servativeCreolefamiliesandotherfamilieswhosewomenwereunwillingtovoteinpublic，andshecollectedtheirproxieswhileincidentallysheshowedthemwhatpositiontheyheldunderthelaw。
Witheachproxyitwasnecessarytohavethesigna—
tureofawitness，butaccordingtotheLouisianalawnowomancouldwitnessalegaldocument。MissGordonwasdrivenfromplacetoplacebyhercoloredcoachman，andaftershehadsecuredtheproxyofhertemporaryhostessitwasusuallydiscoveredthattherewasnomanaroundtheplacetoactasawit—
ness。ThiswasMissGordon’sopportunity。Withasmileofgreatsweetnessshewouldsay，``IwillhaveSamcomeinandhelpusout’’；andthecoloredcoachmanwouldgetdownfromhisbox，andbyscrawlinghissignatureontheproxyofthearisto—
craticladyhewouldgiveitthelegalvalueitlacked。
InthiswayMissGordonsecuredthreehundredproxies，andthreehundredveryconservativewomenhadanopportunitytocomparetheirlegalstandingwithSam’s。Thedrainagebillwascarriedandin—
terestinwomansuffragedevelopedsteadily。
ThespecialincidentoftheBuffaloconventionof1908wasthereceiptofanotewhichwaspasseduptomeasIsatontheplatform。WhenIopeneditacheckdroppedout——achecksolargethatIwassureithadbeensentbymistake。However，afteraskingoneortwofriendsontheplatformifIhadreaditcorrectly，IannouncedtotheaudiencethatifacertainamountweresubscribedimmediatelyI
wouldrevealasecret——averyinterestingsecret。
Audiencesareascuriousasindividuals。Theamountwasatoncesubscribed。ThenIheldupacheckfor$10，000，givenforourcampaignworkbyMrs。
GeorgeHowardLewis，inmemoryofSusanB。An—
thony，andIreadtotheaudiencethecharmingletterthataccompaniedit。Themoneywasusedduringthecampaignsofthefollowingyear——partofitinWashington，whereanamendmentwasalreadysubmitted。
InapreviouschapterIhavedescribedtheestab—
lishmentofourNewYorkheadquartersasaresultofthegenerousofferofMrs。O。H。P。BelmontattheSeattleconventionin1909。DuringourfirstyearinthesebeautifulFifthAvenueroomsMrs。
PankhurstmadeherfirstvisittoAmerica，andwegaveherareceptionthere。This，however，wasbeforetheadoptionofthedestructivemethodswhichhavesincemarkedtheactivitiesofthebandofmilitantsuffragistsofwhichMrs。Pankhurstispresident。TherehasneverbeenanysympathyamongAmericansuffragistsforthemilitantsuffragemovementinEngland，andpersonallyIamwhollyopposedtoit。Idonotbelieveinwarinanyform；
andifviolenceonthepartofmenisundesirableinachievingtheirends，itismuchmoresoonthepartofwomen；forwomenneverappeartolessadvan—
tagethaninphysicalcombatswithmen。AsformilitancyinAmerica，nogenerationthatattempteditcouldwin。Novictorycouldcometousinanystatewheremilitantmethodsweretried。Theyareundignified，unworthy——inotherwords，un—Ameri—
can。
TheWashingtonconventionof1910wasgracedbythepresenceofPresidentTaft，who，atthein—
vitationofMrs。RachelFosterAvery，madeanaddress。Itwasunderstood，ofcourse，thathewastocomeoutstronglyforwomansuffrage；but，toourgreatdisappointment，thePresident，amostcharmingandlikablegentleman，seemedunabletograspthesignificanceoftheoccasion。Hebeganhisaddresswithfulsomepraiseofwomen，whichwasacceptedinrespectfulsilence。Thenhegotroundtowomansuffrage，flounderedhelplessly，becameconfused，andendedwiththemostunfortunatelychosenwordshecouldhaveuttered：``Iamop—
posed，’’hesaid，``totheextensionofsuffragetowomennotfittedtovote。Youwouldhardlyexpecttoputtheballotintothehandsofbarbariansorsavagesinthejungle！’’
Thedroppingoftheseremarkablewordsintoasuffrageconventionwasnaturallyfollowedbyanoppressivesilence，whichMr。Taft，nowwhollybereftofhisself—possession，brokebysayingthatthebestwomenwouldnotvoteandtheworstwomenwould。
Inhisaudienceweremanywomenfromsuffragestates——high—mindedwomen，wivesandmothers，whohadvotedforMr。Taft。Theremarkstowhichtheyhadjustlistenedmusthaveseemedtothemapoorreturn。Someonehissed——someman，somewoman——nooneknowswhichexcepttheculprit——
andademonstrationstartedwhichIimmediatelysilenced。ThenthePresidentfinishedhisaddress。
Hewasverygracioustouswhenheleft，shakinghandswithmanyofus，andbeingespeciallycordialtoSenatorOwens’sagedmother，whohadcometotheconventiontohearhimmakehismaidenspeechonwomansuffrage。IhaveoftenwonderedwhathethoughtofthatspeechashedrovebacktotheWhiteHouse。Probablyheregrettedasearnestlyaswedidthathehadmadeit。
In1912，atanofficialboardmeetingatBrynMawr，Mrs。StanleyMcCormackwasappointedtofillavacancyontheNationalBoard。Sub—
sequentlyshecontributed$6，000towardthepay—
mentofdebtsincidenttoourtemporaryconnec—
tionwiththeWoman’sJournalofBoston，anddidmuchefficientworkforus，Tome，personally，theentranceofMrs。StanleyMcCormackintoourworkhasbeenasourceofthedeepestgrati—
ficationandcomfort。IcantrulysayofherwhatSusanB。Anthonysaidofme，``Sheismyrightbower。’’AtNashville，in1914，shewaselectedfirstvice—president，andtoaremarkabledegreeshehassincerelievedmeoftheburdenofthetechnicalworkofthepresidency，includingtheoversightoftheworkatheadquarters。Tothisshegivesallhertime，aidedbyanexecutivesecretarywhotakeschargeoftheroutineworkoftheassociation。Shehasthusmadeitpossibleformetogivethegreaterpartofmytimetothefieldinwhichsuchinspiringopportunitiesstillconfrontus——campaignworkinthevariousstates。
ToMrs。MedillMcCormackalsoweareindebtedformostadmirableworkandenthusiasticsupport。
AttheWashington（D。C。）conventionin1913shewasmadethechairmanoftheCongressionalCom—
mittee，withMrs。AntoinetteFunk，Mrs。HelenGardnerofWashington，andMrs。BoothofChicagoasherassistants。Theresultstheyachievedweresobrilliantthattheywereunanimouslyre—electedtothesamepositionsthisyear，withtheadditionofMissJeannetteRankin，whoseenergyandservicehadhelpedtowinforusthestateofMontana。
ItwaslargelyduetotheworkofthisCongress—
ionalCommittee，supportedbythelargenumberofstateswhichhadbeenwonforsuffrage，thatwesecuredsuchanexcellentvoteintheLowerHouseofCongressonthebilltoamendthenationalCon—
stitutiongrantingsuffragetothewomenoftheUnitedStates。Thismeasure，knownastheSusanB。Anthonybill，hadbeenintroducedintoeveryCongressforforty—threeyearsbytheNationalWomanSuffrageAssociation。In1914，forthefirsttime，itwasbroughtoutofcommittee，debated，andvoteduponintheLowerHouse。Wereceived174votesinfavorofitto204againstit。Thepreviousspring，inthesameCongress，thesamebillpassedtheSenateby35votesforitto33votesagainstit。
ThemostinterestingfeaturesoftheWashingtonconventionof1913werethelabormass—meetingsledbyJaneAddamsandthehearingbeforetheRulesCommitteeoftheLowerHouseofCon—
gress——thelatterthefirsthearingeverheldbe—
forethisCommitteeforthepurposeofsecuringaCommitteeonSuffrageintheLowerHousetocorrespondwithasimilarcommitteeintheSen—
ate。Formanyyearswehadhadhearingsbe—
foretheJudiciaryCommitteeoftheLowerHouse，whichwassuchabusycommitteethatithadneithertimenorinteresttogivetoourmeasure。Wethere—
foreconsidereditnecessarytohaveaspecialcom—
mitteeofourown。ThehearingbeganonthemorningofWednesday，thethirdofDecember，andlastedfortwohours。Thentheanti—suffragistsweregiventime，andtheirhearingbeganthefollowingday，continuedthroughoutthatdayandduringthemorningofthenextday，whenourNationalAssociationwasgivenanopportunityforrebuttalargumentintheafternoon。Itwasthelongesthear—
inginthehistoryofthesuffragemovement，andoneofthemostimportant。
DuringthesessionofCongressin1914anotherstrenuouseffortwasmadetosecuretheappoint—
mentofaspecialsuffragecommitteeintheLowerHouse。Butwhensuccessbegantoloomlargebe—
foreustheDemocratswerecalledincaucusbytheminorityleader，Mr。Underwood，ofAlabama，andtheydownedourmeasurebyavoteof127againstitto58forit。ThiswasevidentlydonebytheDemocratsbecauseofthefearthattheunitedvotesofRepublicanandProgressivemembers，withthoseofcertainDemocraticmembers，wouldcarrythemeasure；whereasifthiscaucuswerecalled，andanunfavorablevotetaken，``thegentlemen’sagree—
ment’’whichcontrolsDemocraticpartyactioninCongresswouldforceDemocratsinfavorofsuffragetovoteagainsttheappointmentofthecommittee，whichofcoursewouldinsureitsdefeat。
Thecaucusblockedtheappointmentofthecom—
mittee，butitgavegreatencouragementtothesuf—
fragistsofthecountry，fortheyknewittobeatacitadmissionthatthemeasurewouldreceiveafavor—
ablevoteifitcamebeforeCongressunhampered。
Anotherfeatureofthe1913conventionwasthenewmethodofelectingofficers，bywhichaprimaryvotewastakenonnominations，andafterwardaregularballotwascast；oneofficerwasaddedtothemembersoftheofficialboard，makingnineinsteadofeight，theformernumber。ThenewofficerselectedwereMrs。BreckenridgeofKentucky，thegreat—granddaughterofHenryClay，andMrs。
CatherineRuutz—ReesofGreenwich，Connecticut。
Theoldofficerswerere—elected——MissJaneAddamsasfirstvice—president，Mrs。BreckenridgeandMrs。
Ruutz—Reesassecondandthirdvice—presidents，Mrs。MaryWareDennettascorrespondingsecre—
tary，Mrs。SusanFitzgeraldasrecordingsecretary，Mrs。StanleyMcCormackastreasurer，Mrs。JosephBowenofChicagoandMrs。JamesLeesLaidlawofNewYorkCityasauditors。
Itwouldbedifficulttosecureagroupofwomenofmoremarkedability，orbetter—knownworkersinvariouslinesofphilanthropicandeducationalwork，thanthememberscomposingthisadmirableboard。
Attheconventionof1914，heldinNashville，severalofthemresigned，andatpresent（in1914）the``National’s’’affairsareinthehandsofthisin—
spiringgroup，againheadedbythemuch—criticizedandchastenedwriterofthesereminiscences：
Mrs。StanleyMcCormack，firstvice—president。
Mrs。DeshaBreckenridge，secondvice—president。
Dr。KatharineB。Davis，thirdvice—president。
Mrs。HenryWadeRogers，treasurer。
Mrs。JohnClark，correspondingsecretary。
Mrs。SusanWalkerFitzgerald，recordingsecretary。
Mrs。MedillMcCormack，}
}AuditorsMrs。WalterMcNabbMiller，ofMissouri}
Inabookofthissize，andcoveringthedetailsofmyownlifeaswellasthedevelopmentofthegreatCause，itis，ofcourse，impossibletomentionbynameeachwomanwhohasworkedforus——
though，indeed，Iwouldliketomakearollofhonorandgivethemalltheirdue。InlookingbackIamsur—
prisedtoseehowlittleIhavesaidaboutmanywomenwithwhomIhaveworkedmostclosely——RachelFosterAvery，forexample，withwhomIlivedhappilyforseveralyears；IdaHustedHarper，thehistorianofthesuffragemovementandthebiographerofMissAnthony，withwhomImademanydelightfulvoy—
agestoEurope；AliceStoneBlackwell，Rev。MarySaffard，JaneAddams，KatharineWaughMcCul—
lough，EllaStewart，Mrs。MaryWoodSwift，Mrs。
MaryS。Sperry，MaryCogshall，FlorenceKelly，Mrs。OgdenMillsReidandMrs。NormanWhite—
house（tomentiononlytwooftheyounger``livewires’’inourNewYorkwork），SophonisbaBreck—
enridge，Mrs。ClaraB。Arthur，Rev。CarolineBart—
lettCrane，Mrs。JamesLeesLaidlaw，Mrs。RaymondBrown，thesplendidlyexecutivepresidentofourNewYorkStateSuffrageAssociation，andmybene—
factress，Mrs。GeorgeHowardLewisofBuffalo。Toallofthem，andtothousandsofothers，Imakemygratefulacknowledgmentofindebtednessforfriend—
shipandforhelp。
XVI
COUNCILEPISODES
IhavesaidmuchoftheinterestattendingtheinternationalmeetingsheldinChicago，London，Berlin，andStockholm。ThatIhavesaidlessaboutthoseinCopenhagen，Geneva，TheHague，Budapest，andothercitiesdoesnotmeanthatthesewerelessimportant，andcertainlythewonderfulwomenleadersofEuropewhomadethemsobrilliantmustnotbepassedoverinsilence。
First，however，thedifferencebetweentheSuf—
frageAlliancemeetingsandtheInternationalCoun—
cilmeetingsshouldbeexplained。TheCouncilmeetingsaremadeupofsocietiesfromthevariousnationswhichareauxiliarytotheInternationalCouncil——thesesocietiesrepresentingalllinesofwomen’sactivities，whethereducational，industrial，orsocial，whilethemembership，includingmorethanelevenmillionwomen，representsprobablythelargestorganizationofwomenintheworld。TheInternationalSuffrageAlliancerepresentsthesuf—
frageinterestprimarily，whereastheInternationalCouncilhasonlyasuffragedepartment。Sopopu—
lardidthisInternationalAlliancebecomeafteritsformationinBerlinbyMrs。Catt，in1904，thatattheCopenhagenmeeting，onlythreeyearslater，morethansixteendifferentnationswererepresentedbyregulardelegates。
Itwasunfortunate，therefore，thatIchosethisoccasiontomakeaspectacularpersonalfailureinthepulpit。Ihadbeeninvitedtopreachthecon—
ventionsermon，andforthefirsttimeinmylifeIhadaninterpreter。Fewexperiences，Ibelieve，canbemoreunpleasantthantostandupinapul—
pit，utteraremark，andthenwaitpatientlywhileitisrepeatedinatongueonedoesnotunderstand，byamanwhoisputtingitsgistinhisownwordsandquitepossiblygivingithisowninterpretativetwist。
Iwasveryunhappy，andIfearIshowedit，forI
felt，asIlookedatthefacesofthosefriendswhounderstoodDanish，thattheywerenotgettingwhatIwasgivingthem。Norwerethey，forIafterwardlearnedthattheinterpreter，agoodorthodoxbrother，hadgiventhesermonanultra—orthodoxbiaswhichthosewhoknewmycreedcertainlydidnotrecognize。Thewholeexperiencegreatlydis—
heartenedme，butnodoubtitwasgoodformysoul。
DuringtheCopenhagenmeetingweweregivenabanquetbytheCityCouncil，andinthecourseofhisspeechofwelcomeoneofthecityfathersairilyremarkedthathehopedonournextvisittoCopen—
hagentherewouldbewomenmembersintheCounciltoreceiveus。Atthetimethisseemedmerelyapleasantjest，buttwoyearsfromthatdayabillwasenactedbyParliamentgrantingmunicipalsuf—
fragetothewomenofDenmark，andsevenwomenwereelectedtotheCityCouncilofCopenhagen。
Sorapidlydoesthewomansuffragemovementgrowintheseinspiringdays！
RecallingtheInternationalCouncilof1899inLondon，oneofmymostvividpictureshasQueenVictoriaforitscentralfigure。TheEnglishcourtwasinmourningatthetimeandnopublicaudienceswerebeingheld；butwewereinvitedtoWindsorwiththeunderstandingthat，althoughtheQueencouldnotformallyreceiveus，shewouldpassthroughourlines，receivingLadyAberdeenandgivingtherestofusanopportunitytocourtesyandobtainHerMajesty’srecognitionoftheCause。
TheQueenarrangedwithherchamberlainthatweshouldbegiventeaandacollation；butbeforethisrefreshmentwasserved，indeedimmediatelyafterourarrival，sheenteredherfamiliarlittlepony—cartandwasdrivenslowlyalonglinesofbowingwomenwhomusthavelookedlikeawheat—fieldinahighwind。
AmonguswasagroupofIndianwomen，andthese，dressedintheirnativecostumes，contributedapicturesquebitofbrilliantcolortothesceneastheydeeplysalaamed。TheyarrestedtheeyeoftheQueen，whostoppedandspokeafewcordialwordstothem。Thisgavetherestofusanexcellentopportunitytoobserveherclosely，andIadmitthatmyEnglishbloodstirredinmesuddenlyandloyallyasIstudiedtheplumplittlefigure。Shewasdressedentirelyandverysimplyinblack，withaquaintflatblackhatandablackcape。Theonlybitofcoloraboutherwasablack—and—whiteparasolwithagoldhandle。Itwas，however，herfacewhichheldme，foritgavemeawhollydifferentimpressionoftheQueenfromthoseIhadreceivedfromherphotographs。Herpicturedeyeswerealwaysrathercold，andherpicturedfaceratherhaughty；buttherewasaverysweetandwinningsoftnessintheeyessheturnedupontheIndianwomen，andherwholeexpressionwasunexpectedlygentleandbenignant。
Behindher，asapersonalattendant，strodeanenormousEast—Indianinfullnativecostume，andcloselysurroundingherweregentlemenofherhouse—
hold，eachinuniform。
Bythistimemythoughtswereonmycourtesy，whichIdesiredtomakeconventionalifnotgrace—
ful；butnaturehasnotmadeiteasyformetodoubletotheearthasLadyAberdeenandtheIn—
dianwomenweredoing，andIfearIaccomplishedlittlesaveanexhibitionofgoodintentions。TheQueen，however，wasgettingintothespiritoftheoccasion。ShestoppedtospeaktoaCanadianrepresentative，andshewould，Ithink，haveendedbytalkingtomanyothers；but，justatthepsycho—
logicalmoment，awomanrushedoutoftheline，seizedHerMajesty’shandandkissedit——andVic—
toria，startledandpossiblyfearingageneralon—
slaught，hurriedlypassedon。
AnotherpictureIrecallwasmadebytheDuchessofSutherland，theCountessofAberdeen，andtheCountessofWarwickstandingtogethertoreceiveusatthefootofthemarblestairwayinSutherlandHouse。Allofthemliterallyblazedwithjewels，andtheCountessofAberdeenworethefamousAber—
deenemerald。AtLadyBattersea’sreceptionIhadmyfirstmemorialmeetingwithMaryAndersonNavarro，andwasabletothankherforthepleasureshehadgivenmeinBostonsolongago。ThenI
reproachedhermildlyfortakingherselfawayfromus，pointingoutthatagreatgifthadbeengivenherwhichsheshouldhavecontinuedtosharewiththeworld。
``Comeandseemybaby，’’laughedMadameNavarro。``That’sthebestargumentIcanoffertorefuteyours。’’
AtthesamereceptionIhadaninterestingtalkwithJamesBryce。HehadrecentlywrittenhisAmericanCommonwealth，andIhadjustreadit。
Itwas，therefore，thefirstsubjectIintroducedinourconversation。Mr。Bryce’scommentamusedme。Hetoldmehehadquitechangedhisopiniontowardthesuffrageaspirationsofwomen，becausesomanywomenhadreadhisbookthathereallybelievedtheywereintelligent，andhehadcometofeelmuchmorekindlytowardthem。Thesewerenothisexactwords，buthismeaningwasunmistak—
ableandhismentalattitudeartlesslysincere。And，onreflection，IagreewithhimthattheAmericanCommonwealthissomethingofanintellectualhurdlefortheaveragehumanmind。
In1908theInternationalCouncilwasheldinGeneva，andhere，forthefirsttime，wewereshown，asentertainment，thedancesofacountry——thescenebeinganespeciallybrilliantone，asallthedancersworetheirnativecostumes。Also，forthefirsttimeinthehistoryofGeneva，thebuildingsofParliamentwereopenedtowomenandawoman’sorganizationwasgiventhekeytothecity。AtthattimetheSwisswomenweremakingtheirfightforavoteinchurchmatters，andwehelpedtheircauseasmuchaswecould。To—daymanySwisswomenarepermittedtoexercisethisright——thefirstpoliticalprivilegefreeSwitzerlandhasgiventhem。
TheInternationalAlliancemeetinginAmster—
damin1909wasthelargesthelduptothattime，andmuchofitssuccesswasduetoDr。AlettaJacobs，thepresidentoftheNationalSuffrageAssociationofHolland。Dr。Jacobshadsomewonderfulhelpersamongthewomenofhercountry，andsheherselfwasanidealleader——patient，enthusiastic，andtire—
less。ThatyearthegovernmentsofAustralia，Nor—
way，andFinlandpaidtheexpensesofthedelegatesfromthosecountries——ahearteninginnovation。OneoftheinterestingfeaturesofthemeetingwasacantatacomposedfortheoccasionandgivenbytheQueen’sRoyalBand，underthedirectionofawoman——CatharinevanRennes，oneofthemostdistinguishedcomposersandteachersinHolland。
Shewrotebothwordsandmusicofhercantataanddirecteditadmirably；andthemusiciansoftheQueen’sBandenteredfullyintoitsspiritandplayedlikemeninspired。Thatnightwehadmoremusic，aswellasanever—to—be—forgottenexhibitionoffolk—
dancing。
Thesameyear，inJune，weheldthemeetingoftheInternationalCouncilinToronto，and，asCanadahasneverbeeneagerlyinterestedinsuffrage，anun—
successfuleffortwasmadetoexcludethissubjectfromtheprogramme。IwasaskedtopresideatthesuffragemeetingsontheartlessandobvioustheorythatIwouldthusbekepttoobusytosaymuch。
IhadhopedthattheCountessofAberdeen，whowasthepresidentoftheInternationalCouncil，wouldtakethechair；butshedeclinedtodothis，oreventospeak，astheEarlofAberdeenhadrecentlybeenappointedViceroyofIreland，andshedesiredtosparehimanyembarrassmentwhichmightbecausedbyherpublicactivities。Werecognizedthewisdomofherdecision，but，ofcourse，regrettedit；andIwasthereforeespeciallypleasedwhen，onsuffragenight，thecountess，accompaniedbyheraidesintheirbrilliantuniforms，enteredthehall。
Wehadnotbeensurethatshewouldbewithus，butsheenteredinherusualcharmingandgra—
ciousmanner，tookaseatbesidemeontheplatform，andshowedadeepinterestintheprogrammeandthegreatgatheringbeforeus。
AsthemeetingwentonIsawthatshewasgrow—
ingmoreandmoreenthusiastic，andtowardtheendoftheeveningIquietlyaskedherifshedidnotwishtosayafewwords。Shesaidshewouldsayaveryfew。Ihadputmyselfattheendoftheprogramme，intendingtotalkabouttwentyminutes；
butbeforebeginningmyspeechIintroducedthecountess，andbythistimeshewassoenthusiasticthat，tomygreatdelight，sheusedupmytwentyminutesinacapitalspeechinwhichshecameoutvigorouslyforwomansuffrage。Itgaveusthebestandtimeliesthelpwecouldhavehad，andwasagreatimpetustothemovement。