THE PEASANT WAR IN GERMANY

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第5章

THE PEASANT WAR IN GERMANY Ernest Belfort Bax

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THE PEASANT WAR IN GERMANY
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  IntheregionofMainztheviceroy,BishopWilhelmvonStrassburg,restoredorderwithoutresistance。Heorderedonlyfourmenexecuted。Rheingau,wherethepeasantshadalsobeenrestless,butwhere,nevertheless,everybodyhadlongbeforegonehome,wassubsequentlyinvadedbyFrowenvonHutten,acousinofUlrich,andfinally\"pacified\"bytheexecutionoftwelveringleaders。

  Frankfurt,whichalsohadwitnessedrevolutionarymovementsofaconsiderablesize,washeldincheckfirstbytheconciliatoryattitudeofthecouncil,thenbyrecruitedtroopsintheRhenishPalatinate。EightthousandpeasantshadassembledanewafterthebreachofagreementbytheElector,andhadagainburnedmonasteriesandcastles,buttheArchbishopofTriercametotheaidoftheMarshalofZabern,anddefeatedthemasearlyasMay23atPfedersheim。Aseriesofatrocities(inPfedersheimaloneeighty—twowereexecuted)andthecaptureofWeissenburgonJuly7terminatedtheinsurrectionhere。

  Ofallthedivisionsoftroopsthereremainedonlytwotobevanquished,thoseofHegau—BlackForestandofAllgaeu。ArchdukeFerdinandhadtriedintrigueswithboth。InthesamewayasMargraveCasimirandotherprincestriedtoutilisetheinsurrectiontoannexthechurchterritoriesandprincipalities,soFerdinandwishedtoutiliseittostrengthenthepoweroftheHouseofAustria。HehadnegotiatedwiththeAllgaeucommander,WalterBach,andwiththeHegaucommander,HansMueller,withtheaimofinducingthepeasantstodeclaretheiradherencetoAustria,but,bothchiefsbeingvenal,theirinfluencewiththetroopswentonlysofarthattheAllgaeutroopconcludedanarmisticewiththeArchbishopandobservedneutralitytowardsAustria。

  RetreatingfromtheWuerttembergregion,thepeasantsofHegaudestroyedanumberofcastles,andreceivedreinforcementsfromtheprovincesoftheMargraviateofBaden。OnMay13theymarchedtowardsFreiburg;onMay18theybombardedit,andonMay23,thecityhavingcapitulated,theyentereditwithflyingcolours。FromtheretheymovedtowardsStockachandRadolfzell,andwagedaprolongedpettywaragainstthegarrisonsofthosecities。Thelatter,togetherwiththenobilityandothersurroundingcities,appealedtotheLakepeasantsforhelpinaccordancewiththeWeingartenagreement。TheformerrebelsoftheLakeTrooprose,5,000strong,againsttheirformerallies。Sopotentwasthenarrow—mindednessofthepeasantswhowereconfinedtotheirlocalhorizon,thatonly600refusedtofightandexpressedadesiretojointheHegaupeasants,forwhichtheywereslaughtered。TheHegaupeasants,themselves,persuadedbyHansMuellerofBulgenbach,whobadsoldhimselftotheenemy,liftedtheirsiege,andHansMuellerhavingrunaway,mostofthemdispersedforthwith。TheremainingonesentrenchedthemselvesontheHilzingenSteep,where,onJuly16,theywerebeatenandannihilatedbythetroopsthathadinthemeantimebecomefreeofotherengagements。TheSwisscitiesnegotiatedanagreementwiththeHegaupeasants,which,however,didnotpreventtheothersidefromcapturingandmurderingHansMueller,hisLaufenburgbetrayalnotwithstanding。

  InBreisgau,thecityofFreiburgalsodesertedthepeasantUnion(July17)andsenttroopsagainstit,butbecauseoftheweaknessofthefightingforcesoftheprinces,hereaselsewhere,anagreementwasreached(September18),whichalsoincludedSundgau。TheeightgroupsoftheBlackForestandtheKlettgaupeasants,whowerenotyetdisarmed,wereagaindriventoanuprisingbythetyrannyofCountvonSulz,andwererepulsedinOctober。

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