Moreover,thesefactorsthemselvesariseatagivenmoment,anditisnotuntillaterthattheyacquiredthatphysiognomywhichtheyhaveintheparticularnarration。ThisState,itiswellknown,aroseatagivenmoment。Asforeveryruleoflaw,itmayeitherberememberedorconjecturedthatitwentintoeffectundersuchorsuchcircumstances。Asformanycustoms,itmayberememberedthattheywereintroducedatagivenmoment;andthesimplestcomparisonsofthefactsindifferenttimesordifferentplaceswouldshowhowsociety,asawhole,andinitscharacterofbeinganaggregationofdifferentclasses,hadtakenandtookcontinuouslyvariousforms。
Thereciprocalactionofthedifferentfactors,withoutwhichnoteventhesimplestnarrationwouldbepossible,likethemoreorlessexactinformationupontheoriginsandthevariationsofthefactorsthemselves,calledforresearchandthoughtmorethandidtheconstructivenarrationofthosegreathistorianswhoarerealartists。And,ineffect,theproblemswhicharisespontaneouslyfromthedataofhistory,combinedwithothertheoreticalelements,gavebirthtothedifferentso-calledpracticaldisciplines,whichinamoreorlessrapidfashionandwithvaryingsuccess,havedevelopedfromtheancientsuptoourdays,fromethicstothephilosophyoflaw,frompoliticstosociology,fromlawtoeconomics。
Nowwiththeriseandformationofsomanydisciplines,throughtheinevitabledivisionoflabor,pointsofviewhavebeenmultipliedoutofallproportion。
Itiscertainthatforthefirstandimmediateanalysisofthemultipleaspectsofthesocialcomplexus,alonglaborofpartialabstractionwasnecessary:
whichhasalwaysinevitablyresultedinone-sidedviews。Thiscanbeshown,inaclearerandmoreevidentmannerthanforanyotherdomain,inthatoflawanditsvariousgeneralizations,includingthephilosophyoflaw。Byreasonoftheseabstractions,whichareinevitableinparticularandempiricalanalysis,andbytheeffectofthedivisionoflabor,thedifferentsidesanddifferentmanifestationsofthesocialcomplexuswere,fromtimetotime,fixedandstratifiedingeneralconceptionsandcategories。Theworks,theeffects,theemanations,theeffusionsofhumanactivity——law,economicforms,principlesofconduct,etc。,——were,sotospeak,translatedandtransformedintolaws,intoimperativesandintoprincipleswhichremainedplacedabovemanhimself。Andfromtimetotimeithasbeennecessarytodiscoveranewthissimpletruth:thattheonlypermanentandsurefact,thatistosay,theonlydatumfromwhichdepartsandtowhichreturnseverypracticaldetailofdiscipline,ismengroupedinadeterminedsocialformbymeansofdeterminedconnections。Thedifferentanalyticaldisciplines,whichillustratethefactsthatdevelopinhistory,havefinallygivenrisetotheneedofacommonandgeneralsocialscience,whichrenderspossibletheunificationofthehistoricprocessus,andthematerialisticdoctrinemarkspreciselythefinalterm,theapexofthisunification。