Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia

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第6章

Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia Maxime Kovalevsky

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  eachpersoncouldpaywhatheliked。Thesumsproducedbythetaxwereintendedforthepaymentofthearmy。DuringthenexttwoyearswefindtheSoborconsultingtheCzaronmattersofwarandtaxation,ontherelationsofthelandwithPolandandtheTartarsoftheCrimea。TheCzarcomplainedoftheill-treatmenttowhichhisenvoywassubjectedbytheKhan。Thesuperiorclergy,whoseansweralonehasbeenpreserved,insistedonthenecessityofbuildingfortressesontheSouthernboundariesoftheMoscoviteempire,inthosecitiesoftheUkraine,whichlikeBelgorodorVoroneg,remainedforcenturiesthepioneersofChristianityandcultureinthesouthernsteppesofRussia,andwhichwereperiodicallyplunderedbytheTartars。

  TwoyearslaterthemilitaryoccupationofAsovbytheCossacksoftheDonandtheimpendingnecessityofawarwiththeCrimeanTartarsforthepreservationoftheconquest,causedanewSobortobeconvened。ThisAssemblywasinfavourofwarandaccordinglyorderedthelevyofmilitaryforces,\"evenfromthevillagesbelongingtothecrownlandandthelandsoftheclergy。\"In1642mattersconcerningthefortressofAsovagainbecametheimmediatecauseofanewassemblingoftheRussianEstates。AstheTurkshadnointentionofleavingAsovinthehandsoftheCossacks,whowerenotabletoholditthemselves,thequestionofannexingittotheRussianstatesuggesteditselftotheGovernment,thoughitinvolvedtheriskofincurringtheresponsibilityofanewandalmostimminentwar。TheCzarfindingitnecessarytoknowthefeelingofthenation,summonedonehundredandninety-fivepersonselectedbytheEstates,besidestheDoumaorPrivyCouncilandthesuperiorclergy,toMoscow。

  Nearlyallclassesofsocietysentrepresentatives,eachclassgaveitsopinionoradviceseparatelyonpapersbearingthesignaturesofallthemembersofthesameEstate,whilethedissentientssentintheiropinionsonseparateandprivatepapers。

  Thesuperiorclergy,faithfultotheiroldhabits,assuredtheCzarthattheywerequiteunabletoadvisehimonthequestion;itwasnot,theysaid,theircustomtodoSo,foritwastheBusinessoftheCzarandhisDouma;theirsoledutywastoinvokeGod’sblessingontheCzar’sundertakings。ShouldtheCzar,however,wantmilitaryaid,theydeclaredthemselvesreadytomakethenecessarysacrificesinordertopaythesoldiers,andthataccordingtotheirmeans。ThemajorityoftheMoscovitenobilityexpressedthemselvesinfavourofannexation。TheCzaroughttoholdthenewlyacquiredfortress,butheshouldmerelyordertheCossackstocontinuetheiroccupationofit。Volunteersaloneoughttobenecessarytogivehelpandassistance。SomeadvisedthatsoldiersshouldBesenttoAsov,notonlyfromthecitiesoftheUkraine,butevenfromMoscow。Allsortsofmen,withtheexceptionofserfsandsuchashadlosttheirlibertythroughnothavingpaidtheirdebts,oughttobeselectedforthatpurpose。Ifmoneywerewanted,eachEstateoughttonominatetwoorthreepersonswhomtheCzarmightauthorisetolevysubsidiesfromallpersonsandgoods,fromofficers(prikasnii)

  andtheCzar’ssuite,fromwidowsandorphans,from\"hosts\"andmerchants,andfromeachandeverypersonnotengagedinmilitaryservice。

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