第8章
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  Norcanthewholebeinsomeoftheparts;forifthewholewereinsomeoftheparts,thegreaterwouldbeintheless,whichisimpossible。

  Yes,impossible。

  Butifthewholeisneitherinone,norinmorethanone,norinalloftheparts,itmustbeinsomethingelse,orceasetobeanywhereatall?

  Certainly。

  Ifitwerenowhere,itwouldbenothing;butbeingawhole,andnotbeinginitself,itmustbeinanother。

  Verytrue。

  Theonethen,regardedasawhole,isinanother,butregardedasbeingallitsparts,isinitself;andthereforetheonemustbeitselfinitselfandalsoinanother。

  Certainly。

  Theonethen,beingofthisnature,isofnecessitybothatrestandinmotion?

  How?

  Theoneisatrestsinceitisinitself,forbeinginone,andnotpassingoutofthis,itisinthesame,whichisitself。

  True。

  Andthatwhichiseverinthesame,mustbeeveratrest?

  Certainly。

  Well,andmustnotthat,onthecontrary,whichiseverinother,neverbeinthesame;andifneverinthesame,neveratrest,andifnotatrest,inmotion?

  True。

  Thentheonebeingalwaysitselfinitselfandother,mustalwaysbebothatrestandinmotion?

  Clearly。

  Andmustbethesamewithitself,andotherthanitself;andalsothesamewiththeothers,andotherthantheothers;thisfollowsfromitspreviousaffections。

  Howso?

  Everythinginrelationtoeveryotherthing,iseitherthesameorother;orifneitherthesamenorother,thenintherelationofaparttoawhole,orofawholetoapart。

  Clearly。

  Andistheoneapartofitself?

  Certainlynot。

  Sinceitisnotapartinrelationtoitselfitcannotberelatedtoitselfaswholetopart?

  Itcannot。

  Butistheoneotherthanone?

  No。

  Andthereforenototherthanitself?

  Certainlynot。

  Ifthenitbeneitherother,norawhole,norapartinrelationtoitself,mustitnotbethesamewithitself?

  Certainly。

  Butthen,again,athingwhichisinanotherplacefrom\"itself,\"ifthis\"itself\"remainsinthesameplacewithitself,mustbeotherthan\"itself,\"foritwillbeinanotherplace?

  True。

  Thentheonehasbeenshowntobeatonceinitselfandinanother?

  Yes。

  Thus,then,asappears,theonewillbeotherthanitself?

  True。

  Well,then,ifanythingbeotherthananything,willitnotbeotherthanthatwhichisother?

  Certainly。

  Andwillnotallthingsthatarenotone,beotherthantheone,andtheoneotherthanthenot—one?

  Ofcourse。

  Thentheonewillbeotherthantheothers?

  True。

  But,consider:—Arenottheabsolutesame,andtheabsoluteother,oppositestooneanother?

  Ofcourse。

  Thenwillthesameeverbeintheother,ortheotherinthesame?

  Theywillnot。

  Ifthentheotherisneverinthesame,thereisnothinginwhichtheotherisduringanyspaceoftime;forduringthatspaceoftime,howeversmall,theotherwouldbeinthegame。Isnotthattrue?

  Yes。

  Andsincetheother—isneverinthesame,itcanneverbeinanythingthatis。

  True。

  Thentheotherwillneverbeeitherinthenotone,orintheone?

  Certainlynot。

  Thennotbyreasonofothernessistheoneotherthanthenot—one,orthenot—oneotherthantheone。

  No。

  Norbyreasonofthemselveswilltheybeotherthanoneanother,ifnotpartakingoftheother。

  Howcantheybe?

  Butiftheyarenotother,eitherbyreasonofthemselvesoroftheother,willtheynotaltogetherescapebeingotherthanoneanother?

  Theywill。

  Again,thenot—onecannotpartakeoftheone;otherwiseitwouldnothavebeennot—one,butwouldhavebeeninsomewayone。

  True。

  Norcanthenot—onebenumber;forhavingnumber,itwouldnothavebeennot—oneatall。

  Itwouldnot。

  Again,isthenot—onepartoftheone;orrather,woulditnotinthatcasepartakeoftheone?

  Itwould。

  Ifthen,ineverypointofview,theoneandthenot—onearedistinct,thenneitheristheonepartorwholeofthenot—one,noristhenot—onepartorwholeoftheone?

  No。

  Butwesaidthatthingswhichareneitherpartsnorwholesofoneanother,norotherthanoneanother,willbethesamewithoneanother:—sowesaid?

  Yes。

  Thenshallwesaythattheone,beinginthisrelationtothenot—one,isthesamewithit?

  Letussayso。

  Thenitisthesamewithitselfandtheothers,andalsootherthanitselfandtheothers。

  Thatappearstobetheinference。Anditwillalsobelikeandunlikeitselfandtheothers?

  Perhaps。

  Sincetheonewasshowntobeotherthantheothers,theotherswillalsobeotherthantheone。

  Yes。

  Andtheoneisotherthantheothersinthesamedegreethattheothersareotherthanit,andneithermorenorless?

  True。

  Andifneithermorenorless,theninalikedegree?

  Yes。

  Invirtueoftheaffectionbywhichtheoneisotherthanothersandothersinlikemannerotherthanit,theonewillbeaffectedliketheothersandtheothersliketheone。

  Howdoyoumean?

  Imaytakeasanillustrationthecaseofnames:Yougiveanametoathing?

  Yes。

  Andyoumaysaythenameonceoroftener?

  Yes。

  Andwhenyousayitonce,youmentionthatofwhichitisthename?andwhenmorethanonce,isitsomethingelsewhichyoumention?

  ormustitalwaysbethesamethingofwhichyouspeak,whetheryouutterthenameonceormorethanonce?

  Ofcourseitisthesame。

  Andisnot\"other\"anamegiventoathing?

  Certainly。

  Whenever,then,youusetheword\"other,\"whetheronceoroftener,younamethatofwhichitisthename,andtonootherdoyougivethename?

  True。

  Thenwhenwesaythattheothersareotherthantheone,andtheoneotherthantheothers,inrepeatingtheword\"other\"wespeakofthatnaturetowhichthenameisapplied,andofnoother?

  Quitetrue。

  Thentheonewhichisotherthanothers,andtheotherwhichisotherthantheone,inthattheword\"other\"isappliedtoboth,willbeinthesamecondition;andthatwhichisinthesameconditionislike?

  Yes。

  Theninvirtueoftheaffectionbywhichtheoneisotherthantheothers,everythingwillbelikeeverything,foreverythingisotherthaneverything。

  True。

  Again,thelikeisopposedtotheunlike?

  Yes。

  Andtheothertothesame?

  Trueagain。

  Andtheonewasalsoshowntobethesamewiththeothers?

  Yes。

  Andtobe,thesamewiththeothersistheoppositeofbeingotherthantheothers?

  Certainly。

  Andinthatitwasotheritwasshowntobelike?

  Yes。

  Butinthatitwasthesameitwillbeunlikebyvirtueoftheoppositeaffectiontothatwhichmadeitandthiswastheaffectionofotherness。

  Yes。

  Thesamethenwillmakeitunlike;otherwiseitwillnotbetheoppositeoftheother。

  True。

  Thentheonewillbebothlikeandunliketheothers;likeinsofarasitisother,andunlikeinsofarasitisthesame。

  Yes,thatargumentmaybeused。

  Andthereisanotherargument。

  What?

  Insofarasitisaffectedinthesamewayitisnotaffectedotherwise,andnotbeingaffectedotherwiseisnotunlike,andnotbeingunlike,islike;butinsofarasitisaffectedbyotheritisotherwise,andbeingotherwiseaffectedisunlike。

  True。

  Thenbecausetheoneisthesamewiththeothersandotherthantheothers,oneitherofthesetwogrounds,oronbothofthem,itwillbebothlikeandunliketheothers?

  Certainly。

  Andinthesamewayasbeingotherthanitself,andthesamewithitselfoneitherofthesetwogroundsandonbothofthem,itwillbelikeandunlikeitself。

  Ofcourse。

  Again,howfarcantheonetouchornottouchitselfandothers?—Consider。

  Iamconsidering。

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