonpublishedinthefollowingspring。（LondonGazette，March15，1685—6。）If，asthepublicsuspectedandasseemsprobable，indulgencewasshowntohim；itwasindulgenceofwhichJameswas，notwithoutreason，ashamed，andwhichwas，asfaraspossible，keptsecret。ThereportswhichwerecurrentinLondonatthetimearementionedintheObservator，Aug。1，1685。
SirJohnReresby，whooughttohavebeenwellinformed，positivelyaffirmsthatFergusonwastakenthreedaysafterthebattleofSedgemoor。ButSirJohnwascertainlywrongastothedate，andmaythereforehavebeenwrongastothewholestory。
FromtheLondonGazette，andfromGoodenough’sconfession（LansdowneMS。1152），itisclearthat，afortnightafterthebattle，Fergusonhadnotbeencaught，andwassupposedtobestilllurkinginEngland。
467Granger’sBiographicalHistory。
468Burnet，i。648；JamestothePrinceofOrange，Sept。10，and24，1685；LordLonadale’sMemoirs；LondonGazette，Oct。1，1685。
469TrialofCornishintheCollectionofStateTrials，SirJ。
Hawles’sRemarksonMr。Cornish’sTrial；Burnet，i。651；BloodyAssizes；Stat。1Gul。andMar。
470TrialsofFernleyandElizabethGaunt，intheCollectionofStateTrialsBurnet，i。649；BloodyAssizes；SirJ。Bramston’sMemoirs；Luttrell’sDiary，Oct。23，1685。
471Bateman’sTrialintheCollectionofStateTrials；SirJohnHawles’sRemarks。ItisworthwhiletocompareThomasLee’sevidenceonthisoccasionwithhisconfessionpreviouslypublishedbyauthority。
472VanCitters，Oct。13—23，1685。
473Neal’sHistoryofthePuritans，Calamy’sAccountoftheejectedMinistersandtheNonconformists’Memorialcontainabundantproofsoftheseverityofthispersecution。Howe’sfarewelllettertohisflockwillbefoundintheinterestinglifeofthatgreatman，byMr。Rogers。HowecomplainsthathecouldnotventuretoshowhimselfinthestreetsofLondon，andthathishealthhadsufferedfromwantofairandexercise。ButthemostvividpictureofthedistressoftheNonconformistsisfurnishedbytheirdeadlyenemy，Lestrange，intheObservatorsofSeptemberandOctober，1685。
EndofVolumeOneTheHistoryofEnglandfromtheAccessionofJamestheSecondVolumeII
（ChaptersVI—X）
byThomasBabingtonMacaulayCHAPTERVI
ThePowerofJamesattheHeight——HisForeignPolicy——HisPlansofDomesticGovernment；theHabeasCorpusAct——TheStandingArmy—
—DesignsinfavouroftheRomanCatholicReligion——ViolationoftheTestAct——DisgraceofHalifax；generalDiscontent——
PersecutionoftheFrenchHuguenots——EffectofthatPersecutioninEngland——MeetingofParliament；SpeechoftheKing；anOppositionformedintheHouseofCommons——SentimentsofForeignGovernments——CommitteeoftheCommonsontheKing’sSpeech——
DefeatoftheGovernment——SecondDefeatoftheGovernment；theKingreprimandstheCommons——CokecommittedbytheCommonsforDisrespecttotheKing——OppositiontotheGovernmentintheLords；theEarlofDevonshire——TheBishopofLondon——ViscountMordaunt——Prorogation——TrialsofLordGerardandofHampden——
TrialofDelamere——EffectofhisAcquittal——PartiesintheCourt；
FeelingoftheProtestantTories——PublicationofPapersfoundintheStrongBoxofCharlesII。——FeelingoftherespectableRomanCatholics——CabalofviolentRomanCatholics；Castlemaine——Jermyn；
White；Tyrconnel——FeelingoftheMinistersofForeignGovernments——ThePopeandtheOrderofJesusopposedtoeachother——TheOrderofJesus——FatherPetre——TheKing’sTemperandOpinions——TheKingencouragedinhisErrorsbySunderland——
PerfidyofJeffreys——Godolphin；theQueen；AmoursoftheKing——
CatharineSedley——IntriguesofRochesterinfavourofCatharineSedley——DeclineofRochester’sInfluence——CastelmainesenttoRome；theHuguenotsilltreatedbyJames——TheDispensingPower——
DismissionofRefractoryJudges——CaseofSirEdwardHales——RomanCatholicsauthorisedtoholdEcclesiasticalBenefices；——Sclater；
Walker——TheDeaneryofChristchurchgiventoaRomanCatholic——
DisposalofBishoprics——ResolutionofJamestousehisEcclesiasticalSupremacyagainsttheChurch——HisDifficulties——HecreatesanewCourtofHighCommission——ProceedingsagainsttheBishopofLondon——DiscontentexcitedbythePublicDisplayofRomanCatholic——RitesandVestments——Riots——ACampformedatHounslow——SamuelJohnson——HughSpeke——ProceedingsagainstJohnson——ZealoftheAnglicanClergyagainstPopery——TheRomanCatholicDivinesovermatched——StateofScotland——Queensberry——
PerthandMelfort——FavourshowntotheRomanCatholicReligioninScotland——RiotsatEdinburgh——AngeroftheKing；hisPlansconcerningScotland——DeputationofScotchPrivyCouncillorssenttoLondon——TheirNegotiationswiththeKing——MeetingoftheScotchEstates；theyproverefractory——Theyareadjourned；
arbitrarySystemofGovernmentinScotland——Ireland——StateoftheLawontheSubjectofReligion——HostilityofRaces——AboriginalPeasantry；aboriginalAristocracy——StateoftheEnglishColony——
CoursewhichJamesoughttohavefollowed——HisErrors——ClarendonarrivesinIrelandasLordLieutenant——HisMortifications；PanicamongtheColonists——ArrivalofTyrconnelatDublinasGeneral；
hisPartialityandViolence——HeisbentontheRepealoftheActofSettlement；hereturnstoEngland——TheKingdispleasedwithClarendon——RochesterattackedbytheJesuiticalCabal——AttemptsofJamestoconvertRochester——DismissionofRochester——
DismissionofClarendon；TyrconnelLordDeputy——DismayoftheEnglishColonistsinIreland——EffectoftheFalloftheHydesJAMESwasnowattheheightofpowerandprosperity。BothinEnglandandinScotlandhehadvanquishedhisenemies，andhadpunishedthemwithaseveritywhichhadindeedexcitedtheirbitteresthatred，buthad，atthesametime，effectuallyquelledtheircourage。TheWhigpartyseemedextinct。ThenameofWhigwasneverusedexceptasatermofreproach。TheParliamentwasdevotedtotheKing；anditwasinhispowertokeepthatParliamenttotheendofhisreign。TheChurchwaslouderthaneverinprofessionsofattachmenttohim，andhad，duringthelateinsurrection，acteduptothoseprofessions。TheJudgeswerehistools；andiftheyceasedtobeso，itwasinhispowertoremovethem。Thecorporationswerefilledwithhiscreatures。Hisrevenuesfarexceededthoseofhispredecessors。Hispriderosehigh。Hewasnotthesamemanwho，afewmonthsbefore，indoubtwhetherhisthronemightnotbeoverturnedinahour，hadimploredforeignhelpwithunkinglysupplications，andhadaccepteditwithtearsofgratitude。Visionsofdominionandgloryrosebeforehim。Healreadysawhimself，inimagination，theumpireofEurope，thechampionofmanystatesoppressedbyonetoopowerfulmonarchy。SoearlyasthemonthofJunehehadassuredtheUnitedProvincesthat，assoonastheaffairsofEnglandweresettled，hewouldshowtheworldhowlittlehefearedFrance。Inconformitywiththeseassurances，he，withinamonthafterthebattleofSedgemoor，concludedwiththeStatesGeneraladefensivetreaty，framedintheveryspiritoftheTripleLeague。Itwasregarded，bothattheHagueandatVersailles，asamostsignificantcircumstancethatHalifax，whowastheconstantandmortalenemyofFrenchascendency，andwhohadscarcelyeverbeforebeenconsultedonanygraveaffairsincethebeginningofthereign，tooktheleadonthisoccasion，andseemedtohavetheroyalear。ItwasacircumstancenotlesssignificantthatnopreviouscommunicationwasmadetoBarillon。
Bothheandhismasterweretakenbysurprise。Lewiswasmuchtroubled，andexpressedgreat，andnotunreasonable，anxietyastotheulteriordesignsoftheprincewhohadlatelybeenhispensionerandvassal。TherewerestrongrumoursthatWilliamofOrangewasbusiedinorganizingagreatconfederacy，whichwastoincludebothbranchesoftheHouseofAustria，theUnitedProvinces，thekingdomofSweden，andtheelectorateofBrandenburg。ItnowseemedthatthisconfederacywouldhaveatitsheadtheKingandParliamentofEngland。
Infact，negotiationstendingtosucharesultwereactuallyopened。SpainproposedtoformaclosealliancewithJames；andhelistenedtothepropositionwithfavour，thoughitwasevidentthatsuchanalliancewouldbelittlelessthanadeclarationofwaragainstFrance。ButhepostponedhisfinaldecisiontillaftertheParliamentshouldhavereassembled。ThefateofChristendomdependedonthetemperinwhichhemightthenfindtheCommons。Iftheyweredisposedtoacquiesceinhisplansofdomesticgovernment，therewouldbenothingtopreventhimfrominterferingwithvigourandauthorityinthegreatdisputewhichmustsoonbebroughttoanissueontheContinent。Iftheywererefractory，hemustrelinquishallthoughtofarbitratingbetweencontendingnations，mustagainimploreFrenchassistance，mustagainsubmittoFrenchdictation，mustsinkintoapotentateofthethirdorfourthclass，andmustindemnifyhimselfforthecontemptwithwhichhewouldberegardedabroadbytriumphsoverlawandpublicopinionathome。1
Itseemed，indeed，thatitwouldnotbeeasyforhimtodemandmorethantheCommonsweredisposedtogive。Alreadytheyhadabundantlyprovedthattheyweredesiroustomaintainhisprerogativesunimpaired，andthattheywerebynomeansextremetomarkhisencroachmentsontherightsofthepeople。Indeed，eleventwelfthsofthememberswereeitherdependentsofthecourt，orzealousCavaliersfromthecountry。TherewerefewthingswhichsuchanassemblycouldpertinaciouslyrefusetotheSovereign；and，happilyforthenation，thosefewthingsweretheverythingsonwhichJameshadsethisheart。
OneofhisobjectswastoobtainarepealoftheHabeasCorpusAct，whichhehated，asitwasnaturalthatatyrantshouldhatethemoststringentcurbthateverlegislationimposedontyranny。
Thisfeelingremaineddeeplyfixedinhismindtothelast，andappearsintheinstructionswhichhedrewup，inexile，fortheguidanceofhisson。2ButtheHabeasCorpusAct，thoughpassedduringtheascendencyoftheWhigs，wasnotmoredeartotheWhigsthantotheTories。ItisindeednotwonderfulthatthisgreatlawshouldbehighlyprizedbyallEnglishmenwithoutdistinctionofparty:foritisalawwhich，notbycircuitous，butbydirectoperation，addstothesecurityandhappinessofeveryinhabitantoftherealm。3
Jameshadyetanotherdesign，odioustothepartywhichhadsethimonthethroneandwhichhadupheldhimthere。Hewishedtoformagreatstandingarmy。Hehadtakenadvantageofthelateinsurrectiontomakelargeadditionstothemilitaryforcewhichhisbrotherhadleft。Thebodiesnowdesignatedasthefirstsixregimentsofdragoonguards，thethirdandfourthregimentsofdragoons，andthenineregimentsofinfantryoftheline，fromtheseventhtothefifteenthinclusive，hadjustbeenraised。4
Theeffectoftheseaugmentations，andoftherecallofthegarrisonofTangier，wasthatthenumberofregulartroopsinEnglandhad，inafewmonths，beenincreasedfromsixthousandtoneartwentythousand。NoEnglishKinghadever，intimeofpeace，hadsuchaforceathiscommand。YetevenwiththisforceJameswasnotcontent。Heoftenrepeatedthatnoconfidencecouldbeplacedinthefidelityofthetrain—bands，thattheysympathizedwithallthepassionsoftheclasstowhichtheybelonged，that，atSedgemoor，therehadbeenmoremilitiamenintherebelarmythanintheroyalencampment，andthat，ifthethronehadbeendefendedonlybythearrayofthecounties，MonmouthwouldhavemarchedintriumphfromLymetoLondon。
Therevenue，largeasitwaswhencomparedwiththatofformerKings，barelysufficedtomeetthisnewcharge。Agreatpartoftheproduceofthenewtaxeswasabsorbedbythenavalexpenditure。Atthecloseofthelatereignthewholecostofthearmy，theTangierregimentsincluded，hadbeenunderthreehundredthousandpoundsayear。Sixhundredthousandpoundsayearwouldnotnowsuffice。5Ifanyfurtheraugmentationweremade，itwouldbenecessarytodemandasupplyfromParliament；
anditwasnotlikelythatParliamentwouldbeinacomplyingmood。Theverynameofstandingarmywashatefultothewholenation，andtonopartofthenationmorehatefulthantotheCavaliergentlemenwhofilledtheLowerHouse。IntheirmindsastandingarmywasinseparablyassociatedwiththeRump，withtheProtector，withthespoliationoftheChurch，withthepurgationoftheUniversities，withtheabolitionofthepeerage，withthemurderoftheKing，withthesullenreignoftheSaints，withcantandasceticism，withfinesandsequestrations，withtheinsultswhichMajorGenerals，sprungfromthedregsofthepeople，hadofferedtotheoldestandmosthonourablefamiliesofthekingdom。Therewas，moreover，scarcelyabaronetorasquireintheParliamentwhodidnotowepartofhisimportanceinhisowncountytohisrankinthemilitia。Ifthatnationalforceweresetaside，thegentryofEnglandmustlosemuchoftheirdignityandinfluence。ItwasthereforeprobablethattheKingwouldfinditmoredifficulttoobtainfundsforthesupportofhisarmythaneventoobtaintherepealoftheHabeasCorpusAct。
ButboththedesignswhichhavebeenmentionedweresubordinatetoonegreatdesignonwhichtheKing’swholesoulwasbent，butwhichwasabhorredbythoseTorygentlemenwhowerereadytoshedtheirbloodforhisrights，abhorredbythatChurchwhichhadnever，duringthreegenerationsofcivildiscord，waveredinfidelitytohishouse，abhorredevenbythatarmyonwhich，inthelastextremity，hemustrely。
Hisreligionwasstillunderproscription。ManyrigorouslawsagainstRomanCatholicsappearedontheStatuteBook，andhad，withinnolongtime，beenrigorouslyexecuted。TheTestActexcludedfromcivilandmilitaryofficeallwhodissentedfromtheChurchofEngland；and，byasubsequentAct，passedwhenthefictionsofOateshaddriventhenationwild，ithadbeenprovidedthatnopersonshouldsitineitherHouseofParliamentwithoutsolemnlyabjuringthedoctrineoftransubstantiation。
ThattheKingshouldwishtoobtainfortheChurchtowhichhebelongedacompletetolerationwasnaturalandright；noristhereanyreasontodoubtthat，byalittlepatience，prudence，andjustice，suchatolerationmighthavebeenobtained。
TheextremeantipathyanddreadwithwhichtheEnglishpeopleregardedhisreligionwasnottobeascribedsolelyorchieflytotheologicalanimosity。ThatsalvationmightbefoundintheChurchofRome，nay，thatsomemembersofthatChurchhadbeenamongthebrightestexamplesofChristianvirtue，wasadmittedbyalldivinesoftheAnglicancommunionandbythemostillustriousNonconformists。ItisnotoriousthatthepenallawsagainstPoperywerestrenuouslydefendedbymanywhothoughtArianism，Quakerism，andJudaismmoredangerous，inaspiritualpointofview，thanPopery，andwhoyetshowednodispositiontoenactsimilarlawsagainstArians，Quakers，orJews。
ItiseasytoexplainwhytheRomanCatholicwastreatedwithlessindulgencethanwasshowntomenwhorenouncedthedoctrineoftheNicenefathers，andeventomenwhohadnotbeenadmittedbybaptismwithintheChristianpale。TherewasamongtheEnglishastrongconvictionthattheRomanCatholic，wheretheinterestsofhisreligionwereconcerned，thoughthimselffreefromalltheordinaryrulesofmorality，nay，thathethoughtitmeritorioustoviolatethoserulesif，bysodoing，hecouldavertinjuryorreproachfromtheChurchofwhichhewasamember。
Norwasthisopiniondestituteofashowofreason。ItwasimpossibletodenythatRomanCatholiccasuistsofgreateminencehadwrittenindefenceofequivocation，ofmentalreservation，ofperjury，andevenofassassination。Nor，itwassaid，hadthespeculationsofthisodiousschoolofsophistsbeenbarrenofresults。ThemassacreofSaintBartholomew，themurderofthefirstWilliamofOrange，themurderofHenrytheThirdofFrance，thenumerousconspiracieswhichhadbeenformedagainstthelifeofElizabeth，and，aboveall，thegunpowdertreason，wereconstantlycitedasinstancesofthecloseconnectionbetweenvicioustheoryandviciouspractice。ItwasallegedthateveryoneofthesecrimeshadbeenpromptedorapplaudedbyRomanCatholicdivines。TheletterswhichEverardDigbywroteinlemonjuicefromtheTowertohiswifehadrecentlybeenpublished，andwereoftenquoted。Hewasascholarandagentleman，uprightinallordinarydealings，andstronglyimpressedwithasenseofdutytoGod。YethehadbeendeeplyconcernedintheplotforblowingupKing，Lords，andCommons，andhad，onthebrinkofeternity，declaredthatitwasincomprehensibletohimhowanyRomanCatholicshouldthinksuchadesignsinful。Theinferencepopularlydrawnfromthesethingswasthat，howeverfairthegeneralcharacterofaPapistmightbe，therewasnoexcessoffraudorcrueltyofwhichhewasnotcapablewhenthesafetyandhonourofhisChurchwereatstake。
TheextraordinarysuccessofthefablesofOatesistobechieflyascribedtotheprevalenceofthisopinion。ItwastonopurposethattheaccusedRomanCatholicappealedtotheintegrity，humanity，andloyaltywhichhehadshownthroughthewholecourseofhislife。Itwastonopurposethathecalledcrowdsofrespectablewitnesses，ofhisownpersuasion，tocontradictmonstrousromancesinventedbythemostinfamousofmankind。Itwastonopurposethat，withthehalterroundhisneck，heinvokedonhimselfthewholevengeanceoftheGodbeforewhom，inafewmoments，hemustappear，ifhehadbeenguiltyofmeditatinganyilltohisprinceortohisProtestantfellowcountrymen。TheevidencewhichheproducedinhisfavourprovedonlyhowlittlePopishoathswereworth。Hisveryvirtuesraisedapresumptionofhisguilt。Thathehadbeforehimdeathandjudgmentinimmediateprospectonlymadeitmorelikelythathewoulddenywhat，withoutinjurytotheholiestofcauses，hecouldnotconfess。AmongtheunhappymenwhowereconvictedofthemurderofGodfreywasoneProtestantofnohighcharacter，HenryBerry。Itisaremarkableandwellattestedcircumstance，thatBerry’slastwordsdidmoretoshakethecreditoftheplotthanthedyingdeclarationsofallthepiousandhonourableRomanCatholicswhounderwentthesamefate。6
Itwasnotonlybytheignorantpopulace，itwasnotonlybyzealotsinwhomfanaticismhadextinguishedallreasonandcharity，thattheRomanCatholicwasregardedasamantheverytendernessofwhoseconsciencemightmakehimafalsewitness，anincendiary，oramurderer，asamanwho，wherehisChurchwasconcerned，shrankfromnoatrocityandcouldbeboundbynooath。
Iftherewereinthatagetwopersonsinclinedbytheirjudgmentandbytheirtempertotoleration，thosepersonswereTillotsonandLocke。YetTillotson，whoseindulgenceforvariouskindsofschismaticsandhereticsbroughtonhimthereproachofheterodoxy，toldtheHouseofCommonsfromthepulpitthatitwastheirdutytomakeeffectualprovisionagainstthepropagationofareligionmoremischievousthanirreligionitself，ofareligionwhichdemandedfromitsfollowersservicesdirectlyopposedtothefirstprinciplesofmorality。Histemper，hetrulysaid，waspronetolenity；buthisdutytohecommunityforcedhimtobe，inthisoneinstance，severe。Hedeclaredthat，inhisjudgment，PaganswhohadneverheardthenameofChrist，andwhowereguidedonlybythelightofnature，weremoretrustworthymembersofcivilsocietythanmenwhohadbeenformedintheschoolsofthePopishcasuists。7Locke，inthecelebratedtreatiseinwhichhelabouredtoshowthateventhegrossestformsofidolatryoughtnottobeprohibitedunderpenalsanctions，contendedthattheChurchwhichtaughtmennottokeepfaithwithhereticshadnoclaimtotoleration。8
Itisevidentthat，insuchcircumstances，thegreatestservicewhichanEnglishRomanCatholiccouldrendertohisbrethreninthefaithwastoconvincethepublicthat，whateversomerashmenmight，intimesofviolentexcitement，havewrittenordone，hisChurchdidnotholdthatanyendcouldsanctifymeansinconsistentwithmorality。AndthisgreatserviceitwasinthepowerofJamestorender。HewasKing。HewasmorepowerfulthananyEnglishKinghadbeenwithinthememoryoftheoldestman。Itdependedonhimwhetherthereproachwhichlayonhisreligionshouldbetakenawayorshouldbemadepermanent。
Hadheconformedtothelaws，hadbefulfilledhispromises，hadheabstainedfromemployinganyunrighteousmethodsforthepropagationofhisowntheologicaltenets，hadhesuspendedtheoperationofthepenalstatutesbyalargeexerciseofhisunquestionableprerogativeofmercy，but，atthesametime，carefullyabstainedfromviolatingthecivilorecclesiasticalconstitutionoftherealm，thefeelingofhispeoplemusthaveundergonearapidchange。SoconspicuousanexampleofgoodfaithpunctiliouslyobservedbyaPopishprincetowardsaProtestantnationwouldhavequietedthepublicapprehensions。MenwhosawthataRomanCatholicmightsafelybesufferedtodirectthewholeexecutiveadministration，tocommandthearmyandnavy，toconvokeanddissolvethelegislature，toappointtheBishopsandDeansoftheChurchofEngland，wouldsoonhaveceasedtofearthatanygreatevilwouldarisefromallowingaRomanCatholictobecaptainofacompanyoraldermanofaborough。Itisprobablethat，inafewyears，thesectsolongdetestedbythenationwould，withgeneralapplause，havebeenadmittedtoofficeandtoParliament。
If，ontheotherhand，JamesshouldattempttopromotetheinterestofhisChurchbyviolatingthefundamentallawsofhiskingdomandthesolemnpromiseswhichhehadrepeatedlymadeinthefaceofthewholeworld，itcouldhardlybedoubtedthatthechargeswhichithadbeenthefashiontobringagainsttheRomanCatholicreligionwouldbeconsideredbyallProtestantsasfullyestablished。For，ifeveraRomanCatholiccouldbeexpectedtokeepfaithwithheretics，JamesmighthavebeenexpectedtokeepfaithwiththeAnglicanclergy。Tothemheowedhiscrown。ButfortheirstrenuousoppositiontotheExclusionBillhewouldhavebeenabanishedman。Hehadrepeatedlyandemphaticallyacknowledgedhisobligationtothem，andhadvowedtomaintaintheminalltheirlegalrights。Ifhecouldnotbeboundbytieslikethese，itmustbeevidentthat，wherehissuperstitionwasconcerned，notieofgratitudeorofhonourcouldbindhim。Totrusthimwouldthenceforthbeimpossible；and，ifhispeoplecouldnottrusthim，whatmemberofhisChurchcouldtheytrust？
Hewasnotsupposedtobeconstitutionallyorhabituallytreacherous。Tohisbluntmanner，andtohiswantofconsiderationforthefeelingsofothers，heowedamuchhigherreputationforsinceritythanheatalldeserved。HiseulogistsaffectedtocallhimJamestheJust。Ifthenitshouldappearthat，inturningPapist，hehadalsoturneddissemblerandpromisebreaker，whatconclusionwaslikelytobedrawnbyanationalreadydisposedtobelievethatPoperyhadaperniciousinfluenceonthemoralcharacter？
OnthesegroundsmanyofthemosteminentRomanCatholicsofthatage，andamongthemtheSupremePontiff，wereofopinionthattheinterestoftheirChurchinourislandwouldbemosteffectuallypromotedbyamoderateandconstitutionalpolicy。ButsuchreasoninghadnoeffectontheslowunderstandingandimperioustemperofJames。Inhiseagernesstoremovethedisabilitiesunderwhichtheprofessorsofhisreligionlay，hetookacoursewhichconvincedthemostenlightenedandtolerantProtestantsofhistimethatthosedisabilitieswereessentialtothesafetyofthestate。TohispolicytheEnglishRomanCatholicsowedthreeyearsoflawlessandinsolenttriumph，andahundredandfortyyearsofsubjectionanddegradation。
ManymembersofhisChurchheldcommissionsinthenewlyraisedregiments。Thisbreachofthelawforatimepasseduncensured:
formenwerenotdisposedtonoteeveryirregularitywhichwascommittedbyaKingsuddenlycalledupontodefendhiscrownandhislifeagainstrebels。Butthedangerwasnowover。Theinsurgentshadbeenvanquishedandpunished。Theirunsuccessfulattempthadstrengthenedthegovernmentwhichtheyhadhopedtooverthrow。YetstillJamescontinuedtograntcommissionstounqualifiedpersons；andspeedilyitwasannouncedthathewasdeterminedtobenolongerboundbytheTestAct，thathehopedtoinducetheParliamenttorepealthatAct，butthat，iftheParliamentprovedrefractory，hewouldnotthelesshavehisownway。
Assoonasthiswasknown，adeepmurmur，theforerunnerofatempest，gavehimwarningthatthespiritbeforewhichhisgrandfather，hisfather，andhisbrotherhadbeencompelledtorecede，thoughdormant，wasnotextinct。Oppositionappearedfirstinthecabinet。Halifaxdidnotattempttoconcealhisdisgustandalarm。AttheCouncilboardhecourageouslygaveutterancetothosefeelingswhich，asitsoonappeared，pervadedthewholenation。Noneofhiscolleaguessecondedhim；andthesubjectdropped。Hewassummonedtotheroyalcloset，andhadtwolongconferenceswithhismaster。Jamestriedtheeffectofcomplimentsandblandishments，buttonopurpose。HalifaxpositivelyrefusedtopromisethathewouldgivehisvoteintheHouseofLordsfortherepealeitheroftheTestActoroftheHabeasCorpusAct。
SomeofthosewhowereabouttheKingadvisedhimnot，ontheeveofthemeetingofParliament，todrivethemosteloquentandaccomplishedstatesmanoftheageintoopposition。TheyrepresentedthatHalifaxlovedthedignityandemolumentsofoffice，that，whilehecontinuedtobeLordPresident，itwouldbehardlypossibleforhimtoputforthhiswholestrengthagainstthegovernment，andthattodismisshimfromhishighpostwastoemancipatehimfromallrestraint。TheKingwasperemptory。Halifaxwasinformedthathisserviceswerenolongerneeded；andhisnamewasstruckoutoftheCouncil—Book。9
HisdismissionproducedagreatsensationnotonlyinEngland，butalsoatParis，atVienna，andattheHague:foritwaswellknown，thathehadalwayslabouredtocounteracttheinfluenceexercisedbythecourtofVersaillesonEnglishaffairs。Lewisexpressedgreatpleasureatthenews。TheministersoftheUnitedProvincesandoftheHouseofAustria，ontheotherhand，extolledthewisdomandvirtueofthediscardedstatesmaninamannerwhichgavegreatoffenceatWhitehall。Jameswasparticularlyangrywiththesecretaryoftheimperiallegation，whodidnotscrupletosaythattheeminentservicewhichHalifaxhadperformedinthedebateontheExclusionBillhadbeenrequitedwithgrossingratitude。10
ItsoonbecameclearthatHalifaxwouldhavemanyfollowers。A
portionoftheTories，withtheiroldleader，Danby，attheirhead，begantoholdWhiggishlanguage。Eventheprelateshintedthattherewasapointatwhichtheloyaltyduetotheprincemustyieldtohigherconsiderations。Thediscontentofthechiefsofthearmywasstillmoreextraordinaryandstillmoreformidable。Alreadybegantoappearthefirstsymptomsofthatfeelingwhich，threeyearslater，impelledsomanyofficersofhighranktodeserttheroyalstandard。Menwhohadneverbeforehadascruplehadonasuddenbecomestrangelyscrupulous。
ChurchillgentlywhisperedthattheKingwasgoingtoofar。
Kirke，justreturnedfromhiswesternbutchery，sworetostandbytheProtestantreligion。Evenifheabjuredthefaithinwhichhehadbeenbred，hewouldnever，hesaid，becomeaPapist。Hewasalreadybespoken。Ifeverhedidapostatize，hewasboundbyasolemnpromisetotheEmperorofMoroccototurnMussulman。11
Whilethenation，agitatedbymanystrongemotions，lookedanxiouslyforwardtothereassemblingoftheHouses，tidings，whichincreasedtheprevailingexcitement，arrivedfromFrance。
ThelongandheroicstrugglewhichtheHuguenotshadmaintainedagainsttheFrenchgovernmenthadbeenbroughttoafinalclosebytheabilityandvigourofRichelieu。Thatgreatstatesmanvanquishedthem；butheconfirmedtothemthelibertyofconsciencewhichhadbeenbestowedonthembytheedictofNantes。Theyweresuffered，undersomerestraintsofnogallingkind，toworshipGodaccordingtotheirownritual，andtowriteindefenceoftheirowndoctrine。Theywereadmissibletopoliticalandmilitaryemployment；nordidtheirheresy，duringaconsiderabletime，practicallyimpedetheirriseintheworld。
Someofthemcommandedthearmiesofthestate；andotherspresidedoverimportantdepartmentsoftheciviladministration。
Atlengthachangetookplace。LewistheFourteenthhad，fromanearlyage，regardedtheCalvinistswithanaversionatoncereligiousandpolitical。AsazealousRomanCatholic，hedetestedtheirtheologicaldogmas。Asaprincefondofarbitrarypower，hedetestedthoserepublicantheorieswhichwereintermingledwiththeGenevesedivinity。Hegraduallyretrenchedalltheprivilegeswhichtheschismaticsenjoyed。HeinterferedwiththeeducationofProtestantchildren，confiscatedpropertybequeathedtoProtestantconsistories，andonfrivolouspretextsshutupProtestantchurches。TheProtestantministerswereharassedbythetaxgatherers。TheProtestantmagistratesweredeprivedofthehonourofnobility。TheProtestantofficersoftheroyalhouseholdwereinformedthatHisMajestydispensedwiththeirservices。OrdersweregiventhatnoProtestantshouldbeadmittedintothelegalprofession。TheoppressedsectshowedsomefaintsignsofthatspiritwhichintheprecedingcenturyhadbiddendefiancetothewholepoweroftheHouseofValois。Massacresandexecutionsfollowed。Dragoonswerequarteredinthetownswherethehereticswerenumerous，andinthecountryseatsofthehereticgentry；andthecrueltyandlicentiousnessoftheserudemissionarieswassanctionedorlenientlycensuredbythegovernment。Still，however，theedictofNantes，thoughpracticallyviolatedinitsmostessentialprovisions，hadnotbeenformallyrescinded；andtheKingrepeatedlydeclaredinsolemnpublicactsthathewasresolvedtomaintainit。Butthebigotsandflattererswhohadhiseargavehimadvicewhichhewasbuttoowillingtotake。Theyrepresentedtohimthathisrigorouspolicyhadbeeneminentlysuccessful，thatlittleornoresistancehadbeenmadetohiswill，thatthousandsofHuguenotshadalreadybeenconverted，that，ifhewouldtaketheonedecisivestepwhichyetremained，thosewhowerestillobstinatewouldspeedilysubmit，Francewouldbepurgedfromthetaintofheresy，andherprincewouldhaveearnedaheavenlycrownnotlessgloriousthanthatofSaintLewis。Theseargumentsprevailed。Thefinalblowwasstruck。TheedictofNanteswasrevoked；andacrowdofdecreesagainstthesectariesappearedinrapidsuccession。Boysandgirlsweretornfromtheirparentsandsenttobeeducatedinconvents。AllCalvinisticministerswerecommandedeithertoabjuretheirreligionortoquittheircountrywithinafortnight。Theotherprofessorsofthereformedfaithwereforbiddentoleavethekingdom；and，inordertopreventthemfrommakingtheirescape，theoutportsandfrontierswerestrictlyguarded。Itwasthoughtthattheflocks，thusseparatedfromtheevilshepherds，wouldsoonreturntothetruefold。Butinspiteofallthevigilanceofthemilitarypolicetherewasavastemigration。Itwascalculatedthat，inafewmonths，fiftythousandfamiliesquittedFranceforever。Norweretherefugeessuchasacountrycanwellspare。Theyweregenerallypersonsofintelligentminds，ofindustrioushabits，andofausteremorals。Inthelistaretobefoundnameseminentinwar，inscience，inliterature，andinart。SomeoftheexilesofferedtheirswordstoWilliamofOrange，anddistinguishedthemselvesbythefurywithwhichtheyfoughtagainsttheirpersecutor。Othersavengedthemselveswithweaponsstillmoreformidable，and，bymeansofthepressesofHolland，England，andGermany，inflamed，duringthirtyyears，thepublicmindofEuropeagainsttheFrenchgovernment。AmorepeacefulclasserectedsilkmanufactoriesintheeasternsuburbofLondon。OnedetachmentofemigrantstaughttheSaxonstomakethestuffsandhatsofwhichFrancehadhithertoenjoyedamonopoly。AnotherplantedthefirstvinesintheneighbourhoodoftheCapeofGoodHope。12
InordinarycircumstancesthecourtsofSpainandofRomewouldhaveeagerlyapplaudedaprincewhohadmadevigorouswaronheresy。ButsuchwasthehatredinspiredbytheinjusticeandhaughtinessofLewisthat，whenhebecameapersecutor，thecourtsofSpainandRometookthesideofreligiousliberty，andloudlyreprobatedthecrueltyofturningasavageandlicentioussoldierylooseonanunoffendingpeople。13OnecryofgriefandragerosefromthewholeofProtestantEurope。ThetidingsoftherevocationoftheedictofNantesreachedEnglandaboutaweekbeforethedaytowhichtheParliamentstoodadjourned。ItwasclearthenthatthespiritofGardinerandofAlvawasstillthespiritoftheRomanCatholicChurch。LewiswasnotinferiortoJamesingenerosityandhumanity，andwascertainlyfarsuperiortoJamesinalltheabilitiesandacquirementsofastatesman。
Lewishad，likeJames，repeatedlypromisedtorespecttheprivilegesofhisProtestantsubjects。YetLewiswasnowavowedlyapersecutorofthereformedreligion。Whatreasonwasthere，then，todoubtthatJameswaitedonlyforanopportunitytofollowtheexample？Hewasalreadyforming，indefianceofthelaw，amilitaryforceofficeredtoagreatextentbyRomanCatholics。WasthereanythingunreasonableintheapprehensionthatthisforcemightbeemployedtodowhattheFrenchdragoonshaddone？
JameswasalmostasmuchdisturbedashissubjectsbytheconductofthecourtofVersailles。Intruth，thatcourthadactedasifithadmeanttoembarrassandannoyhim。HewasabouttoaskfromaProtestantlegislatureafulltolerationforRomanCatholics。
Nothing，therefore，couldbemoreunwelcometohimthantheintelligencethat，inaneighbouringcountry，tolerationhadjustbeenwithdrawnbyaRomanCatholicgovernmentfromProtestants。
HisvexationwasincreasedbyaspeechwhichtheBishopofValence，inthenameoftheGallicanclergy，addressedatthistimetoLewis，theFourteenth。ThepiousSovereignofEngland，theoratorsaid，lookedtothemostChristianKingforsupportagainstahereticalnation。ItwasremarkedthatthemembersoftheHouseofCommonsshowedparticularanxietytoprocurecopiesofthisharangue，andthatitwasreadbyallEnglishmenwithindignationandalarm。14Jameswasdesiroustocounteracttheimpressionwhichthesethingshadmade，andwasalsoatthatmomentbynomeansunwillingtoletallEuropeseethathewasnottheslaveofFrance。HethereforedeclaredpubliclythathedisapprovedofthemannerinwhichtheHuguenotshadbeentreated，grantedtotheexilessomerelieffromhisprivypurse，and，bylettersunderhisgreatseal，invitedhissubjectstoimitatehisliberality。InaveryfewmonthsitbecameclearthatallthiscompassionwasfeignedforthepurposeofcajolinghisParliament，thatheregardedtherefugeeswithmortalhatred，andthatheregrettednothingsomuchashisowninabilitytodowhatLewishaddone。
OntheninthofNovembertheHousesmet。TheCommonsweresummonedtothebaroftheLords；andtheKingspokefromthethrone。Hisspeechhadbeencomposedbyhimself。HecongratulatedhislovingsubjectsonthesuppressionoftherebellionintheWest:butheaddedthatthespeedwithwhichthatrebellionhadrisentoaformidableheight，andthelengthoftimeduringwhichithadcontinuedtorage，mustconvinceallmenhowlittledependencecouldbeplacedonthemilitia。Hehad，therefore，madeadditionstotheregulararmy。Thechargeofthatarmywouldhenceforthbemorethandoubleofwhatithadbeen；andhetrustedthattheCommonswouldgranthimthemeansofdefrayingtheincreasedexpense。Hetheninformedhishearersthathehademployedsomeofficerswhohadnottakenthetest；butheknewthemtobefitforpublictrust。HefearedthatartfulmenmightavailthemselvesofthisirregularitytodisturbtheharmonywhichexistedbetweenhimselfandhisParliament。Buthewouldspeakout。Hewasdeterminednottopartwithservantsonwhosefidelityhecouldrely，andwhosehelphemightperhapssoonneed。15
Thisexplicitdeclarationthathehadbrokenthelawswhichwereregardedbythenationasthechiefsafeguardsoftheestablishedreligion，andthathewasresolvedtopersistinbreakingthoselaws，wasnotlikelytosoothetheexcitedfeelingsofhissubjects。TheLords，seldomdisposedtotaketheleadinoppositiontoagovernment，consentedtovotehimformalthanksforwhathehadsaid。ButtheCommonswereinalesscomplyingmood。WhentheyhadreturnedtotheirownHousetherewasalongsilence；andthefacesofmanyofthemostrespectablemembersexpresseddeepconcern。AtlengthMiddletonroseandmovedtheHousetogoinstantlyintocommitteeontheKing’sspeech:butSirEdmundJennings，azealousToryfromYorkshire，whowassupposedtospeakthesentimentsofDanby，protestedagainstthiscourse，anddemandedtimeforconsideration。SirThomasClarges，maternaluncleoftheDukeofAlbemarle，andlongdistinguishedinParliamentasamanofbusinessandaviligantstewardofthepublicmoney，tookthesameside。ThefeelingoftheHousecouldnotbemistaken。SirJohnErnley，ChancelloroftheExchequer，insistedthatthedelayshouldnotexceedforty—eighthours；buthewasoverruled；anditwasresolvedthatthediscussionshouldbepostponedforthreedays。16
Theintervalwaswellemployedbythosewhotooktheleadagainstthecourt。Theyhadindeednolightworktoperform。Inthreedaysacountrypartywastobeorganized。Thedifficultyofthetaskisinouragenoteasilytobeappreciated；forinourageallthenationmaybesaidtoassistateverydeliberationoftheLordsandCommons。Whatissaidbytheleadersoftheministryandoftheoppositionaftermidnightisreadbythewholemetropolisatdawn，bytheinhabitantsofNorthumberlandandCornwallintheafternoon，andinIrelandandtheHighlandsofScotlandonthemorrow。Inourage，therefore，thestagesoflegislation，therulesofdebate，thetacticsoffaction，theopinions，temper，andstyleofeveryactivememberofeitherHouse，arefamiliartohundredsofthousands。EverymanwhonowentersParliamentpossesseswhat，intheseventeenthcentury，wouldhavebeencalledagreatstockofparliamentaryknowledge。Suchknowledgewasthentobeobtainedonlybyactualparliamentaryservice。Thedifferencebetweenanoldandanewmemberwasasgreatasthedifferencebetweenaveteransoldierandarecruitjusttakenfromtheplough；andJames’sParliamentcontainedamostunusualproportionofnewmembers，whohadbroughtfromtheircountryseatstoWestminsternopoliticalknowledgeandmanyviolentprejudices。ThesegentlemenhatedthePapists，buthatedtheWhigsnotlessintensely，andregardedtheKingwithsuperstitiousveneration。Toformanoppositionoutofsuchmaterialswasafeatwhichrequiredthemostskilfulanddelicatemanagement。Somemenofgreatweight，however，undertookthework，andperformeditwithsuccess。SeveralexperiencedWhigpoliticians，whohadnotseatsinthatParliament，gaveusefuladviceandinformation。Onthedayprecedingthatwhichhadbeenfixedforthedebate，manymeetingswereheldatwhichtheleadersinstructedthenovices；anditsoonappearedthattheseexertionshadnotbeenthrownaway。17
Theforeignembassieswereallinaferment。Itwaswellunderstoodthatafewdayswouldnowdecidethegreatquestion，whethertheKingofEnglandwasorwasnottobethevassaloftheKingofFrance。TheministersoftheHouseofAustriaweremostanxiousthatJamesshouldgivesatisfactiontohisParliament。InnocenthadsenttoLondontwopersonschargedtoinculcatemoderation，bothbyadmonitionandbyexample。OneofthemwasJohnLeyburn，anEnglishDominican，whohadbeensecretarytoCardinalHoward，andwho，withsomelearningandarichveinofnaturalhumour，wasthemostcautious，dexterous，andtaciturnofmen。HehadrecentlybeenconsecratedBishopofAdrumetum，andnamedVicarApostolicinGreatBritain。Ferdinand，CountofAdda，anItalianofnoeminentabilities，butofmildtemperandcourtlymanners，hadbeenappointedNuncio。ThesefunctionarieswereeagerlywelcomedbyJames。NoRomanCatholicBishophadexercisedspiritualfunctionsintheislandduringmorethanhalfacentury。NoNunciohadbeenreceivedhereduringthehundredandtwenty—sevenyearswhichhadelapsedsincethedeathofMary。LeyburnwaslodgedinWhitehall，andreceivedapensionofathousandpoundsayear。Addadidnotyetassumeapubliccharacter。HepassedforaforeignerofrankwhomcuriosityhadbroughttoLondon，appeareddailyatcourt，andwastreatedwithhighconsideration。BoththePapalemissariesdidtheirbesttodiminish，asmuchaspossible，theodiuminseparablefromtheofficeswhichtheyfilled，andtorestraintherashzealofJames。TheNuncio，inparticular，declaredthatnothingcouldbemoreinjurioustotheinterestsoftheChurchofRomethanarupturebetweentheKingandtheParliament。18
Barillonwasactiveontheotherside。TheinstructionswhichhereceivedfromVersaillesonthisoccasionwelldeservetobestudied；fortheyfurnishakeytothepolicysystematicallypursuedbyhismastertowardsEnglandduringthetwentyyearswhichprecededourrevolution。TheadvicesfromMadrid，Lewiswrote，werealarming。StronghopeswereentertainedtherethatJameswouldallyhimselfcloselywiththeHouseofAustria，assoonasheshouldbeassuredthathisParliamentwouldgivehimnotrouble。Inthesecircumstances，itwasevidentlytheinterestofFrancethattheParliamentshouldproverefractory。Barillonwasthereforedirectedtoact，withallpossibleprecautionsagainstdetection，thepartofamakebate。AtcourthewastoomitnoopportunityofstimulatingthereligiouszealandthekinglyprideofJames；butatthesametimeitmightbedesirabletohavesomesecretcommunicationwiththemalecontents。Suchcommunicationwouldindeedbehazardousandwouldrequiretheutmostadroitness；yetitmightperhapsbeinthepoweroftheAmbassador，withoutcommittinghimselforhisgovernment，toanimatethezealoftheoppositionforthelawsandlibertiesofEngland，andtoletitbeunderstoodthatthoselawsandlibertieswerenotregardedbyhismasterwithanunfriendlyeye。19
Lewis，whenhedictatedtheseinstructions，didnotforeseehowspeedilyandhowcompletelyhisuneasinesswouldberemovedbytheobstinacyandstupidityofJames。OnthetwelfthofNovembertheHouseofCommons，resolveditselfintoacommitteeontheroyalspeech。TheSolicitorGeneralHeneageFinch，wasinthechair。Thedebatewasconductedbythechiefsofthenewcountrypartywithraretactandaddress。NoexpressionindicatingdisrespecttotheSovereignorsympathyforrebelswassufferedtoescape。Thewesterninsurrectionwasalwaysmentionedwithabhorrence。NothingwassaidofthebarbaritiesofKirkeandJeffreys。ItwasadmittedthattheheavyexpenditurewhichhadbeenoccasionedbythelatetroublesjustifiedtheKinginaskingsomefurthersupply:butstrongobjectionsweremadetotheaugmentationofthearmyandtotheinfractionoftheTestAct。
ThesubjectoftheTestActthecourtiersappeartohavecarefullyavoided。Theyharangued，however，withsomeforceonthegreatsuperiorityofaregulararmytoamilitia。Oneofthemtauntinglyaskedwhetherthedefenceofthekingdomwastobeentrustedtothebeefeaters。AnothersaidthatheshouldbegladtoknowhowtheDevonshiretrainbands，whohadfledinconfusionbeforeMonmouth’sscythemen，wouldhavefacedthehouseholdtroopsofLewis。ButtheseargumentshadlittleeffectonCavalierswhostillrememberedwithbitternessthesternruleoftheProtector。ThegeneralfeelingwasforciblyexpressedbythefirstoftheTorycountrygentlemenofEngland，EdwardSeymour。
Headmittedthatthemilitiawasnotinasatisfactorystate，butmaintainedthatitmightberemodelled。Theremodellingmightrequiremoney；but，forhisownpart，hewouldrathergiveamilliontokeepupaforcefromwhichhehadnothingtofear，thanhalfamilliontokeepupaforceofwhichhemusteverbeafraid。Letthetrainbandsbedisciplined；letthenavybestrengthened；andthecountrywouldbesecure。Astandingarmywasatbestameredrainonthepublicresources。Thesoldierwaswithdrawnfromallusefullabour。Heproducednothing:heconsumedthefruitsoftheindustryofothermen；andhedomineeredoverthosebywhomhewassupported。Butthenationwasnowthreatened，notonlywithastandingarmy，butwithaPopishstandingarmy，withastandingarmyofficeredbymenwhomightbeveryamiableandhonourable，butwhowereonprincipleenemiestotheconstitutionoftherealm。SirWilliamTwisden，memberforthecountyofKent，spokeonthesamesidewithgreatkeennessandloudapplause。SirRichardTemple，oneofthefewWhigswhohadaseatinthatParliament，dexterouslyaccommodatinghisspeechtothetemperofhisaudience，remindedtheHousethatastandingarmyhadbeenfound，byexperience，tobeasdangeroustothejustauthorityofprincesastothelibertyofnations。SirJohnMaynard，themostlearnedlawyerofhistime，tookpartinthedebate。Hewasnowmorethaneightyyearsold，andcouldwellrememberthepoliticalcontestsofthereignofJamestheFirst。HehadsateintheLongParliament，andhadtakenpartwiththeRoundheads，buthadalwaysbeenforlenientcounsels，andhadlabouredtobringaboutageneralreconciliation。Hisabilities，whichagehadnotimpaired，andhisprofessionalknowledge，whichhadlongoverawedallWestminsterHall，commandedtheearoftheHouseofCommons。He，too，declaredhimselfagainsttheaugmentationoftheregularforces。
Aftermuchdebate，itwasresolvedthatasupplyshouldbegrantedtothecrown；butitwasalsoresolvedthatabillshouldbebroughtinformakingthemilitiamoreefficient。Thislastresolutionwastantamounttoadeclarationagainstthestandingarmy。TheKingwasgreatlydispleased；anditwaswhisperedthat，ifthingswentonthus，thesessionwouldnotbeoflongduration。20
Onthemorrowthecontentionwasrenewed。Thelanguageofthecountrypartywasperceptiblybolderandsharperthanontheprecedingday。ThatparagraphoftheKing’sspeechwhichrelatedtosupplyprecededtheparagraphwhichrelatedtothetest。OnthisgroundMiddletonproposedthattheparagraphrelatingtosupplyshouldbefirstconsideredincommittee。Theoppositionmovedthepreviousquestion。Theycontendedthatthereasonableandconstitutionalpracticewastograntnomoneytillgrievanceshadbeenredressed，andthattherewouldbeanendofthispracticeiftheHousethoughtitselfboundservilelytofollowtheorderinwhichmatterswerementionedbytheKingfromthethrone。
ThedivisionwastakenonthequestionwhetherMiddletonsmotionshouldbeput。TheNoeswereorderedbytheSpeakertogoforthintothelobby。Theyresentedthismuch，andcomplainedloudlyofhisservilityandpartiality:fortheyconceivedthat，accordingtotheintricateandsubtlerulewhichwastheninforce，andwhich，inourtime，wassupersededbyamorerationalandconvenientpractice，theywereentitledtokeeptheirseats；anditwasheldbyalltheParliamentarytacticiansofthatagethatthepartywhichstayedintheHousehadanadvantageoverthepartywhichwentout；fortheaccommodationonthebencheswasthensodeficientthatnopersonwhohadbeenfortunateenoughtogetagoodseatwaswillingtoloseit。Nevertheless，tothedismayoftheministers，manypersonsonwhosevotesthecourthadabsolutelydependedwereseenmovingtowardsthedoor。AmongthemwasCharlesFox，PaymasteroftheForces，andsonofSirStephenFox，ClerkoftheGreenCloth。ThePaymasterhadbeeninducedbyhisfriendstoabsenthimselfduringpartofthediscussion。Buthisanxietyhadbecomeinsupportable。HecomedowntotheSpeaker’schamber，heardpartofthedebate，withdrew，and，afterhesitatingforanhourortwobetweenconscienceandfivethousandpoundsayear，tookamanlyresolutionandrushedintotheHousejustintimetovote。Twoofficersofthearmy，ColonelJohnDarcy，sonoftheLordConyers，andCaptainJamesKendall，withdrewtothelobby。
Middletonwentdowntothebarandexpostulatedwarmlywiththem。
HeparticularlyaddressedhimselftoKendall，aneedyretainerofthecourt，whohad，inobediencetotheroyalmandate，beensenttoParliamentbyapackedcorporationinCornwall，andwhohadrecentlyobtainedagrantofahundredheadofrebelssentencedtotransportation。\"Sir，\"saidMiddleton，\"havenotyouatroopofhorseinHisMajesty’sservice？\"\"Yes，myLord，\"answeredKendall:\"butmyelderbrotherisjustdead，andhasleftmesevenhundredayear。\"
WhenthetellershaddonetheirofficeitappearedthattheAyeswereonehundredandeighty—two，andtheNoesoneandeighty—
three。InthatHouseofCommonswhichhadbeenbroughttogetherbytheunscrupuloususeofchicanery，ofcorruption，andofviolence，inthatHouseofCommonsofwhichJameshadsaidthatmorethaneleventwelfthsofthemembersweresuchashewouldhimselfhavenominated，thecourthadsustainedadefeatonavitalquestion。21
InconsequenceofthisvotetheexpressionswhichtheKinghadusedrespectingthetestwere，onthethirteenthofNovember，takenintoconsideration。Itwasresolved，aftermuchdiscussion，thatanaddressshouldbepresentedtohim，remindinghimthathecouldnotlegallycontinuetoemployofficerswhorefusedtoqualify，andpressinghimtogivesuchdirectionsasmightquiettheapprehensionsandjealousiesofhispeople。22
AmotionwasthenmadethattheLordsshouldberequestedtojoinintheaddress。Whetherthismotionwashonestlymadebytheopposition，inthehopethattheconcurrenceofthepeerswouldaddweighttotheremonstrance，orartfullymadebythecourtiers，inthehopethatabreachbetweentheHousesmightbetheconsequence，itisnowimpossibletodiscover。Thepropositionwasrejected。23
TheHousethenresolveditselfintoacommittee，forthepurposeofconsideringtheamountofsupplytobegranted。TheKingwantedfourteenhundredthousandpounds:buttheministerssawthatitwouldbevaintoaskforsolargeasum。TheChancelloroftheExchequermentionedtwelvehundredthousandpounds。Thechiefsoftheoppositionrepliedthattovoteforsuchagrantwouldbetovoteforthepermanenceofthepresentmilitaryestablishment:theyweredisposedtogiveonlysomuchasmightsufficetokeeptheregulartroopsonfoottillthemilitiacouldberemodelledandtheythereforeproposedfourhundredthousandpounds。ThecourtiersexclaimedagainstthismotionasunworthyoftheHouseanddisrespectfultotheKing:buttheyweremanfullyencountered。Oneofthewesternmembers，JohnWindham，whosateforSalisbury，especiallydistinguishedhimself。Hehadalways，hesaid，lookedwithdreadandaversiononstandingarmies；andrecentexperiencehadstrengthenedthosefeelings。Hethenventuredtotouchonathemewhichhadhithertobeenstudiouslyavoided。Hedescribedthedesolationofthewesterncounties。Thepeople，hesaid，werewearyoftheoppressionofthetroops，wearyoffreequarters，ofdepredations，ofstillfoulercrimeswhichthelawcalledfelonies，butforwhich，whenperpetratedbythisclassoffelons，noredresscouldbeobtained。TheKing’sservantshadindeedtoldtheHousethatexcellentruleshadbeenlaiddownforthegovernmentofthearmy；butnonecouldventuretosaythattheseruleshadbeenobserved。What，then，wastheinevitableinference？Didnotthecontrastbetweenthepaternalinjunctionsissuedfromthethroneandtheinsupportabletyrannyofthesoldiersprovethatthearmywasevennowtoostrongfortheprinceaswellasforthepeople？
TheCommonsmightsurely，withperfectconsistency，whiletheyreposedentireconfidenceintheintentionsofHisMajesty，refusetomakeanyadditiontoaforcewhichitwasclearthatHisMajestycouldnotmanage。
Themotionthatthesumtobegrantedshouldnotexceedfourhundredthousandpounds，waslostbytwelvevotes。Thisvictoryoftheministerswaslittlebetterthanadefeat。Theleadersofthecountryparty，nothingdisheartened，retreatedalittle，madeanotherstand，andproposedthesumofsevenhundredthousandpounds。Thecommitteedividedagain，andthecourtierswerebeatenbytwohundredandtwelvevotestoonehundredandseventy。24
OnthefollowingdaytheCommonswentinprocessiontoWhitehallwiththeiraddressonthesubjectofthetest。TheKingreceivedthemonhisthrone。Theaddresswasdrawnupinrespectfulandaffectionatelanguage；forthegreatmajorityofthosewhohadvotedforitwerezealouslyandevensuperstitiouslyloyal，andhadreadilyagreedtoinsertsomecomplimentaryphrases，andtoomiteverywordwhichthecourtiersthoughtoffensive。TheanswerofJameswasacoldandsullenreprimand。HedeclaredhimselfgreatlydispleasedandamazedthattheCommonsshouldhaveprofitedsolittlebytheadmonitionwhichhehadgiventhem。
\"But，\"saidhe，\"howeveryoumayproceedonyourpart，IwillbeverysteadyinallthepromiseswhichIhavemadetoyou。\"25
TheCommonsreassembledintheirchamber，discontented，yetsomewhatoverawed。TomostofthemtheKingwasstillanobjectoffilialreverence。Threemoreyearsfilledwithinjuries，andwithinsultsmoregallingthaninjuries，werescarcelysufficienttodissolvethetieswhichboundtheCavaliergentrytothethrone。
TheSpeakerrepeatedthesubstanceoftheKing’sreply。Therewas，forsometime，asolemnstillness；thentheorderofthedaywasreadinregularcourse；andtheHousewentintocommitteeonthebillforremodellingthemilitia。
Inafewhours，however，thespiritoftheoppositionrevived。
When，atthecloseoftheday，theSpeakerresumedthechair，Wharton，theboldestandmostactiveoftheWhigs，proposedthatatimeshouldbeappointedfortakingHisMajesty’sanswerintoconsideration。JohnCoke，memberforDerby，thoughanotedTory，secondedWharton。\"Ihope，\"hesaid，\"thatweareallEnglishmen，andthatweshallnotbefrightenedfromourdutybyafewhighwords。\"
Itwasmanfully，butnotwisely，spoken。ThewholeHousewasinatempest。\"Takedownhiswords，\"\"Tothebar，\"\"TotheTower，\"
resoundedfromeveryside。Thosewhoweremostlenientproposedthattheoffendershouldbereprimanded:buttheministersvehementlyinsistedthatheshouldbesenttoprison。TheHousemightpardon，theysaid，offencescommittedagainstitself，buthadnorighttopardonaninsultofferedtothecrown。CokewassenttotheTower。Theindiscretionofonemanhadderangedthewholesystemoftacticswhichhadbeensoablyconcertedbythechiefsoftheopposition。Itwasinvainthat，atthatmoment，EdwardSeymourattemptedtorallyhisfollowers，exhortedthemtofixadayfordiscussingtheKing’sanswer，andexpressedhisconfidencethatthediscussionwouldbeconductedwiththerespectduefromsubjectstothesovereign。Themembersweresomuchcowedbytheroyaldispleasure，andsomuchincensedbytherudenessofCoke，thatitwouldnothavebeensafetodivide。26
TheHouseadjourned；andtheministersflatteredthemselvesthatthespiritofoppositionwasquelled。Butonthemorrow，thenineteenthofNovember，newandalarmingsymptomsappeared。ThetimehadarrivedfortakingintoconsiderationthepetitionswhichhadbeenpresentedfromallpartsofEnglandagainstthelateelections。When，onthefirstmeetingoftheParliament，Seymourhadcomplainedoftheforceandfraudbywhichthegovernmenthadpreventedthesenseofconstituentbodiesfrombeingfairlytaken，hehadfoundnoseconder。Butmanywhohadthenflinchedfromhissidehadsubsequentlytakenheart，and，withSirJohnLowther，memberforCumberland，attheirhead，had，beforetherecess，suggestedthatthereoughttobeanenquiryintotheabuseswhichhadsomuchexcitedthepublicmind。TheHousewasnowinamuchmoreangrytemper；andmanyvoiceswereboldlyraisedinmenaceandaccusation。Theministersweretoldthatthenationexpected，andshouldhave，signalredress。
MeanwhileitwasdexterouslyintimatedthatthebestatonementwhichagentlemanwhohadbeenbroughtintotheHousebyirregularmeanscouldmaketothepublicwastousehisillacquiredpowerindefenceofthereligionandlibertiesofhiscountry。Nomemberwho，inthatcrisis，didhisdutyhadanythingtofear。Itmightbenecessarytounseathim；butthewholeinfluenceoftheoppositionshouldbeemployedtoprocurehisreelection。27
OnthesamedayitbecameclearthatthespiritofoppositionhadspreadfromtheCommonstotheLords，andeventotheepiscopalbench。WilliamCavendish，EarlofDevonshire，tooktheleadintheUpperHouse；andhewaswellqualifiedtodoso。InwealthandinfluencehewassecondtononeoftheEnglishnobles；andthegeneralvoicedesignatedhimasthefinestgentlemanofhistime。Hismagnificence，histaste，histalents，hisclassicallearning，hishighspirit，thegraceandurbanityofhismanners，wereadmittedbyhisenemies。Hiseulogists，unhappily，couldnotpretendthathismoralshadescapeduntaintedfromthewidespreadcontagionofthatage。ThoughanenemyofPoperyandofarbitrarypower，hehadbeenaversetoextremecourses，hadbeenwilling，whentheExclusionBillwaslost，toagreetoacompromise，andhadneverbeenconcernedintheillegalandimprudentschemeswhichhadbroughtdiscreditontheWhigparty。But，thoughregrettingpartoftheconductofhisfriends，hehadnot，onthataccount，failedtoperformzealouslythemostarduousandperilousdutiesoffriendship。HehadstoodnearRussellatthebar，hadpartedfromhimonthesadmorningoftheexecutionwithcloseembracesandwithmanybittertears，nay，hadofferedtomanageanescapeatthehazardofhisownlife。28Thisgreatnoblemannowproposedthatadayshouldbefixedforconsideringtheroyalspeech。Itwascontended，ontheotherside，thattheLords，byvotingthanksforthespeech，hadprecludedthemselvesfromcomplainingofit。ButthisobjectionwastreatedwithcontemptbyHalifax。\"Suchthanks，\"hesaidwiththesarcasticpleasantryinwhichheexcelled，\"implynoapprobation。WearethankfulwheneverourgraciousSovereigndeignstospeaktous。
Especiallythankfularewewhen，asonthepresentoccasion，hespeaksout，andgivesusfairwarningofwhatwearetosuffer。\"29DoctorHenryCompton，BishopofLondon，spokestronglyforthemotion。Thoughnotgiftedwitheminentabilities，nordeeplyversedinthelearningofhisprofession，hewasalwaysheardbytheHousewithrespect；forhewasoneofthefewclergymenwhocould，inthatage，boastofnobleblood。Hisownloyalty，andtheloyaltyofhisfamily，hadbeensignallyproved。
Hisfather，thesecondEarlofNorthampton，hadfoughtbravelyforKingCharlestheFirst，and，surroundedbytheparliamentarysoldiers，hadfallen，swordinhand，refusingtogiveortakequarter。TheBishophimself，beforehewasordained，hadbornearmsintheGuards；and，thoughhegenerallydidhisbesttopreservethegravityandsobrietybefittingaprelate，someflashesofhismilitaryspiritwould，tothelast，occasionallybreakforth。HehadbeenentrustedwiththereligiouseducationofthetwoPrincesses，andhadacquittedhimselfofthatimportantdutyinamannerwhichhadsatisfiedallgoodProtestants，andhadsecuredtohimconsiderableinfluenceoverthemindsofhispupils，especiallyoftheLadyAnne。30Henowdeclaredthathewasempoweredtospeakthesenseofhisbrethren，andthat，intheiropinionandinhisown，thewholecivilandecclesiasticalconstitutionoftherealmwasindanger。
Oneofthemostremarkablespeechesofthatdaywasmadebyayoungman，whoseeccentriccareerwasdestinedtoamazeEurope。
ThiswasCharlesMordaunt，ViscountMordaunt，widelyrenowned，manyyearslater，asEarlofPeterborough。Alreadyhehadgivenabundantproofsofhiscourage，ofhiscapacity，andofthatstrangeunsoundnessofmindwhichmadehiscourageandcapacityalmostuselesstohiscountry。Alreadyhehaddistinguishedhimselfasawitandascholar，asasoldierandasailor。HehadevensethisheartonrivallingBourdaloueandBossuet。Thoughanavowedfreethinker，hehadsateupallnightatseatocomposesermons，andhadwithgreatdifficultybeenpreventedfromedifyingthecrewofamanofwarwithhispiousoratory。31HenowaddressedtheHouseofPeers，forthefirsttime，withcharacteristiceloquence，sprightliness，andaudacity。HeblamedtheCommonsfornothavingtakenabolderline。\"Theyhavebeenafraid，\"hesaid，\"tospeakout。Theyhavetalkedofapprehensionsandjealousies。Whathaveapprehensionandjealousytodohere？Apprehensionandjealousyarethefeelingswithwhichweregardfutureanduncertainevils。Theevilwhichweareconsideringisneitherfuturenoruncertain。Astandingarmyexists。ItisofficeredbyPapists。Wehavenoforeignenemy。
Thereisnorebellionintheland。Forwhat，then，isthisforcemaintained，exceptforthepurposeofsubvertingourlawsandestablishingthatarbitrarypowerwhichissojustlyabhorredbyEnglishmen？\"32
Jeffreysspokeagainstthemotioninthecoarseandsavagestyleofwhichhewasamaster；buthesoonfoundthatitwasnotquitesoeasytobrowbeattheproudandpowerfulbaronsofEnglandintheirownhall，astointimidateadvocateswhosebreaddependedonhisfavourorprisonerswhoseneckswereathismercy。Amanwhoselifehasbeenpassedinattackinganddomineering，whatevermaybehistalentsandcourage，generallymakesameanfigurewhenheisvigorouslyassailed，for，beingunaccustomedtostandonthedefensive，hebecomesconfused；andtheknowledgethatallthosewhomhehasinsultedareenjoyinghisconfusionconfuseshimstillmore。Jeffreyswasnow，forthefirsttimesincehehadbecomeagreatman，encounteredonequaltermsbyadversarieswhodidnotfearhim。
Tothegeneraldelight，hepassedatoncefromtheextremeofinsolencetotheextremeofmeanness，andcouldnotrefrainfromweepingwithrageandvexation。33Nothingindeedwaswantingtohishumiliation；fortheHousewascrowdedbyaboutahundredpeers，alargernumberthanhadvotedevenonthegreatdayoftheExclusionBill。TheKing，too，waspresent。HisbrotherhadbeeninthehabitofattendingthesittingsoftheLordsforamusement，andusedoftentosaythatadebatewasasentertainingasacomedy。Jamescame，nottobediverted，butinthehopethathispresencemightimposesomerestraintonthediscussion。Hewasdisappointed。ThesenseoftheHousewassostronglymanifestedthat，afteraclosingspeech，ofgreatkeenness，fromHalifax，thecourtiersdidnotventuretodivide。
Anearlydaywasfixedfortakingtheroyalspeechintoconsideration；anditwasorderedthateverypeerwhowasnotatadistancefromWestminstershouldbeinhisplace。34
OnthefollowingmorningtheKingcamedown，inhisrobes，totheHouseofLords。TheUsheroftheBlackRodsummonedtheCommonstothebar；andtheChancellorannouncedthattheParliamentwasproroguedtothetenthofFebruary。35Thememberswhohadvotedagainstthecourtweredismissedfromthepublicservice。CharlesFoxquittedthePayOffice。TheBishopofLondonceasedtobeDeanoftheChapelRoyal，andhisnamewasstruckoutofthelistofPrivyCouncillors。
Theeffectoftheprorogationwastoputanendtoalegalproceedingofthehighestimportance。ThomasGrey，EarlofStamford，sprungfromoneofthemostillustrioushousesofEngland，hadbeenrecentlyarrestedandcommittedcloseprisonertotheToweronachargeofhightreason。HewasaccusedofhavingbeenconcernedintheRyeHousePlot。AtruebillhadbeenfoundagainsthimbythegrandjuryoftheCityofLondon，andhadbeenremovedintotheHouseofLords，theonlycourtbeforewhichatemporalpeercan，duringasessionofParliament，bearraignedforanyoffencehigherthanamisdemeanour。ThefirstofDecemberhadbeenfixedforthetrial；andordershadbeengiventhatWestminsterHallshouldbefittedupwithseatsandhangings。Inconsequenceoftheprorogation，thehearingofthecausewaspostponedforanindefiniteperiod；andStamfordsoonregainedhisliberty。36
ThreeotherWhigsofgreateminencewereinconfinementwhenthesessionclosed，CharlesGerard，LordGerardofBrandon，eldestsonoftheEarlofMacclesfield，JohnHampden，grandsonoftherenownedleaderoftheLongParliament，andHenryBooth，LordDelamere。GerardandHampdenwereaccusedofhavingtakenpartintheRyeHousePlot:DelamereofhavingabettedtheWesterninsurrection。
ItwasnottheintentionofthegovernmenttoputeitherGerardorHampdentodeath。Greyhadstipulatedfortheirlivesbeforeheconsentedtobecomeawitnessagainstthem。37Buttherewasastillstrongerreasonforsparingthem。Theywereheirstolargeproperty:buttheirfatherswerestillliving。Thecourtcouldthereforegetlittleinthewayofforfeiture，andmightgetmuchinthewayofransom。Gerardwastried，and，fromtheveryscantyaccountswhichhavecomedowntous，seemstohavedefendedhimselfwithgreatspiritandforce。HeboastedoftheexertionsandsacrificesmadebyhisfamilyinthecauseofCharlestheFirst，andprovedRumsey，thewitnesswhohadmurderedRussellbytellingonestoryandCornishbytellinganother，tobeutterlyundeservingofcredit。Thejury，withsomehesitation，foundaverdictofGuilty。AfterlongimprisonmentGerardwassufferedtoredeemhimself。38Hampdenhadinheritedthepoliticalopinionsandalargeshareoftheabilitiesofhisgrandfather，buthaddegeneratedfromtheuprightnessandthecouragebywhichhisgrandfatherhadbeendistinguished。Itappearsthattheprisonerwas，withcruelcunning，longkeptinanagonyofsuspense，inorderthathisfamilymightbeinducedtopaylargelyformercy。
Hisspiritsankundertheterrorsofdeath。WhenbroughttothebaroftheOldBaileyhenotonlypleadedguilty，butdisgracedtheillustriousnamewhichheborebyabjectsubmissionsandentreaties。Heprotestedthathehadnotbeenprivytothedesignofassassination；butheownedthathehadmeditatedrebellion，professeddeeprepentanceforhisoffence，imploredtheintercessionoftheJudges，andvowedthat，iftheroyalclemencywereextendedtohim，hiswholelifeshouldbepassedinevincinghisgratitudeforsuchgoodness。TheWhigswerefuriousathispusillanimity，andloudlydeclaredhimtobefarmoredeservingofblamethanGrey，who，eveninturningKing’sevidence，hadpreservedacertaindecorum。Hampden’slifewasspared；buthisfamilypaidseveralthousandpoundstotheChancellor。Somecourtiersoflessnotesucceededinextortingsmallersums。Theunhappymanhadspiritenoughtofeelkeenlythedegradationtowhichhehadstooped。Hesurvivedthedayofhisignominyseveralyears。Helivedtoseehispartytriumphant，tobeoncemoreanimportantmemberofit，torisehighinthestate，andtomakehispersecutorstrembleintheirturn。Buthisprosperitywasembitteredbyoneinsupportablerecollection。Heneverregainedhischeerfulness，andatlengthdiedbyhisownhand。39
ThatDelamere，ifhehadneededtheroyalmercy，wouldhavefounditisnotveryprobable。Itiscertainthateveryadvantagewhichtheletterofthelawgavetothegovernmentwasusedagainsthimwithoutscrupleorshame。HewasinadifferentsituationfromthatinwhichStamfordstood。TheindictmentagainstStamfordhadbeenremovedintotheHouseofLordsduringthesessionofParliament，andthereforecouldnotbeprosecutedtilltheParliamentshouldreassemble。Allthepeerswouldthenhavevoices，andwouldbejudgesaswelloflawasoffact。ButthebillagainstDelamerewasnotfoundtillaftertheprorogation。40
HewasthereforewithinthejurisdictionoftheCourtoftheLordHighSteward。